Story Transcript
Model Inovasi
Pembelajaran VACCSIN Untuk Mahasiswa
berkebutuhan Khusus Universitas Airlangga
2021
SUSTAINABLE
EDUCATION FOR ALL
MODUL VACCSIN Inovasi Pembelajaran Video, Audio,
Closed Caption, Subtitles, Sign Language
Ketua Penyusun Yuni Sari Amalia, S.S., M.A., Ph.D. Selasa, 16 November 2021
KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan YME yang senantiasa
melimpahkan segala rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga
seluruh aktivitas penyusunan modul inovasi
pembelajaran ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik.
Modul ini disusun untuk memenuhi kebutuhan media
tambahan mahasiswa Academic Writing dalam rangka
kegiatan pembelajaran melalui media inovasi VACCSIN
(Video, Audio, Closed Caption, Subtitles, and Sign
Language). Teknik penyajian modul diberikan berupa teks bacaan dan ilustrasi yang menarik. Cara ini diharapkan mampu memberikan kemudahan pemahan para mahasiswa dalam memahami materi pembelajaran. Selain itu, modul pembelajaran ini juga disertai dengan soal – soal yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat ketercapaian dan ketuntasan terhadap materi. Penyusunan modul inovasi pembelajaran ini tidak dapat terlaksana tanpa adanya bantuan serta dukungan dari seluruh tim dan pihak pihak terkait. Semoga modul inovasi pembelajaran ini memberikan manfaat tidak hanya untuk para mahasiswa namun juga masyarakat umum.
Surabaya, 16 November 2021
Penulis
iv
OUTLINE TOPIK 1.Introduction to Academic Writing 2.Features to Academic Writing 3.Academic Texts and Types of Texts 4.Using Reading List 5.What is Plagiarism ? 6.Acknowledging Sources 7.Elements of Effective Paraphrasing 8.Strategies for Paraphrasing 9.What Makes a Good Summary 10.Citation and Referencing Style 11.What is Literature Review
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Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar....................................................................iv Outline Topik.........................................................................v Daftar Isi...............................................................................vi Introduction to Academic Writing......................................1 Learning Outline..........................................................................2 What is Academic Writing ?........................................................3 What is Publication ?...................................................................5 The Importance of Academic Writing........................................6 What Are The Features of Academic Writing ?.........................7 Features of Academic Writing.............................................9 Category of Academic Writing Features.................................10 Other Features of Academic Writing.......................................12 Let's Do The Exercise................................................................13 Academic Writing................................................................14 Learning Outline........................................................................15 About Academic Texts..............................................................16 Types of Texts............................................................................17 Let's Do The Exercise................................................................20 Using Reading Lists.............................................................21 Learning Outline........................................................................22 Using Learning Lists..................................................................23 First Thing Before Using Reading Lists...................................23 Sources To Be Used to Discover Reding Lists........................24 Formats on Reading Lists.........................................................24 Let's Do The Exercise................................................................25 Using Library Websites to Search Electronic Resources.......25 How To Get Credible Sources in Library Database...............26 What is Plagiarism..............................................................27 What is Plagiarism ?..................................................................28 Why Has Plagiarism Taken Place ?..........................................29 Why Should be Concered Plagiarism......................................29 Types of Plagiarism...................................................................30 Degree of Plagiarism................................................................32 Plagiarism Checklist..................................................................33 Let's Do the Exercise.................................................................34
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Acknowledge Sources.........................................................35 Learning Outline........................................................................36 How to Avoid Plagiarism...........................................................37 Referencing Style.......................................................................38 Plagiarism Checker....................................................................38 Acknowledge Sources...............................................................39 Ways to Provide Proper Credit or Acknowledge....................39 Summary and Citation..............................................................40 Paraphrasing and Citation........................................................40 Quotes and Citation..................................................................40 Elements of Effective Paraphrasing.................................41 Learning Outline........................................................................42 What is Paraphrasing ?.............................................................43 What Do We Need to Paraphrase ?.........................................43 Effective Paraphrasing..............................................................44 Strategies For Paraphrasing..............................................45 Learning Outline........................................................................46 Paraphrasing..............................................................................47 Examples of Paraphrasing.......................................................48 Paraphrasing Strategies...........................................................49 Paraphrasing Checklist.............................................................50 What Makes Good Summary ?..........................................52 Learning Outline........................................................................53 What is Summary ?....................................................................54 What To Do Before Summarizing............................................55 What To Do During Summarizing............................................56 What To Do After Summarizing...............................................57 Effefctive VS Ineffective Summaries........................................57 Effective Summary....................................................................58 Citation And Referencing Style.........................................59 Learning Outline........................................................................60 Citation And Reference.............................................................61 Why References are Important ?.............................................61 Citation and References...........................................................61 Referencing................................................................................62 Referencing Styles.....................................................................63
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Example of Citation...................................................................64 Example of Reference...............................................................64 How to Reference......................................................................65 Referencing Tools......................................................................65 What Is Literature Review ?..............................................66 Learning Outline........................................................................67 What is Literature Review ?......................................................68 Purposes of Literature Review.................................................68 Six Step in Writing a Literature Review...................................70 What Does Crirical Analysis Mean ?........................................70 Structure of Literature Review.................................................70 Aspect OfLiterature Review......................................................71 Preparation................................................................................71 Organization...............................................................................72 Reflection Checklist...................................................................73 Types of Literature....................................................................74 Daftar Pustaka..........................................................................75
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INTRODUCTION TO
ACADEMIC WRITING
Learning Outline
What is academic writing and
publication ?
Why it is important
to know about
academic writing?
What are the
features of
academic writing?
2
What is
Academic
Writing ?
What comes up on your mind when
you read the word academic writing?
Do you think about writing process?
Or thinking about getting a good
academic text?
In this part, you will learn about the definition of academic writing. A good example of
academic writing are theses written by
graduates and/or articles written by
professional experts. However, there are
more various examples of academic writing
beyond that such as literature reviews, lab
reports, abstracts, papers, and so on.
3
There are 2 definitions difined by some universities
1 Academic work that is obvious, brief,
emphasized, organized and supported by
evidence and facts. It aims to enhance
students’ comprehension. (University of
Leeds, 2020)
A written work that emphasizes on formality,
objectivity, impersonality, and technicality.
(University of Sydney, 2019)
2 Moreover, each kind of academic writing has
particular and different rules. In this case,
academic writing is a record of academic
work that is written to investigate and
examine the intellectual boundaries of
particular fields and expertise.
4
WHAT IS PUBLICATION? When it comes to academic writing, the goal
for doing it is publishing the academic work to
the websites of journal articles. To get to know what is publication, read the following definitions The process where books, magazines,
and other written works are published or
printed which then are made accessible
to public. (Oxford Dictionary, 2020) Publishing or making info accessible to
people both online and printed
(Cambridge Dictionary, 2020)
The act or process of publishing
published work (Merriam-Webster, 2020)
5
The Importance of Academic Writing
So, why academic writing
is important?
Do you think it is
important to know
the academic
writing ?
It is important to know about academic writing? Why? Making contribution
to particular area of
discipline and
expertise
1
2
Improving one’s
qualification
Becoming a good and
productive researcher
and writer
3
6
WHAT ARE THE
FEATURES OF
ACADEMIC WRITING? What about the features of academic
writing? Before it is identified specifically
in the following subtopic, here are some
of the basic features of academic writing
that will be mentioned in brief. There are specific
and emphasized
expectations and it is used to answer
research questions
First, academic writing is expected to provide specific answers to the statement of problems. In this case, the information has to be relevant to what is being discussed.
The use of formal, precise, and
concise language
Another feature is in terms of the language use where it is highly suggested to be formal, precise, and concise.
It focuses more on logical reasoning
rather than
emotional
perceptions
The next basic feature is that academic writing is more based on logical reasonings than emotional perspective. In this essence, facts are more essential than emotional feelings so that the objectivity of the work is high. Thus, critical thinking which is based on evidences are required here
There is cohesion
and coherence,
which is a logical
connection
between sentences and paragraphs
The last feature is that there is connection between the contents among the sentences or paragraphs that gather the ideas to be an information that is integrated to discuss the main or key ideas also known as coherence and cohesion.
7
Last but not least, academic writing is significant both internally and externally. Academic writing contributes to certain areas of disciplines and fields in which it might enhance and develop the quality of literature in a particular expertise. In terms of internal or personal significance, academic writing leads one to be a better researcher that is also related to another significance which is upgrading their qualifications.
8
FEATURES OF
ACADEMIC WRITING
We probably have commonly heard that the
features of academic writing are about the use
of formal language, evidences, and others that
will be discussed here further. But basically, the
features themselves can be categorized to three
main categories. Those are content,
organization, and language.
CATEGORIES OF
ACADEMIC WRITING FEATURES Content
Content: is about the key ideas
in your writing, the main points, and the evidences to support
your arguments. It is also one
of the important assessment
rubrics that determine the relevance of the questions with
your writing.
Main points, the use of
references, determination
of the answers of
questions
Organisation
Arrangement of ideas,
structured & well-organized
paragraphs, hooked
introduction, good
conclusion
Organization: is the arrangement of the ideas,
whether it is well-organized,
whether it is in a logical order,
whether there is a coherence
and cohesion where everything
is related to each other, and
whether your writing has an
interesting and useful
introduction and conclusion.
10
Language أﻫﻼ
Hi!
やあ
Well-written, accurate
grammar, good spelling,
impersonal style, long
and complex sentences,
formal academic style
Language: emphasizes the
language use in your writing, it
focuses on how well-written
your writings are by having
such proper grammar and
spelling as well as impersonal
and formal academic style. It
also focuses on the complexity
of the sentences that determine
the reliability.
From those categories, it can be concluded that there are several main common features in academic writing. According to Bailey, 2015 the main features of
academic writing are:
1
The use of formal vocabulary, meaning that there is no
slang or idiomatic language in academic writing. You also cannot find any contractions or abbreviations like you’re
in academic writing. Moreover, it is different from other
writing genres in that academic writing has a specialized
vocabulary or terms.
2
Another main feature is the use of references. This
3
The next feature is the impersonal style. This means that the writing style in academic writing is highly objective since the thoughts and beliefs in the writing are mainly based on evidences. In short, academic writing has a small amount or even no subjective expression at all in it.
4
feature is important as references are used as evidences to support the writers’ arguments. In this case, the references contain the related work of other researchers within the similar and relevant field of academic study.
Another feature is the complexity and the length of the sentences. In academic writing, the sentences tend to be longer and more complex in which the level of complexity could affect the three main categories of the academic writing features mentioned previously which are the content, organization, and language.
11
Other Features of Academic Writing Planed and focused,
structured, evidenced, and
formal, in tone and style. (University of Leeds, 2020)
Formal, Impersonal, objective,
based on facts and ideas, and
technical. (University of Sydney, 2019)
The Do's and Don't of Academic Writing Here is a little bit about the do’s and the don’ts to help you
guide and begin a writing an academic article, for instance.
1.Formal language
2.Full form
3.Impersonal 4.Non personal
5.Clear and concise
6.Objective
7.Reference 8.Focus on the point
1.Jargons, Sland, Colloqual 2.Contraction 3.Personal perspective
4.Personal pronouns
5.Generalizations
6.Subjective 7.Plagiarism 8.Hyperbole
12
Let's Do The Exercise Equally, from a political perspective, the nature of state involvement in and policies for tourism is dependent on both the political-economic structures and the prevailing political ideology in the destination state, with comparisons typically made between market-led and centrally planned economies. For example, the Thatcher–Reagan inspired neo-liberalism of the 1980s, and the subsequent focus on privatization and the markets in many Western nations contrasted starkly with the then centrally planned tourism sectors in the former Eastern Europe (Buckley and Witt, 1990; Hall, 1991). At the same time, of course, it has also long been recognized that the political-economic relationship of one nation with another or with the wider international community (that is, the extent of political-economic dependency) may represent a significant influence on tourism development (Telfer, 2002). Thus, in short, tourism planning and development in the destination tends to reflect both the structures and political ideologies of the state and its international political economic relations.
Try to answer the question bellow, based on the paragraph ! 1.What is the main idea of the passage ? .....................................................................................................
2. Is the passage impersonal ? Why ? .....................................................................................................
3. How many references cited in the passage ? .....................................................................................................
4. Are there any informal vocabulary found in the passage ? .....................................................................................................
13
ACADEMIC WRITING
Learning Outline
What is academic text ?
Types of texts
15
About Academis Texts Aim for academic
purposes
Written in relations
to other research
and reviewed by
other authors
Based on experts’
assessment and
evaluation before
getting published.
Include concepts
and theories related
to the specific
discipline.
Providefactual,
precise, impersonal,
and objective
information.
The use of formal
language and
specific terms
Academic texts mainly aim to be used for academic purposes. This is because it is produced by experts in a particular area of discipline. Academic texts are also made in relation to other research and are reviewed by other authors. Thus, before the works get published, the experts in the particular fields need to do assessment and evaluation first. In this case, the language use of academic texts is not only formal but also technical. These terminologies or specialized terms are understood by particular groups of people within specific fields. Moreover, the information given in the text has to be factual, concise, objective, and impersonal. It has to be based on facts that has less subjectivity. Lastly, the particular concepts and theories about certain discipline need to be included in the text.
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Types of Texts Which one(s) are suitable for academic use ?
Textbook
Website
Journal
Article
Official
Report
Newspaper
Mgazine
E-book
What are the most common types of texts that are suitable for academic use? Is it a textbook, website, journal article, report, newspaper, or e-book? There are several common academic text types used by students as sources for their academic work. The most common ones from this list would be textbooks, journal articles, and official reports. Websites and EBooks can be a good format for these texts, but they can also be quite non-academic, depending on the sources and aims of the sites and e-books. Newspaper articles can be a good source for data that complements academic texts, but it in and of itself is not the most common one for academic references.
17
Textbooks
Textbooks are specifically designed to
help the learner, for example, in starting
to learn about a new topic and making
summaries or reviews. Textbooks vary in
style, tone and level depending on their
audience.
Journal articles are mainly written for a particular group of people such as academics, researchers and postgraduate students that generally contain an introduction, literature review, background, results, discussion, and conclusion.
Journal Articles
Journal articles generally contains the following: Introduction to the research Literature review Background to the research and methods Results or main findings Discussion, including authors' interpretation of the results Recommendations: ideas for future research Conclusion Bibliography/References Appendix (optional) to give information such as more complete tables of data from the research
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Another type of text for academic work is a report. In this case, reports aim to describe what happened in a piece of research. A report discusses and examines its significance. Reports
Official Report
are found in different disciplines, such as social sciences, humanities, natural science, law and medicine. They mostly include an introduction, an overview of the methodology, findings, discussions, as well as conclusions. Official Reports mostly include some or all of the following: Context/Overview (Title, Contents etc.) Introduction Methodology/Description of the event (e.g., piece of research) Findings/Main points Discussion/Evaluation Conclusion
Peer reviwed articels
Reports
Essay
Books
Converence papers Research papers
Literature reviewers Dissertation and thesis
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Let's do The Exercise Sustainable Transport for a Large Business: The Case of Leeds Metropolitan University There were 2,287,540 students in UK higher education in 2004/2005. A high percentage live away from home, or come from abroad (some 318,395) and they are heavy consumers of transport. There were 109,625 full-time academic staff, and 51,030 part-time staff, plus many administrative and support staff. Higher education is a large foreign currency earner. It is big business. But some universities are massive, and equate with very large corporations both in their financial turnover, and in the environmental footprint generated by their transport activities. Leeds Metropolitan University is a good example. It is one of the largest universities in the UK, with 52,000 students and 3,500 staff. Its turnover is about £135 million per annum. Of course, its economic impact is far larger than this, as the student body is not an insignificant proportion of the total population of the city, and they are all consumers and spenders. The university has three major campuses. One of the campuses is on the edge of the city, on a restricted site. A second campus is five miles north from the city centre, on an outstanding but inaccessible parkland site, while a third campus is fifteen miles away in Harrogate. Source : Wetherly & Otter, 2008, p.221
Try to answer the question bellow, based on the paragraph ! 1.What is the title of the text? .....................................................................................................
2. When was it published ? .....................................................................................................
3. Who are the authors ? .....................................................................................................
4. Who is the intended audience of the text ? .....................................................................................................
4. Who is the intended audience of the text ? ..................................................................................................... 5. What is the type of the text? .....................................................................................................
20
USING READING LISTS
Learning Outline
Using reading lists
Why it is important
to use ?
How to use reading
lists ?
22
Using Reading Lists Reading lists are important in order to gather information from various reading sources in academic writing. There are several reasons why a reading list is significant. Reading lots of sources might be wasting too much time. In other words, using a reading list is helpful to make reading more effective and efficient. Another reason why a reading list is important is that we will be able to understand the significance of reading as well as to evaluate the texts critically. This happens because the reading sources are well-selected so that the writer has valuable purpose for reading. In this essence, selecting what to focus on is important to make reading meaningful. Another significance of the use of reading lists is that the sources taken are all updated since it is sorted by the latest publication dates so that the information is still relevant. This also results to another significance of choosing the most relevant resources that affect the reliability of the academic work. Other than that, the reliability of the information is also revealed through the credibility of the authors, publishers, and other considerations in using reading lists.
Before using reading lists, we need to have good understanding about our tasks so that the reading list is suitable to be used as academic sources
First Thing Before Using Reading Lists Identify the focus
of the assigment
Investigate the
reading lists Discover types of information needed
The first thing that needs to be done is that we need to identify the focus of the assignments such as what type of contexts, questions, and problems we need to overcome, and so on. By doing this, the reading sources will be suitable as it is required. Also, we need to think about what type of information should be discovered, whether the information is related to the ideas, thoughts, concepts, theories, and other important aspects of the academic work. Lastly, when the reading list is all gathered, we need to investigate them such as discovering which ones are more relevant and reliable.
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Sources To Be Used to Discover
Reading Lists There are some sources that can be used to discover reading lists. Those sources could be both in terms of printed and electronic reading list that include textbooks, journal articles, and websites. In addition, you are not expected to read all books from cover to cover since the parts containing details of the specific information will be given by the teachers. Both types of reading lists allow you to find reading material. Electronic reading list contains link to the library catalogue to check the availability whereas printed reading list allows to use the library catalogue to find the texts.
Formats on Reading Lists In using reading lists, the less specific terms searched, the more results will be found in the library database. Conversely, if you want to find a specific topic of reading, then doing the reverse will be more beneficial Books Miles, T.R. Dyslexia: A Hundred Years On/T.R. Miles and Elaine, 2 nd ed. Open University Press, 1999. Journal Articles Paulesu E. et al. Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity. Science, 2001, 291, pages 2165-7. Websites www.well.ox.ac.uk/monaco/dyslexia.shtml
Both electronic and printed reading lists have their uses, but today, using electronic sources is considered as more beneficial as they have several advantages such as being more accessible because you can access it from anywhere in the world at any time. They are efficient because you can just type in what you’re searching for, and relevant because the different kinds of portals, gateways, and websites offer different kinds of sources
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Full Details
1
2
3
4
5
6
Title
Skyscraper: the politics and power of building New York city in the twentieth century / Benjamin Flowers Skyscraper for the XXI century / edited by Carlo Aiello Taipei 101 / George Binder [editor]. Tall buildings: image of skyscraper / Scott Johnson. Skyscrapers: Fabulous Buildings that Reach for the Sky / Herbert Wright. Eco skyscrapers / Ken Yeang
Ed/Year
Location
Holdings
C2009
2008
2008
2008
2008
3 Ed.2007
Main Library
Science Library
Main Library
Fine Arts Library
Main Library
Science Library
Availability
Availability
Availability
Availability
Availability
Availability
The less specific terms searched, the more results of items found in library database
Using Library Websites to Search Electronic Resources The advantages of using electronic resources are : 1. Accesible 2. Efficient 3. Relevant sources due to the separate portal or gateway
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How To Get Credible Sources in Library Database 1.Discover scholarly resources: journals, conference papers, and books written by experts. Make sure that you’re trying to find scholarly resources, in other words, academic texts. 2. Discover the right database based on topic area: scopus, proQuest To maximize efficiency, make sure you’re looking for the right database for the topic you’re researching. 3. Brainstorm the concept terms as keywords In order to find exactly the papers you want, brainstorm your ideas and turn them into keywords that might be easier to search in the database. 4. Enhance strategies of searching: phrase search, conjuntion, and truncation Use strategies to make your searching better. Sometimes, a source can be found using one searching technique when it would not show up if you used another. 5. Effective use of databases: limit, subject headings, highly cited works, saved searches and references Use the databases effectively. This means searching for highly cited works, manage your searches and references, limit your search to specific years and subjects, and so on.
6.Effective use of bibliographic organization Make sure your bibliographic organization is effective. You can use tools to manage your references.
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WHAT IS
PLAGIARISM ?
What is Plagiarism ? What comes up in your mind when you hear plagiarism? and why do you think students do plagiarism in their academic writing? also, why do you think being aware of plagiarism matters a lot? and do you know what types of plagiarism there are? Plagiarism is basically using words and ideas of particular resources without giving acknowledgement or credit to the original work, thus implying, whether intentional or unintentional, that it’s their original work. This kind of act is considered as an academic crime.
Plagiarism is claiming work
and ideas of others as your
work, whether consensual or
not, by integrating the ideas
without fully acknowledging
the original authors. (Oxford Dictionary)
Stealing and passing off
other works and ideas as
your own without giving
credit to the original
source.
28
WHY HAS PLAGIARISM TAKEN PLACE ? What makes people do plagiarism? There are
several factors why they plagiarize, such as bad
time management, lack of understanding about
citations, lack of paraphrasing skills, and low
integrity.
Bad time
management
Lack of proper
paraphrasing
skills
Lack of
understanding
about how to do
proper citation
Low integrity
Why Should be Concered With
Plagiarism ? Why do we need to be concerned about the act of plagiarism ? 1. It will not help the writer to develop an understanding regarding particular fields since they do not have enough ability to develop the ideas themselves. 2. It is important to avoid and be aware of plagiarism in order to raise self-awareness of the academic code of conduct. 3. It is important to be aware of it in order to uphold academic integrity. 4. plagiarism would lead to various consequences such as failing or even getting expelled for doing plagiarism to any extent or whatever type it is.
29
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM There are many types of plagiarism, each defined
differently according to different sources Direct copying: Copying other works
directly without acknowledging the
source. Word-switching: Taking someone’s
ideas by changing the words from
the source without giving credit.
Working with other peers. Concealing sources: Making the
sources unclear by not properly
indicating the original source. Buying assigments: The most serious
plagiarism which result in being
expelled. Re-using your previous work. Copy and paste. Find and replace Sharing work without properly crediting Self-plagiarism improrer citing Purchasing
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Direct plagiarism: directly copying
word for word from the source
without giving credits. Self plagiarism: reusing your work
that is previously submitted. Mosaic plagiarism: borrowing
sources without quoting or finding
synonyms and leaving the meaning
and structure the same. Accidental plagiarism: misquoting or
unintenional paraphrasing.
Sources not cited: the ghost writer,
the photocopy, the potluck paper,
the poor disguise, the labor of
laziness, the self-stealer. Sources cited but still plagiarized: the forgotten footnote, the misinformer,
the too-perfect paraphrase, the
resourceful citer, the perfect crime
31
Degree of Plagiarism Due to the sheer abundance of academic works and overlapping words that may be used in those works purely by chance, it is reasonable to expect that there will be similarity in academic writing to other research. Of course, similarities don’t mean necessarily plagiarism, as one may have used and referenced properly the same quotes as other researchers, or coincidentally used similar phrases and terms in different contexts, and so on. However, higher amounts of similarity can indicate the occurrence of plagiarism. Thus, institutions usually have standards for an acceptable similarity percentage, with anything going above the standard regarded as plagiarism. Here’s an example of a possible framework
Similarity indices
No maches
0 word -24%
matching text
25% - 49%
matching text
50 - 74%
matching text
75% - 100%
matching text
No obvious rules exist since any works would consist of words from other sources. Based on the percentage above, less than 15% means that no plagiarism occured. More than 25% indicate higher percentage of plagiarism as it is seen in the yellow, orange, and red boxes. However, plagiarism level is determined by particular rules or requirements of academic writing in various academic institutions.
32
Plagiarism Checklist Aside from similarity tests, we can try to identify plagiarism by using parameters such as Bailey’s Checklist. This checklist will help you avoid accidental plagiarism and spot plagiarism in other works as well. Based on Bailey's Checklist (2015, p.32) No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Situation
Copying a paragraph, but changing a few words and giving a citation.
Yes/No
Cutting and pasting a short article from a website, with no citation. Taking two paragraphs from a classmate’s essay, without citation. Taking a graph from a textbook, giving the source. Taking a quotation from a source, giving a citation but not using quotation marks. Using something that you think of as general knowledge, e.g. large areas of rainforest have been cut down in recent years. Using a paragraph from an essay you wrote and had marked the previous semester, without citation. Using the result of your own research, e.g. from a survey, without citation. Discussing an essay topic with a group of classmates and using some their ideas in your own work. Giving a citation for some information but mis-spelling the author’s name.
33
Let's do The Exercise 1.What's the type of plagiarism used in this text ? Student Writer A: Long ago, when there was no written history, these islands were the home of millions of happy birds; the resort of hundred times more million of fishes, sea lions, and other creatures. Here lived innumerable creatures predestined from the creation of the world to lay up a store of wealth for the British farmer, and a store of quite another sort for an immaculate Republican government.
Source : “In ages which have no record these islands were the home of million happy birds, the resort of a hundred times more millions of fishes, of sea lions, and other creatures whose names are not so common; the marine residence, in fact, of innumerable creatures predestined from the creation of the world to lay up a store of wealth for the British farmer, and an store of quite another sort for an immaculate Republican government.
Source: https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/judicial-
board/academic-honesty-and-plagiarism/examples.html
2.What's the type of plagiarism used in this text ? Student Writer B: Only two years later, all these friendly Sioux were suddenly plunged into new conditions, including starvation, martial law on all their reservations, and constant urging by their friends and relations to join in warfare against the treacherous government that had kept faith with neither friend nor foe.
Source : “In ages which have no record these islands were the home of millions of “Contrast the condition into the which all these friendly Indians are suddenly plunged now, with their condition only two years previous; themselves in danger of starvation, and constantly exposed to the influence of emissaries from their friends and relations, urging them to join in fighting this treacherous government that had kept faith with nobody, neither with friend nor with foe.”
Source: https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/judicialboard/academic-honesty-and-plagiarism/examples.html
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ACKNOWLEDGING SOURCES
Learning Outline
How to avoid
plagiarism
Acknowledging
sources
36
How to Avoid Plagiarism There are several ways to avoid plagiarism. First, you need to always cite the sources appropriately based on the academic rules. Another thing you need to do to is to always quote and paraphrase properly so that it is not considered plagiarism. This could be solved by having a good understanding about academic rules and obtaining paraphrasing and summarising knowledge. Another way to avoid plagiarism is that to take advantage of the use of technology which is the use of plagiarism checkers such as turnitin, duplichecker, grammarly, scribrr, and so on. By using the checkers mentioned previoulsy, the plagiarism percentage will be revealed so that it could be revised before finishing or getting published. Last but not least is that the most important thing to avoid plagiarism is that to learn more about academic integrity and the consequences of plagiarism.
Always cite sources properly
Quote and paraphrase properly
Use plagiarism checker Learn more about academic code of
conduct, academic integrity, and
plagiarism's consequenses
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Referencing Style Referencing Style Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title: Subtitle. (Edition.). Publisher.
Referencing Style Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title: Subtitle. (Edition.). Publisher.
Plagiarism Checker Here are some examples of plagiarism checkers. For the most part, they work by comparing your document with a database
of work and checking the similarity rate between them.
https://www.turnitin .com
https://www.grammarly .com
https://www.scribbr .com
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ACKNOWLEDGING SOURCES
How do we acknowledge sources that we use for our
academic work so that it is not considered as
plagiarism? There are ways to provide proper credit or
acknowledgement for various sources used in
academic writing such as through summaries,
paraphrasing, and quotation.
Ways to Provide Proper Credit or
Acknowledgement There are a few things to keep in mind when summarizing. First, when summarizing, use an in-text citation based on a particular formatting style such as APA, Chicago, MLA, etc. Second, you have to also keep in mind that summaries include integrating the main ideas and main points using our own words, it is important to assign the ideas being summarized to the original work. Third, it’s briefer and shorter than the original work, and finally, it provides a general and broad overview of information.
Summary and
citation
Paraphrasing
and citation
Quotes and
citation
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Summary and Citation When summarizing, use an in-text citation based on
particular formatting style such as APA, Chicago, MLA, etc. Summary includes integrating the main ideas and main
points using our own words, it is important to assign the
ideas being summarized to the original work. Summary is more brief and shorter than the original work. It provides general and broad overview of the information.
Paraphrasing and Citation When paraphrasing, use an in-text citation based on
particular formatting style such as APA, Chicago, MLA, etc.
Paraphrasing includes replacing and modifying the phrases from the original work but remaining the same meaning. It is about showing the description from the original source based on your wordings. The ideas are restated with the approximate similar length from the original source.
Quotes and Citation When quoting, use an in-text citation based on particular formatting style such as APA, Chicago, MLA, etc.
Quotation needs to be exactly the same as the source or original work. Quoting verbatim means copying word for word. Citing word for word has to be within quotation marks.
40
ELEMENTS OF
EFFECTIVE
PARAPHRASING
Learning Outline
What is
paraphrasing ?
Why do we need to
paraphrase ?
42
What is Paraphrasing ? Paraphrasing is one of the ways to avoid plagiarism. Learning and practicing how to paraphrase is beneficial in minimalizing plagiarism as well as maximizing comprehension about concepts and ideas. In this lesson, we will learn more about paraphrasing and how to do it correctly and effectively. Paraphrasing can be defined in several ways
Delivering the same meaning in different form by restating the text of other works
Paraphrasing is rewriting the ideas of the original text by using different words based on your own.
Conveying ideas from other works using your own words. It is not merely about replacement of words or rearrangement of sentence structures but also substantial rephrasing that keep the meanings remain the same
From these definitions, we can gather that paraphrasing is the act of delivering the same ideas as the source in a substantially different way, not just changing words or changing sentence structure. It goes beyond these.
Why Do We Need to Paraphrase ? Now that we know what paraphrasing is, we want to know why do we need to paraphrase? There are several reasons as to why paraphrasing is important.
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One fundamental skill
so as enhance
academic credibility
Avoid the risk of
plagiarism
Paraphrase means we
support our stances
through the works of
other scholars
Paraphrasing
increases one's
comprehension a
particular issue of
information
Paraphrasing is a key academic skill to enhance the credibility of academic works. It happens because instead of giving our own beliefs and thoughts, we gain a deeper understanding of particular information by rephrasing other reliable sources. In other words, paraphrasing provides evidence for our work or claims but not by directly quoting its source so that, it would minimize plagiarism. Thus, paraphrasing avoids the very risk of plagiarism. Another benefit of paraphrasing is that it indicates your comprehension of particular information relevant to your area of expertise.
Effective Paraphrasing In doing paraphrasing, we need to consider several aspects to keep the results effectively. Interpretation should be accurate and carry the closest meaning of the original work. It should be rewritten with your own words. It should have different structure and vocabulary to the original work. It should be extended through your own examples and relevant information related to your research or standpoints. Specific terms of particular fields could remain unchanged. It should be properly cited according to the rules.
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STRATEGIES FOR PARAPHRASING
Learning Outline
Writing
paraphrasing
Paraphrasing
strategies
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Paraphrasing In order to paraphrase effectively, we need to understand the strategies for doing so. In this lesson, we will explore these strategies. there are a few things about paraphrasing that we should keep in mind. First, remember that in essence, paraphrasing is the process of reading works of other scholars, understanding them, and then rewriting them in your own words. Essentially, what you’re doing is repackaging the ideas of the source so you do not copy it directly. Of course, you still have to cite the source of your paraphrase. Second, an effective paraphrase involves many strategies such as changing word order and sentence structure, integrating relevant information, and using synonyms for key terms. All these strategies are needed to be used together in order to paraphrase well. Third, don’t forget that the point of paraphrasing is to deliver the same meaning and ideas from the source to your explanation. Make sure that no matter what you do, the meaning and ideas from the source do not change during your paraphrasing process.
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Examples of Paraphrasing Here we can see the original source, a plagiarized text, and a paraphrased text. See if you can spot the differences and reasons why one is plagiarism and one is paraphrasing.
Original Because of their unique perspective,
Americans fear
globalization less than
anyone else, and as a
consequence they think about it less than
anyone else. When
Americans do think
about globalization,
they think of the global
economy as an
enlarged version of the
American economy.
Plagiarism
Paraphrasing
According to Lester
Thurow (1993)
Americans fear
globalization less than
people from other
countries and as a
consequence spend
less time thinking
about it. Indeed,
Americans see
globalization as an
enlarged version of
their own economy.
According to Lester
Thurow (1993)
Americans fear
globalization less than
people from other
countries and as a
consequence spend
less time thinking
about it. Indeed,
Americans see
globalization as an
enlarged version of
their own economy.
Why is one of the texts called plagiarism? Well, there are two clear reasons. First, the first text uses exactly the same words as the source text. Not only that, but it does this multiple times. Another reason is that even though they use synonyms, they are not done enough so the wordings overall are still much too similar to the source text. Now how about the second text? How is it good paraphrasing? Well, first, it makes sure that the idea or meaning that the text is trying to convey does not change compared to the source, which is the most important thing. Next, it has not only synonyms but other strategies employed in it such as changing sentence structure. You need to use these strategies together in order to make a good paraphrase. Finally, the paraphrased text is properly cited, which is a must in any type of reference.
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Why is That Plagiarism ?
Exact words are used
multiple times Synonyms are only done in
particular places so that
most wordings are still
similarSynonyms are only
done in particular places so that most wordings are
still similar
Why is That Acceptable as
Paraphrasing ? The meanings of the
original source remained
the same Changing in sentence
structure Properly cited
Paraphrasing Srategies On to the actual strategies for paraphrasing now. There are many that we can explore, but a few of the common ones are outlined here. Find synonyms for particular words You should find synonyms for particular words. This means that for any word that’s possible to find a synonym for without changing the meaning, you should use the synonym. This helps in changing the words so that you do not use the exact same vocabulary as the source. Formulate new sentence structure Formulate your sentence structure so it will be different from the source. For instance, if the source explains the idea by specifying point A, B, then C, try to change it up to C, A, then B or other orderings. Switch the voices of the sentence You should also change the voice in the sentence. This means changing active voices into passive ones, often necessitating change in tense. Modify the parts of speech You could use for paraphrasing is modifying the parts of speech. This means changing words from verbs to nouns to adjectives and so on.
49
Paraphrasing Checklist Now, all that might be a bit daunting to keep track of by yourself, so let’s try to have a simple checklist to help you out. Check all of these items to make sure you’re paraphrasing correctly and effectively.
Do you understand the
information from the
original source ?
Do you clarify that you
use other's viewpoints?
Do you choose layman words so that your ideas can be understood clearly ?
Is the meaning of the original information remained the same ?
It is entirely re-written on your own wordings?
is it correctly paaraphrased ?
Do you do beyond changing word order and/or the sentences structure ?
is it properly cited
First, you need to understand the information from the source.
You can’t simply try to copy the source then change the words
later, you have to make sure you understand the idea of the
source. Second, it may be tempting to use very complicated words unnecessarily to make the paraphrasing sound different from the original. However, a good academic-only uses advanced terms when needed. When you don’t need to, be sure to use formal words that the layman can understand more readily. Third, is the paraphrased text completely in your own words? Compare it with the source text and see how similar it is. A good paraphrase should appear very different to the source text, yet still, retain the original idea and meaning.
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Fourth, have you done other things aside from changing word order and sentence structure? Remember that the key to using paraphrasing strategies is to combine them all to aid you in reexplaining the source in your own words. Don’t fall into the trap of copying the source text and trying to apply one or two strategies of paraphrasing. Fifth, make sure that you make it clear to your readers that you are using other people’s viewpoints. In this case, the citation is key. The final two items should be your final checks. Ask yourself after you’re done if it’s correctly paraphrased. If you think it’s not, then try redoing the checklist to see what you did wrong. If you are sure that you paraphrased it correctly, the final step would be to make sure that you cited it correctly as well.
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WHAT MAKES A
GOOD SUMMARY ?
Learning Outline What is Summary ?
What to do before
summarizing ?
What to do during
summirizing
What to do after
summarizing
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What is Summary ? We are going to talk about summarizing in academic writing. We will learn about what exactly a summary is, what to do during different stages of summarizing, and how to differentiate between effective and ineffective summaries. So, the first thing we should ask, what is a summary?
Summary is briefly describing the information from the original soure by only providing the main points
In other words, it means providing the key points of the information instead of giving the specific aspects of it.
Summary is about synthesizing the main ideas of original texts by rewriting based on your own wordings
According to Cambridge dictionary, it is the act of briefly describing the information from the original source by only providing the main points. The Oxford English Dictionary expands on this by adding that it means providing the key points of the information instead of delivering specific aspects of it. Finally, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology or MIT explains that it is about synthesizing the main ideas of original texts by rewriting them based on your own wordings.
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What To Do Before Summarizing
Read the original text
several timesand take notes. Find any
unfamiliar vocaulary. Examine the key
ideas and points by
marking. underlining,
or highlihting. Write notes of the key points, paraphrasing is allowed.
What to do before summarizing : 1. Read the source text thoroughly, rereading it as much as you need while taking notes. Make sure to find any unfamiliar vocabulary while doing this too. 2. Examine the key ideas and points of the text. You can do this by marking, underlining, or highlighting parts of the texts where you think the main ideas and the main points are. 3. Take notes when you find key points. Don’t forget that you can paraphrase too.
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What To Do During Summarizing 1. Retain and integrate the ideas and main points from the original text and author. 2. Omit the less significant details of the original text. You can figure out the significance of the details by asking yourself if it directly or indirectly affects or concerns the main ideas of the text or not. 3. Integrate the summary from the notes you have made from the text instead of copying directly from the original text itself to avoid plagiarism. You can also reorganize the points later to further clarify the meaning you are trying to convey. 4. Deliver a source’s main points in a shorter, brief, and concise manner.
Be brief and consist Integrate the ideas and main points from
the original author Write the summary from the notes instead of the original text to avoid plagiarism. Reorganizing is alloowed Ommit the significant details
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What To Do Afer Summarizing Check the summary
to clarify that the key
points are delivered
accurately.
Revise accoridngly.
1. Read your summary and make sure that the key points of the original text are delivered it correctly and accurately. 2. You should not be hesitant to keep revising your summaries. Keep rereading it and revising it until you are satisfied.
Effective VS Ineffective Summaries Example of effective summaries and ineffective summaries.
Here’s an example from Simon Fraser University Original Source "Before 1994, diabetes in
cildren was generally
caused by a genetic
disorder - only about 5
percent of childhood
diabetes cases were
obesity-related, or type 2,
diabetes. Today, according
to the Nasional Institut of
Health, type 2 diabetes
account for at least 30
percent of all new
childhood cases of diabetes in this country.
Not surprisingly, money
spend to treat diabetes has skyrocketed too. The
Centers of Disease Control
and Prevention estimate
that diabetes accounted
for $2.6 biilion in health
care cost in 1969. Today's
numberis an unbelievable
$100 billion a year."
Effective Summary
Ineffective Summary
In author's article "Don't Blame the Eater." David Zinczenko support their position on the fast food industry by comparing today's rates of Type 2 diabetes to those prior to 1994. David makes it clear that intances of type 2 diabetes have increased dramatically, as has the cost of preventing the spread of this disease.
The author says, that only 5 percent of child had Type 2 diabetes before 1994. In addition, they mention that todat at least 30 percent of new childhood diabetes cases in the USA are Type 2. They also say that more money is being spend to treat diabetes now - $100 billion year.
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EFEECTIVE
SUMMARY Here are some characteristics of an effective summary exemplified in the last example. 1. An effective summary needs to be understandable and clear for someone who has not been exposed to the original text. 2. Effective summaries should be shorter and more compact than the original source text. The way it does this is by omitting less significant details 3. It needs to have logical and connected ideas instead of just a compilation of points from the original text. 4. Enhance your voice so that the summary isn’t just a description of the information from the original author. Do you see if these four features take place in one of the examples of a summary? That’s right. Linking to the last examples, all of these traits are the portrait of an effective summary. Make sure your summaries also have these characteristics so that they will be just as effective.
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CITATION AND
REFERENCING STYLE
Learning Outline
Why are references
important ?
Citation and
references
How to reference ?
60
CITATION AND REFERENCE In academic writing, the writer cannot just write
whatever they want entirely based on their personal
opinions and perspectives. Other perspectives from
experts in particular areas of study are required to
support the writer’s arguments so that the work is
based on reliable facts and evidence. In this case,
reference is needed to indicate that such information is acquired from certain sources.
Why References are Important ? There are several reasons why references are important. 1. 1.Referencing aims to gain credibility in your writing. It shows that you’ve read credible sources and thus, lends credibility to your writing too. 2. To avoid plagiarism and the heavy consequences of it. 3. To indicate that you have researched some readings fromthe experts relevant to your studies which can lift your writing quality. 4. Referencing is useful for your readers, as they can checkyour sources, read them and use them for their research.
Citation and References 1. Referencing is related to citation. 2. Referred to sources of other works that are presented as summary, paraphrase, or quotation. 3. Can be done in the form of in-text citation and/or references (bibliography). 4. 4.Citation aims to show the link to the references in the final section of your writing.
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Referencing IN - TEXT CITATION (Author surname, year of publication, page)
REFERENCE LIST CITATION (Author surname, year of published, title, journal edition, place, publisher, etc) Here you can see an example of how different the format of in- text citations and reference list citations are. The in-text citation provides generally the most crucial information of the author’s identity. This information includes the name and year when the work was published. This is to accompany other details of the works, for instance, the core tenets of the author’s works being discussed concerning why it was cited. This is to help readers for easier search of the source in the references section. In contrast, the format of the reference shows more key identifying details so that they help for better search in a larger database. The key identifying details include author surname, year published, title, edition number, place, publisher and so on. The style should follow certain referencing styles such as APA, MLA, Harvard style and so on.
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Referencing Styles The most common formats: APA Style : social sciences, education, engineering, etc Chicago Style : life sciences, history, humanities, social sciences, etc. MLA Style : English, art, history, philosophy, sciences, etc. HARVARD Style : English language and business, etc Vancouver Style : medicine, life science, etc. The writing formats of in-text citations and references depend on the referencing style that the writer uses. The different writing formats of the references and in-text citation rely on the referencing styles used. In this case, different referencing styles require different formats. There are several common referencing formats used in academic writing. One of them is the APA Style that is used in social sciences, education, and engineering. Another common format is Chicago style that is usually used in the fields of life sciences, history, humanities, and social sciences. Other common formats include the MLA Style, the Harvard style, and the Vancouver style
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Example of Citation
There are many examples of each format online, should you need to use one of them. Different source types such as books and journals require different reference formatting. Here are examples of the Chicago, MLA, APA, Harvard, and Vancouver referencing styles in terms of intext citation. Notice that the information that they provide of the source and authors are largely the same, just with different formatting.
Example of Reference
Here are examples of the Chicago, MLA, APA, Harvard, and Vancouver referencing styles in terms of reference list citation. Again, the only large differences are the formatting, but what information is presented is still quite similar.
64
How to Reference ?
Regardless of which referencing style you use, there are general best practices that apply to making a reference list. 1. Located at the very last section of the paper. The only times this isn’t the case is when the publication format needs you to put it before the appendix. 2. The title such as “References” or “Bibliography” is more often than not, centered. 3. the citations should be listed based on the alphabetical order of the author. F 4. The references must contain all in-text citation. If it does not, then it constitutes plagiarism. 5. There’s doubled spaces between the lines of references. 6. Commonly every second line onwards of each reference is indented inwards. 7. When referencing, the easiest way to fulfil all these common best practices is by using referencing tools. Here are some examples of reference tools.
Referencing Tools
https://www.mendeley.com
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WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW
Learning Outline What is literature
review ?
Purposes of
literature review
Structure of
literature review
Aspects of
literature review
Types of literature
review
67
What is Literature Review ? Both hit on the main point that it’s about implementing others works in a critical manner. You can even see it from the name, it’s literally reviewing the literature. A literature review is a part of academic writing related to additional references of insights and comprehension relevant to particular topic. It includes critical thinking to connect the ideas of other author's works with yours.
A literature review means critically analyzing works of others within certain topic by evaluating the source to explore, distinguish, and interpret aspects between studies.
Purposes of Literature Review ? 1. It enhances your research topic. In some instances, it may even answer your research questions, or at least help answer them. 2. It deepens your understanding about a specific topic before you do your investigation or experimentation. 3. It helps guide your research by informing you what has been done and what needs to be done.
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It shows the gap of studies within a period time
It indicate other researcher's position or stance It reveals movement in thoughts and/or findings that have
appeared at different time
Other purposes of literature reviews include showing gaps in studies in a certain period of time. This might be relevant if you want to fill that gap with your research. It also makes clear other researchers’ positions and stances. This gives you a peek into the landscape of the topic you’re researching. Finally, it also reveals trends and developments in thoughts and findings over time.
69
Six Step in Writing a Literature Review 1.Formulating research questions. 2.Searching and gathering relevant studies.
3.Reading the studies critically and evaluating them. 4.Organizing the data. 5.Analyzing and interpreting the data/findings.
6.Editing, reflecting, and revising.
What Does Critical Analysis Mean? 1.Providing credible and fact-checked sources.
2.Providing multiple perspectives. 3.Identifying gaps in current knowledge. 4.Showing both advances and limitations of theories. 5.Reviewing areas of controversies. 6.Offering recommendations for further research.
Structure of Literature
Review
Introduction : the significance of
the topic, the features being
reviewed, and the review
structure. Body paragraphs: background, methods, former research,
stances, research questions,
implementation, etc. Conclusion: agreement, research gaps, standpoints.
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ASPECTS OF LITERATURE REVIEW Preparation When you prepare the literature that you want to review, make sure you identify the following aspects:
1. Author and research. Identifying authors with expertise and relevance to the topics you’re researching can be very helpful in finding suitable literature for your review. 2. Source. Searching for literature efficiently by using suitable key terms, publication date, and level of credibility of the journal or indexing database is very important. This helps you greatly in finding suitable literature very quickly. 3. Structures. Once you find relevant literature, make sure you understand the general standpoints of the researches, the theories being discussed, the methods done in the studies and so on. If you understand the basic structures of the study, you’ll have an easier time analyzing them.
71
Organization
Next is organization. Since you will be handling large volumes of texts in writing a literature review, it is useful to have some organization method to streamline and sort the studies before you review them.
1. You can do this chronologically. Usually, the best way to do this is by newest to oldest, since the newest research are the most up to date with the current knowledge landscape. 2. Author’s viewpoints. This can be trickier than the other ways, but it’s especially useful when your review is, for example, based on comparing specific foundational theories. 3. Sort them based on the method. Similar to sorting by viewpoints, this is especially useful when you want to focus on comparing the methods of the studies. 4. Organizing multiple topics or themes, you can also sort them based on them. In this case, you should present them sequentially so that they can be beneficial for both your current and future reviews. 5. The aims and purposes of the studies. You can do this by classifying their research questions. These are some tips on how you could organize your literature.
72
Reflection Checklist Reflection is a very important aspect to keep in mind. Here’s a checklist to help you with it.
Highlight purpose and scope Examine credibiltyof the sources Give analysis to the readings Determine the research gaps Investigate methods and theories Explore perspectives/standpoints Write proper structure of literature review review spelling and punctuation
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Types of Literature
Primary
Literature
Secondary
Literature
Original works written
by scholars and
researchers derived
from observation,
statistical data,
methods, and
implementation which
are mainly published
in journals.
works written by
interpreting and
evaluating the primary
literature.
Journal,
dissertations,
conference
proceedings,
correspondence
Review articles,
systematic reviews,
meta-analysis,
practice guidelines
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Daftar Pustaka A&M Texas University Writing Center. (n.d). Paraphrasing. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://writingcenter.tamu.edu/Students/WritingSpeaking-Guides/Alphabetical-List-of-Guides/CitingDocumenting/Paraphrasing Auckland University of Technology. (2021). APA gth Referencing Style Guide. Diakses pada Juli 2021, dari https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com /APA6th/referencelist AWUC. 2015, 19 Agustus. An Introduction to Academic Writing. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyTLosz6aHA&t=1s Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing: A handbook for international. student Bowdoin University. (n.d) Academic Honesty and Plagiarism. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/ judicial-board/academic-honesty-and-plagiarism/examples.html California State University. (2018). Literature Review How To. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://libguides.csun.edu/literature-review/ consider Cambridge Dictionary, diakses pada 2021 dari https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/summary Concordia University. (2020). How to write a literature review. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literaturereview.php Davidson College Library. (2021). Citation Resources: Manuals and Guides. Diakses pada Juli 2021, dari https://davidson.libguides. com/c.php?g=349327&p=2361763 Durham College. (2012). Student Academic Learning ServicesParaphrasing. diakses pada 2021, dari https://www.durhamcollege. ca/wp-content/uploads/Paraphrasing.pdf Flinders University. (n.d). Diakses pada 2021, dari https://flinders.libguides.com/c.php?g=492364&p=4501791 Future Learn. 2016, 29 Januari. What are the key of academic writing? Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Qvm72Q00lib.sfu.ca/about/branches-depts/slc/writing/assignments/litreview
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Georgia State University. (2021) Literature Reviews: Types of Literature Diakses pada 2021, dari https://research.library.gsu.edu/c.php? g=115595&p=1940435 Hunter College. (n.d). Guidelines for Writing a Summary. Diakses pada Juli 2021, dari http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/handouts/thewriting-process1/invention/Guidelines for-Writing-a-Summary Lane, J. (2020). Summarizing: How to effectively summarize the work of others. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://www.lib.sfu.ca/about/ branches-depts/slc/writing/sources/summarizing Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (n.d). Avoiding PlagiarismParaphrasing. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/academic-writing/avoidingplagiarism-paraphrasing Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (n.d). Summarizing. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/academicwriting/summarizing Mendeley. (n.d). APA Format Citation Guide. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paraphrase Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plagiarism Monash University. (n.d). Paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting Diakses pada 2021, dari https://www.monash.edu/rlo/researchwriting-assignments/writing/paraphrasing-summarising-andquoting Murdoch University. (2010). APA-Referencing Guide. Diakses pada 2021 dari https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/APA Murdoch University. (2021). Chicago-Referencing Guide. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/chicago Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. Diakses pada 2021, dari https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/pla giarism
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Universitas Airlangga 2021