Cura Aquarum in Jordanien Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region Petra / Amman 31 March – 09 April 2007 Beiträge des 13. Internationalen Symposiums zur Geschichte der Wasserwirtschaft und des Wasserbaus im Mediterranen Raum Petra / Amman 31. März – 09. April 2007

edited / herausgegeben im Auftrag der

by / von Christoph Ohlig

Siegburg 2008

Schriften der Deutschen Wasserhistorischen Gesellschaft (DWhG) e. V.

Band 12

Alle Rechte liegen bei der DWhG / © Copyright DWhG

Homepage der DWhG: http://www.dwhg-ev.de http://www.dwhg.org Herstellung und Verlag: Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt, Deutschland

ISBN 978-3-8334-8568-8

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar

I

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS – CONTENTS „Cura Aquarum in …“ – Geschichte und Zukunft einer wasserhistorischen Kongress-Serie

III

Fawwaz Al-Khraysheh

Welcoming Adress

V

Henning Fahlbusch

Wasserwirtschaftliche Probleme unter ariden Klimabedingungen – eine kurze Einführung in die Thematik des Symposiums

VII

I. Petra, Südjordanien und Saudi-Arabien Suleiman Farajat

Petra, the Nabataeans and Nabataean Culture – An Introduction to an Outstanding Site

Othman Al-Kurdi

The Water Situation in Jordan

1 11

Mansour Abed Al-Azeez The Archaeology of Water Control in the Nabataean and RomanShqiarat Byzantine Periods in Jordan: Overview and Case Studies from Key Sites

21

Ueli Bellwald

The Hydraulic Infrastructure of Petra – A model for Water Strategies in Arid Land

47

Stephan G. Schmid

Die Wasserversorgung des Wadi Farasa Ost in Petra

95

Benjamin Heemeier, Armin Rauen, Martin Waldhör, Matthias Grottker

Tall Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan – Das wasserwirtschaftliche System einer prähistorischen Siedlung in Südjordanien

119

Mathias Hamann, Benjamin Heemeier, Arno Patzelt, Matthias Grottker

Wasserwirtschaftliche Anlagen in der historischen Oasenstadt Tayma, Saudi-Arabien

155

II. Nordjordanien und Heiliges Land Bernhard Lucke

Wasser oder Boden – welches war der Schlüssel für die Blüte der Dekapolis-Region (Nordjordanien)?

177

Mathias Döring

Qanat Firaun – über 100 km langer unterirdischer Aquädukt im nordjordanischen Bergland

189

Patrick Keilholz

Neue Nutzung antiker Zisternen in Gadara

205

Ariel Bagg

Götter und Heroen als Wasserbauingenieure: Deiche und Kanäle in der sumerischen Literatur

215

Werner Eck

Die Verteilung des Mangels: Landwirtschaftliche Bewässerung in römischer Zeit in ariden Gebieten nach schriftlichen Quellen

227

Cura Aquarum in Jordanien, Schriften der DWhG, Band 12, ISBN 978-3-8334-8568-8

Inhaltsverzeichnis

II

Joseph Patrich

Water-Wheels at Service in the Second Jewish Temple in Jerusalem

239

III. Allgemeines, Türkei und Levante Femke Martens

Water Abundance and Shortage at Sagalassos (SW-Turkey)

247

Julian Richard

Roman Monumental Fountains in the Levant: Water Supply vs. Urban Aesthetics?

263

Inge Uytterhoeven, Femke Martens

Private Bathing at Sagalassos (SW-Turkey) and Asia Minor

285

Eddie Owens, M. Taşlıalan

The fountain-house at Pisidian Antioch and the water supply of the Roman colony: changes in water management and use

301

Gilbert Wiplinger

Neue Ergebnisse zur Wasserversorgung in Ephesos

313

Duncan Keenan-Jones, John Hellstrom, Russell Drysdale

Trace Element and Other Analyses of Tufa from Ancient Water Systems in Campania and Petra

329

Mehmet Bildirici

Kilyos Water Supply System with Suterazis

341

Peter Kowalewski

Antike Münzen als Zeitzeugen zur Geschichte der Nabatäer

345

M.J. Peréx, J. Cabrero, J. Andreu, C. Miró, C.M. Escorza, H. Frade and A. Hernando

The Use of Water for Health Purposes in Roman HISPANIA

349

Martin Schwarz

Neue Forschungsergebnisse zu Vitruvs colliviaria

353

Walter Loebl

King Herod’s Spa at Calirrhoe

359

Autorenverzeichnis

XIII

Verzeichnis der bisher erschienenen Bände der Schriften der DWhG

XV

Cura Aquarum in Jordanien, Schriften der DWhG, Band 12, ISBN 978-3-8334-8568-8

349

The Use of Water for Health Purposes in Roman HISPANIA* M.J. Peréx, J. Cabrero, J. Andreu, C. Miró, C.M. Escorza, H. Frade and A. Hernando

The main sites with mineral, medicinal and/or thermal waters, curative baths and water worship in Roman Hispania are represented in this map. We can see this use due to the construction on purpose of curative baths in the place where those waters were, and because of the cults that appeared beside them1. Here are represented only a selected number of sites but the whole study includes a geological research, prehistorical data (mainly during the Iron Age), revision of the classical sources and building remains. For this purpose, we work together with different specialists: geologists, archaeologists and historians. The geological study aim is to point out the relationship between seismic movements and the characteristics of the waters: temperature and mineral levels2. In fact, through the active flaws is were actual spas are located, due to the high temperatures or because its mineral levels. Those flaws are active because they produce seismic movements, more or less frequent, and they have been registered both in the historical documentation and, from the fifties of the last century, in the instruments installed through the National Seismic Network. In the selected springs we will pick up samples of the water to determine its composition. The recent Radioactivity Map (MARNA), published by the Nuclear Security Council, is going to be consulted too. After analysing the water composition we will be able to establish the causes of its use and also

its health benefits in order to know which of them were known in Antiquity, final reason to build a spa. The study also includes an approach to the water cult in prehistoric times. Even it’s well known the importance of water in Palaeolithic and Neolithic settlements, it’s not relevant for our purpose, so we are going to begin with the evidences dating from the end of the Bronze Age. From that period we find, quite often, weapon deposits near or inside rivers. Due to those findings many researchers are thinking about the reason to throw, hide or deposit weapons in water. This behaviour is thought to be a symbolic or sacred-ritual, in fact, as a water cult. There have been many metal findings in water context, not only in the Iberian Peninsula but also in France and Great Britain dated from the Last Bronze Age3. So we have to ask ourselves several questions: Who deposited those handicrafts? Were they offerings? Why? On what purpose? One of the most common interpretations is that those findings in springs, rivers, lakes, etc. were to indicate its own cultural territory. Therefore, for that period we can consider that water was used to cure, but what we can’t confirm yet is that there was a cult to it4. Two are the main aims of the project: the creation of a corpus with the literary, epigraphic and iconographic sources, and the archaeological study of the Balnea.

*

This work is part of the project VBI AQVAE IBI SALVS, whose purpose is to elaborate an Atlas with all the places with mineral, medicinal and/or thermal waters, curative baths and water worship from Prehistory until the beginning of Medieval times, in the Iberian Peninsula. 1 Two meetings have already taken place about this matter in Madrid, in 1991, and in Arnedillo (La Rioja), in 1996 (see Bibliography). 2 Martín 1992, 231-251.

Referring to the first of our targets, we shall begin with several references, that we can find in many doctors5 in Antiquity, that knew and 3

Werner 1987. Olivares 2000, 191-212. 5 Miró / Miró 1997, 211-216. 4

Cura Aquarum in Jordanien, Schriften der DWhG, Band 12, Siegburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8334-8568-8

350

M.J. Peréx et al., The Use of Water for Health Purposes in Roman HISPANIA

were interested in water properties. We can point out the Corpus Hipocraticum that analyses the “airs, waters and places”. Other doctors, like Celsus6, Dioscórides, Herodotus, Antilius, Arquigenes, Rufus from Ephesus, Areteus, Galenus, Oribasius7, Celius Aurelianus, Aecius, Alexander from Tralles and Paul of Aegina, also described the properties of different waters8. In Hispania we have an important example about the use of water for health treatments. At the end of the military campaign against Cantarber and Astures, in 25 B. C., Octavius Augustus became ill and his doctor, Antonius Musa, prescribed him a treatment with cold water, that took place in Tarraco9. The second target are the inscriptions. A detailed revision and interpretation of the epigraphic documents related with this matter will give us all the information about the sacred character of those places, the divinities associated to them (salus Umeritana), and the social origin of the people that used those waters. In ancient societies, in general, and in the roman one in particular, the public and private image of determined phenomena was fundamental. It can be seen in the pictorical, mosaic and sculpture decoration that takes part in the iconographic programs10, not only official but also private. The religion has a material representation through ex votes and material offers to the waters (coins, pottery, metal objects, etc.). For our purpose it’s fundamental to establish the architectural characteristics of the balnea11. One of the most important buildings in roman culture, and that we find in all the cities of the Empire, were the baths. Those buildings had different halls and pools that we 6

Martínez Saura / Montero 1997, 235-240. Bourdy 1992, 31-38. 8 Oró 1997, 229-234. 9 Gozalbes 1997, 240-245. 10 Olmos 1992, 103-120. 11 Mora 1992, 121-132. 7

know perfectly. They could be either public or private. In those cases the bath had a hygienic and social purpose. Its construction had a very clear model in which it was fundamental the water supply, the process to heat the water and the drainage system. Its situation in the city, or in a villa, was planned according to the rest of the buildings. On the contrary, the situation of the balneum depended on the geological characteristics, on the temperature and on the water properties. The planning of the building was different to those of the baths. There was no need to heat the water and, quite often, it was necessary to cool it; it was not carried to avoid loosing its properties, and the shape of the pools depended on the treatments (pool from Fitero) and, mainly, the balneum was where the spring was. From the knowledge of the properties of the mineral, medical and/or thermal waters, started some settlements that, in some cases, became a town whose name points out its origin: AQVAE. Modern place names allow us to identify three kinds of origins in the Iberian Peninsula: from the Latin Aquae Calidae we have Caldas, and from Balineum/ Balneum we have Baños, and from the Arab AlHamma, we have Alhama. Romans did not have a specific word for those buildings that used natural hot water or water with curative properties. Balineum and balneum or balnearius came from Greek and designed the public or private baths in Republican times. The word lauatrina referred to the toilets in the houses, and forica were the public latrines. Thermae was used in Imperial times and it did not distinguish if the water was heated artificially or was naturally hot. If the person who went to the Balneum recovered his health, he could think in two reasons: a scientific cure, because he knew the special characteristics of the water, or a miraculous cure through the divinity. If this was the case, he thanked the divinity for its cure throwing

Cura Aquarum in Jordanien, Schriften der DWhG, Band 12, Siegburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8334-8568-8

M.J. Peréx et al., The Use of Water for Health Purposes in Roman HISPANIA

coins12 or ex-votes to the source. As well, if someone wanted to recover his health, he could also ask the divinity in the same way. The most important concentration of balnea with architectural remains and cult testimonies is located in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula: in Gallaecia13, were we can mention Lucus Augusti, and Lusitania with the important site of San Pedro do Sul14. In the Northeast two balnea: Caldas de Malavella and Caldas de Montbui, in the Tarraconensis, have important archaeological remains, pools, inscriptions and coins15. In Western Pyrenees we have Panticosa, with coins from Augustus and Tiberius found in different fountains; Tiermas, with pools and an inscription of an aquilegus dedicated to the Nymphs16. Another inscription of an aquilegus in Boñar (León) is graved in the rock beside the thermal spring. In the Ebro valley we have the balneum of Fitero17, where we can see one pool (2 m. diameter, 1m. depth, with three steps) and the captation. And in the Jalón river, that flows into the Ebro river, we have Aquae Bilbilitanorum, the important city of Marcial. Another important site is Baños de Montemayor (Cáceres) with thermal waters. Several coins, from the first and second century a. D. and nineteen votive aras, two dedicated to Salus and sixteen to the Nymphs, have been recuperated18. In Baños de Retortillo (Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca) were found building remains, coins, from the first to the third century a. D., and an inscription to Aquis Eletesibus19. In Alange, near Emerita Augusta, two pools and an inscription to Iunioni Reginae Sacrum, can be seen20. In Baños de Fortuna (Murcia) we have the important sanctuary of the 12

Abad 1992, 133-191. Diez de Velasco 1992, 133-149. 14 Frade / Beleza 1992, 515-544. 15 Miró 1992, 255-275. 16 Mezquíriz / Unzu 2001, 157-165. 17 Mezquíriz 1986, 539-554. 18 Díez de Velasco 1998, 88-94 and 102. 19 Diez de Velasco 1998, 37-38 and 79. 20 Álvarez 1972, 267-291. 13

351

“Cueva Negra” and its tituli picti and the building with the roman baths21. Up to today we know few sites of this kind in the Baetica province. We have water worship testimonies in Collado de los Jardines (Jaén), Cerro de los Santos (Albacete)22 and Segobriga (Cuenca)23. An important object was found in Otañes (Castro Urdiales, Cantabria)24, a silver plate, partly covered with gold, of 21 cm. diameter. It represents six small scenes describing the activity of a medical source and it was dedicated to the divinity of the spring: Salus Umeritana. It could have been an ex vote, or a souvenir brought by a pilgrim. Dated in the end of the second century or the beginning of the third, we don’t really know the exact place it refers to. Many are the testimonies to the water divinities. The most frequent in Hispania are to Bormanicus, Cohvetena, Edovius, Genius and Tutela, Aqua, Fons, Salus, and also to the Nymphs, Apollo, Minerva, Aesculapius e Hygeia, Fortuna, and even Mercurius, Mars, Juno, Jupiter, Isis and Serapis25.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ABAD, M. 1992, La moneda como ofrenda en los manantiales, in: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma II, 5, 133-191. ABASCAL, J.M. / ALMAGRO GORBEA, M. / LORRIO, A.J. 1977, Las termas monumentales de Segobriga, Revista de Arqueología 195, 38-45. ALMAGRO GORBEA, M. / ABASCAL, J.M. 1999, Segobriga y su conjunto arqueológico, Madrid. ALVAREZ, J.M. 1972, Las termas romanas de Alange, in: Habis 3, 267-290. BARATTE, F. 1992, La coupe en argent de Castro Urdiales, in: Caesarodunum XXVI, 43-54. 21

Motilla / Egea / Gallardo 2004, 162-176. Chapa 1984, 109-126. 23 Almagro / Abascal, 1999. 24 Baratte 1992, 43-54. 25 Fabre 2004, 146-160. 22

Cura Aquarum in Jordanien, Schriften der DWhG, Band 12, Siegburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8334-8568-8

352

M.J. Peréx et al., The Use of Water for Health Purposes in Roman HISPANIA

BELTRÁN, A. 1954, Los hallazgos del balneario de Panticosa (Huesca), in: Caesaraugusta 5, 196200. BOURDY, F. 1992, Du bon usage des bains d’après Oribase, Caesarodunum XXVI, 31-38. CHAPA, T. 1984, El Cerro de los Santos (Albacete), excavaciones desde 1977 a 1981, Al-Basit 15, 109-126. CHEVALLIER, R. (ed.) 1992, Les eaux thermals et les cultes des eaux en Gaule et dans les provinces voisines, Actes du Colloque (28-30 Septembre 1990), in: Caesarodunum XXVI. DIEZ DE VELASCO, F. 1992, Divinités des eaux termales dans le Nord-Ouest de la Provincia Tarraconensis et dans le Nord de la Provincia Lusitania, in: Caesarodunum XXVI, 133-149. DIEZ DE VELASCO, F. 1998, Termalismo y religión. La sacralización del agua termal en la Península Ibérica y el norte de África en el mundo antiguo, ILU. Revista de Ciencias de las religiones, monografías 1, Madrid. DUPRÉ, N. / PERÉX, M.J. 1992, Thermalisme et religion dans le Nord de l’Hispania, Caesarodunum XXVI, 151-169. FABRE, G, 2004, Divinidades y cultos relacionados con las aguas, in: Aqua Romana. Técnica humana y fuerza divina, Catálogo de la Exposición del Museu de les Aigües, Bacelona, 146-160. FRADE, H. / BELEZA, J. 1992, A arquitectura das termas romanas de S. Pedro do Sul, in: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma II, 5, 515-544. FRADE, H. 1993, As termas medicinais de época romana em Portugal, in: Actas do II Congresso Peninsular de Historia Antiga (Coimbra 18-20 October 1990), 873-916. GOZALBES, E. 1997, Los baños y la curación de Augusto en Tarraco, in PERÉX. M.J. (ed.) Termalismo Antiguo, 241-245. MARTÍN, C. 1992, La estructura geológica de la Península Ibérica y sus aguas termales, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma II, 5, 231-251. MARTÍNEZ SAURA, F. / MONTERO, S. 1997, La balneoterapia en la obra de Celso, in: PERÉX, M. J. (ed.) Termalismo Antiguo, 235-240. MEZQUÍRIZ, M.A. 1986, Las termas romanas de Fitero, in: Príncipe de Viana, anejo 3, 539-554. MEZQUÍRIZ, M. A. / UNZU, M. 2001, Presencia de un “aquilegus” en Leire. Posible sustrato romano, in: Trabajos de Arqueología Navarra 15, 157-165. MIRÓ, C. 1992, La arquitectura medicinal termal en época romana en Catalunya. Las termas de Caldes de Montbuí como ejemplo, in: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma II, 5, 255-275.

MIRÓ, M.T. / MIRÓ, C. 1997, Los tratamientos hidroterápicos en los textos clásicos, in: PERÉX, M. J. (ed.) Termalismo Antiguo, 211-216. MOLTÓ, L. 1992, Tipos de aguas mineromedicinales en yacimientos arqueológicos de la Península Ibérica, in: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma II, 5, 211-228. MORA, G. 1981, Las termas romanas en Hispania, AEArq. 58, 37-89. MORA, G. 1992, La literatura médica clásica y la arquitectura de las termas medicinales, in: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma II, 5, 121-131. MOTILLA, G. / EGEA, A. / GALLARDO, J. 2004, La sacralidad de las aguas. El caso de los santuarios romanos de Fortuna (Murcia), in: Aqua romana. Técnica humana y fuerza divina, Catálogo de la Exposición en el Museu de les Aigües, Barcelona, 162-176. OLIVARES, J.C. 2000, Los dioses soberanos y los rios en la religión indígena de la Hispania indoeuropea, in: Gerión 18, 1191-212. OLMOS, R. 1992, Iconografía y culto a las aguas de época prerromana en los mundo colonial e Ibérico, in: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma II, 5, 103120. ORÓ, E. 1997, Las aguas mineromedicinales en la medicina de la Antigüedad, in: PERÉX, M.J. (ed.) Termalismo Antiguo, 229-234. PELLETIER, A. (ed.) 1985, La médecine en Gaule. Villes d’eaux, sanctuaires des eaux, Paris. PERÉX, M.J. (cord.) 1992, Termalismo Antiguo. Aguas mineromedicinales, termas curativas y culto a las aguas en la Península Ibérica, Actas de la mesa redonda (Madrid 28-30 Noviembre 1991), Espacio, Tiempo y Forma II, 5. PERÉX, M.J. (ed.) 1997, Termalismo Antiguo, Actas del I Congreso Peninsular (Arnedillo, La Rioja, 3-5 Octubre 1996), Casa de Velázquez / Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid. PÉREZ MINGUEZ, R. 2006, El culto al agua en la Hispania prerromana, in: VARIA IV, Serie Arqueología, Valencia, 163-239. ROLDÁN, J.M. 1965, Las lápidas votivas de Baños de Montemayor, in: Zephyrus 16, 5-37. SANTOS, J. / CARDOSO, M. 1953, Ex votos as Ninfas em Portugal, in: Zephyrus 4, 53-68. SOLANA, J.M. 1977, Precisiones sobre la pátera argentea de Otañes, in: Durius 5, 139-145. WERNER, S. 1987, El Bronce Final y la Primera Edad del Hierro en Centroeuropa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.

Cura Aquarum in Jordanien, Schriften der DWhG, Band 12, Siegburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8334-8568-8