DIGITAL TEXTBOOK SUBMITTED BY THASLEENA. M REG - 16921975010 SOCIAL SCIENCE KUCTE ANCHAL

Social Science Standard X

HISTORICAL REVOLUTIONS

3 HISTORIC

REVOLUTIONS

INDEX SL. NO

CONTENT

PAGE NO

1

REVOLUTION

5-9

2

AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

10-14

3

FRENCH REVOLUTION

15-20

4

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

21-24

5

CHINESE REVOLUTION

25-31

6

SUMMARY

32

7

LEARNING OUTCOMES

33

8

LET US DISCUSS

9

EXTENDED ACTIVITIES

10

SELF ASSESSMENT

34 34 35

5 HIST

01

REVOLUTION

Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event that attempts to change a nation, a region or society – and in some cases even the world. Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, duration, and motivating ideology. Their results include major changes in culture, economy, and sociopolitical institutions, usually in response to perceived overwhelming autocracy or plutocracy.

War and violence features of most Revolution

6 HISTORICAL

Characteristics of Revolution 1. Revolutions are characterized by an attack on the existing

order in order to put a new order in place. 2. A successful revolution leads to the replacement of the

current government by a new one aligned with the ideology of the revolutionaries, 3. while an unsuccessful revolution often results in a violent

reaction against them. Sometimes. 4. Revolutions typically take place due to widespread

frustration paradigm.

over

the

existing

socio-economic-political

7 HISTORICAL REVO

STAGES OF REVOLUTION

8 HISTORI

AGE OF REVOLUTION The late 18 to mid-19 century is the age of revolutions and romanticism. Some major reforms like the July Revolution, Greek War of Independence, The Romantic Imagination, and National Feeling happened across Europe and America in this period. During the Age of Revolution we see a shift from monarchies to a more democratic style of government. Starting with the American Revolution we can see several instances

of

countries

shifting

from

monarchies

democracies through rebellion and revolution.

to

9 HISTORICA REVOLUTIONS

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes began to become more influential in this period, especially with the lower noble and upper- middle classes. These philosophers wrote extensively on the rights of people, freedom of choice, and the rights that all humans have. Because of these sentiments, there was a growing desire for change which caused major changes that would lead to the Age of Revolution. Though there were numerous revolution examples in Europe and the Americas during this time period the most notable would be the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

10 HISTO

02

THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

INDEPENDENCE American Revolution: Between 1765 and 1783, colonial North America experienced an ideological and political change known as the American Revolution. In the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), commonly known as the American Revolution, the Americans in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British, gaining independence from the British Crown and founding the United States of America, the first contemporary constitutional liberal democracy.

Migration of America 13 of Britain’s North American colonies rebelled against Its imperial rule, sparking an epic political and military conflict American

known

as

the

Revolution

that

lasted from 1765 to 1783. The colonists, or people living in the colonies, were unhappy about paying taxes Without having any say in their government. British treated the American colonies as centers for collecting raw materials for their industry and as market for selling their products. This policy implemented by the British merchants with the help of their motherland in the American colonies, is known as Mercantilism. As part of Mercantilism, several laws were implemented in the British colonies. Let us discuss of them:

Mercantalist laws Mercantilism is a trade practice wherein nations maintain a favorable balance in trade by increasing exports and decreasing imports. They import cheaper raw materials from their colonies and accumulate wealth by exporting finished items to them in exchange for gold and silver currency.

Boston Tea Party The high tax levied by the British government on tea fired up strong Protest in America. On 16 December 1773, a group of people disguised as the Red Indians, boarded the and threw 342 chests of tea into the sea.

13 HISTORICAL

The entire continent assembles The delegates of all the colonies except Georgia met at Philadelphia in 1774 to protest against the policies and rules imposed by England. It is known as the First Continental

Congress.

Subsequently, people of the colonies submitted a petition to the King of England. They demanded the revocation of the regulations enforced on industry andcommerce and not to impose tax without the approval of the people. But the king sent a military force to suppress the people. This

led

to

the

war

between England and the colonies.

14 H

The

Second

Continental

Congress

led

at

Philadelphia in 1775 elected George

Washington

Congress

at

held

at

Philadelphia in 1775 elected George Washington as the commander-inchief of the Continental Army. During this time, through the pamphlet titled 'Commonsense', Thomas Paine declared that it was wise for the Americans to break the ties with Britain. The American

Continental

Congress

issued

thefamous

Declaration of Independence on 4July 1776. The

declaration

was

prepared

by

Thomas

Jefferson

and

Benjamin

Franklin.

15 HISTORICAL RE

03

FRENCH REVOLUTION

The French Revolution was a watershed event in world history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens radically altered their political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as the monarchy and the feudal system.

16 HISTOR

The upheaval was caused by disgust with the French aristocracy and the economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette.

17 HISTORIC

Ideologies of French Revolution Various thinkers and streams of thought in France played an important role in making the people aware of the inequalities and exploitation. Let's learn more about these thinkers and their ideologies.

Declaration of Rights of Man Then on 4th August 1789, the National Assembly adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen; this charter was based on democratic principles, flowing from the philosophical and political ideas of all enlightenment thinkers such as Jena-Jacques Rosseau.

18 HI

The Constitution was then adopted on 3rd September 1791. This new step brought a new French society where the

king

was

given

limited powers. But this was not enough for the extremists of the National Assembly

like

Goerges

Danton

&

Maximilien

de

Robespierre, who demanded the King's trial and a more republican form of government instead of just limiting the powers of the king. The Constitution was then adopted on 3rd September 1791.

Reign of Terror This revolution witnessed more twists and turns when a group of insurgents (ones fighting against the King or aristocrats,

or

the

government of the country)

19 HISTORI

Attacked Paris's royal residence and arrested Louis XVI on 10th August 1792.

NAPOLEON AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French who revolted for noble aims had to survive under the autocratic rule of Napoleon Bonaparte for a short period. Napoleon played a crucial role in defeating the European alliance which was formed under the leadership of Britain against France in the post-revolution period. He seized the power in France in 1799.Though an autocrat, he instituted several reforms in France.

20 HISTORI

In France, nationalism strengthened during the reign of Napoleon. One by one, he invaded the other European countries. The European countries feared that the reforms of Napoleon would spread all over Europe. They organized themselves under the leadership of England.It was the ideals of the French Revolution and not Napoleon that they were afraid of. Napoleon was defeated by the European Alliance in the battle of Waterloo and lost his power in 1815.

21 HIST

04

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire, begun during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and a bloody civil war. The Russian Revolution can also be seen as the precursor for the other European revolutions that occurred during or in the aftermath of WWI, such as the German Revolution of 1918.

22 HISTO

BACKGROUND OF RUSSIAN REVOLUTION The Russia of the 1900s was one of the most economically backwards and least industrialised nations in Europe with a large population of peasants and a growing

number

of

industrial workers. Although the practice inmost of Europe was ended by the

time

of

the

Renaissance in the late 16th century, it was still being carried out in Russia well into the 19th century.It would notbe until 1861 when serfdom would be abolished. The emancipation of serfs would set off a chain of events that would lead to the Russian Revolution in the coming years.

A Turbulent Time: The 1905 Revolution Russia was an autocracy and even at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Tsar was not subject to Parliament.

During the Revolution of 1905, Russia along with

the

Social

Democrats

and

Socialist worked with peasant and workers to

the

demand

a

constitution. For Russian workers, bad times started from the year 1904 as prices of essential goods rose and their real wages declined by 20 per cent. Workers went on strike demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions. The procession was attacked by the police and the Cossacks when it reached the Winter Palace. The incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events which resulted in the 1905 Revolution.

Events & Effects of February and October Revolution Leaders such as Lenin and Trotsky had major roles in the October Revolution, while Petrograd led the February Revolution.

Main Events in February Revolution The major events and effects of the February Revolution are as follows. 

February

22:

A

lockout occurred at the factory on the right bank.

 February 25: Dissolution of the Duma.  February 27: The Police Headquarters was ransacked. All the regiments supported the workers, and as a result, the Soviet Union was formed.  March 2: The Tsar relinquishes his power, leading the leaders of the Duma and the Soviet Union to form a provisional government for Russia. Main Events in October Revolution The

major

effects

of

events the

and

October

Revolution are as follows: 

16th

October:

Soviets appointed the Military Revolutionary Committee. 

24th October: Masses begin to uprise the provisional government. The Military Revolutionary Committee controlled the city at night. The ministers surrendered, and lastly, the Bolsheviks gained power.

26 HISTORICAL

05

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION

The Chinese Revolution was a historical period with the political and social revolution in China, which had begun in 1945 at the end of the Second-Sino Japanese war and lasted up to the Proclamation of the People’s Republic of China in the year 1949. This period had shown the culmination of the Chinese Civil war as the People’s Liberation Army defeated the Republic of China Army and brought a new government after finishing the warfare between the Chinese Community Party and Kuomintang inChina.

27 HISTORICA

L REVOLUTIONS

The impact of the Chinese Revolution was significantly affected

both

outside and inside of China. Political radicalization, Chinese

peasantry,

urban workers, and the working class had a large number of supporters in this Revolution.

Timeline of Chinese Revolution Our Chinese Revolution timelines list significant events and developments in China – from the Qing period (17th century onwards) to the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.  Chinese Revolution – up to and including 1911.  Chinese Revolution – 1912 to 1927.  Chinese Revolution – 1928 to 1949.  Chinese Revolution – 1949 to 1961.  Chinese Revolution – 1962 to 1976.

28 HISTORICAL RE

OPIUM TRADE opium trade, in Chinese history, the traffic that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries in which Western countries, mostly Great Britain, exported opium grown in India and sold it to China. The British used theprofits from the sale of opium to purchase such Chinese luxury goods as porcelain, silk, and tea, which were in great demand in the West, while addiction to opium became widespread in China, leading to socialand economic problems there.

The Manchu dynasty in China favored the foreign interference and domination. Some secret organizations in China revolted against it in 1900. The emblem of these organizations was the Boxer's fist.So this is known as the Boxer Rebellion. Though this rebellion was a failure, it stimulated the revolutions that came up later.

29 HISTORI

In 1911, another revolution took

place

under

the

leadership of Dr. Sun YatSen. against the Manchu Dynasty

This

ended

monarchy in China. After

the

revolution,

Kuomintang

party

established

republican government in Southern China under the leadership of Sun Yat-Sen. He gave importance to ideologies like nationalism, democracy, and socialism.

Ideologies of Sun Yat-Sen Nationalism - To expel the Manchu dynasty and theImperial powers. Democracy - To establish democratic rule Socialism - To control capital and distribute land equality.

30 HISTOR

Republic becomes popular Chiang Kai-Shek ascertained military autocracy in China. He gave opportunity for foreign

powers

including

America to freely interferein China and did not co-operate with the Communists. Coal and banking,

iron

industries,

and

foreign trade were all controlled by foreign countries. The Communists protested against the policy of Ching Kai-Shek. They were brutally suppressed. At that time Mao Zedongrose to the leadership of the Communist party. In 1934, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, a journey started from Kiangsi in South China. The adventurous trip ended at Yanan in North Western China. Throughout the journey they seized out agricultural land and villages from lords and distributed them.

31 HIST

The journey covered around 12000 kms. So it is known as the 'Long March'. Hence Mao Zedong and the Communist Party became the symbol of struggle of the Chinese against foreign power. Chiang Kai-Shek had to seek political asylum in Taiwan, when the Red Army of Mao Zedong captured the centre of Kuomintang rule. China became the People's Republic of China on 1st October 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

SUMMARY  Revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event that attempts to change a nation, a region or society – and in some cases even the world.  Revolutions vary in their motives and their aims. Some, like the American and French Revolution seek to overthrow and replace the political order.  Others, like the Russian and Chinese revolutions, also seek radical social and economic change.  Most revolutions are driven by people and groups inspired by hope, idealism and dreams of a better society.

33 HISTORICAL REV

LEARNING OUTCOMES The Learner 

Analysis the characteristics and stages of

the

revolutions in the world.  Compare the situations of the different revolutions in the world.  Pupil will be able to understand about the causes and consequences of the revolution in the world.  Analyze the major progress in

different states of

each revolution in the world.  Evaluate the transition of the revolutions in world history.

34 HISTORI

LET US DISCUSS 1. American War of Independence was a movement of the English against England'. Substantiate the statement. 2.How did the resentment of the middle class lead to the French Revolution? 3. Arrange the following events in chronological order. February revolution, Long March, American Declaration of Independence, Tennis Court Oath 4. How did the French Revolution influence the reforms of Napoleon? 5. How did the colonial rule influence the Latin American countries? 6. 'Russian Revolution helped the progress of the working class'. Do you agree with this statement? Why?

EXTENDED ACTIVITIES  Collect the works of the thinkers and writers who influenced various revolutions and prepare a note,.

35 HISTORIC

ASSESSEMENT

Revolutio n's Period of Revolutio n Major Impact Major Aims

Completely

Partially

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