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INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA
EL ESTUDIO TEÓRICO LOCAL DEL DESARROLLO DE COMPETENCIAS ALGEBRAICAS # Filloy, Eugenio1; Puig, Luis2 y Rojano, Teresa1 K
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1. ENTRE EL LENGUAJE ALGEBRAICO Y EL LENGUAJE NATURAL: EPISODIOS DEL ESTUDIO!"#$%&'()*!+$!,&!(*')-*(.& !.#$%&154+#Operación de la incógnita;#'$(.4N(5+#(#,'4"74G ,4+%#5$#.+%#(:+%#KYZ^;#7+-,'$"5$#8('4(%#$&(,(%#+#%1)G$%&1G 54+%;#$"#$.#,'4-$'+#5$#.+%#71(.$%#%$#("(.4N("#.(%#'$%,1$%&(%# $%,+"&?"$(%# 5$# $%&154("&$%# 5$# %$71"5('4(# ("&$# &('$(%# 5$# '$%+.174="#5$#$71(74+"$%#.4"$(.$%;#$"#.(%#01$#$%#"$7$%('4+# +,$'('#7+"#.+#5$%7+"+745+#U.(#4"7=3"4&(aA#J+%#'$%1.&(5+%#5$# $%(#$&(,(#%$#'$,+'&('+"#$"#1"(#%$'4$#5$#('&/71.+%#,1).47(G 5+%#(#,('&4'#5$#KYZ]#UX4..+@#@#`+*("+;#KYZ];#KYZj(;#KYZj);# KYZYaA#R"#%$31"5+#%1)$%&154+;#$.#5$#La lecto-escritura algebraica;#%$#..$8=#(#7()+#7+"#$%&154("&$%#5$#%$71"5('4(#(# 014$"$%#@(#%$#.$%#2()/(#$"%$:(5+#.(#'$%+.174="#5$#$71(74+G "$%#.4"$(.$%;#,$'+#01$#(9"#"+#&'()(*()("#7+"#$O,'$%4+"$%# ()4$'&(%;# $0148(.$"74(# 5$# $O,'$%4+"$%# (.3$)'(47(%# "4# 7+"# %4%&$-(%# 5$# $71(74+"$%A# J(%# >+'-(%# )?%47(%# 5$# "+&(74="# 5$.#?.3$)'(#%+"#$%$"74(.-$"&$#.(%#-4%-(%#01$#.(%#5$#.(#('4&G 328
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&$%#5$#$"&'$#KP#@#K]#(:+%#5$#$5(5#@#01$#%+"#.(#)(%$#%+)'$# .(#01$#5$%(''+..('?"#%1%#7+-,$&$"74(%#(.3$)'(47(%A#M1("G 5+#(&4N(# $.# 7('?7&$'# 5$# .$"31(# $%7'4&(# 5$.# ?.3$)'(# @# '$71''$#(#.(#.4"3u/%&47(#@#(#.(#%$-4=&47(#,('(#("(.4N('#.(# %4"&(O4%#@#.(#%$-?"&47(#(.3$)'(47(%A#!%&$#(1&+'#2(7$#1%+# 5$#.(#3'(-?&47(#3$"$'(&48(#@#&'("%>+'-(74+"(.#,('(#,'+G 5174'#$O,'$%4+"$%#(.3$)'(47(%#%4-,.$%#@#&'("%>+'-('.(%;# 7+"#)(%$#$"#5$%7'4,74+"$%#5$#%1%#formas superciales#@# profundas UV4'%2"$';# KYZv;# KYY^;# P^^KaA# \+'# %1# ,('&$;# w$("G\24.4,,$#L'+12('5#5$%(''+..(#1"(#"+74="#5$#%43"4#G 7(74=";#7+"#.(#71(.#'$.(74+"(#.+%#(%,$7&+%#5$#referencia, sentido, interpretación @# connotación;# 01$# %+"# .(# )(%$# 5$# %1# ("?.4%4%# 5$# .+%# %43"4#7(5+%# +# %43"4#7(74+"$%# 5$.# ?.3$)'(# $%7'4&(# UL'+12('5;# KYYPaA# \+'# +&'+# .(5+;# J14%# `(5>+'5#&+-(#.(#45$(#5$#S@3+&%E@#5$#01$#.(#7+3"474="# 21-("(#$%&?#(&(5(#(.#1%+#5$#%43"+%;#5$#&(.#-("$'(#01$#@( "+#%$#7+"%45$'(#7$"&'(.#.+#01$#.+%#%43"+%#'$,'$%$"&("#%4"+# .+#01$#"+%#,$'-4&$"#2(7$'A#!%#-?%;#`(5>+'5#%+%&4$"$#01$# .+%# %43"+%# >+'-("# ,('&$# 5$# %4%&$-(%# 5$# %43"+%# 01$# %+"# ,('&$#5$#1"(#71.&1'(#@#,+'#.+#&("&+#&'(%74$"5$"#.(%#7+3G "474+"$%#4"548451(.$%#U`(5>+'5;#P^^^aA#L$%5$#$%&(#,$'%G ,$7&48(;#$.#(1&+'#("(.4N(#.(#$-$'3$"74(#5$.#,$"%(-4$"&+# (.3$)'(47+#$"#.+%#$%&154("&$%#@#.(#$-$'3$"74(#5$.#%4-)+G .4%-+#(.3$)'(47+#$"#.(#24%&+'4(#U`(5>+'5;#P^^KaA J+%#&'$%#(7$'7(-4$"&+%#-$"74+"(5+%#%$#"1&'$"#5$#54%74G ,.4"(%#7+-+#.(#.4"3u/%&47(;#.(#%$-4=&47(#@#.(#24%&+'4(A#L$# -("$'(# %4-4.(';# $.# (7$'7(-4$"&+# 5$# modelos teóricos locales#4"7+',+'(#$.$-$"&+%#5$#.(#%$-4=&47(#@#.(#24%&+G '4(#@# (5+,&(#1"(#,$'%,$7&48(# )(%(5(#$"# .(# ,'(3-?&47(;# >(8+'$74$"5+#(%/#$.#$%&154+#5$.#%43"4#7(5+#$"#1%+#-?%# 01$# $.# 5$.# %43"4#7(5+# >+'-(.A# L$# $%&$# -+5+;# $.# >+7+# 329
INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA 5$# ### (&$"74="# %$# 5$%,.(N(# 2(74(# .(# (7&4845(5# 5$# .+%# %1G *$&+%# 7+"# $.# .$"31(*$# 5$.# ?.3$)'(A# J(# 3'(-?&47(# 7+-+# $.#%4%&$-(#>+'-(.#@#.(#,'(3-?&47(#7+-+#$.#7+"*1"&+#5$# ,'4"74,4+%# 5$# 1%+# 5$.# .$"31(*$# %+"# 7+"7$)45(%# 7+-+# 5+-4"4+%# 7+-,.$-$"&('4+%;# $%,$74(.-$"&$# 71("5+# %$# .+%# '$.(74+"(# 7+"# -+5$.+%# 5$# $"%$:("N(# 5$.# ?.3$)'(A# M+"#$%&$#$"&'$&$*45+#&$='47+;#%$#()+'5("#,'+).$-?&47(%# 5$#.(#4"&$'(774="#.$"31(*$#"(&1'(.G?.3$)'(;#>+'-1.("5+# modelos locales#,('(#$.#("?.4%4%#5$#>$"=-$"+%#$%,$7/G #7+%# UX4..+@;# `+*("+# @# \143;# P^^ZaA# !"# .(%# %4314$"&$%# %$774+"$%;#%$#4.1%&'(#$%&$#&4,+#5$#("?.4%4%#,('(#$.#7(%+#5$# .(#'$%+.174="#5$#,'+).$-(%#(.3$)'(47+%#8$')(.$%;#$">(G &4N("5+#(%,$7&+%#'$.(74+"(5+%#7+"#.+%#,'+7$%+%#7+3"4&4G 8+%#01$#&4$"$"#.13('#$"#.(#&'(51774="#5$.#$"1"74(5+#5$# 1"#,'+).$-(#8$')(.#(.#.$"31(*$#(.3$)'(47+A
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3. EL PROCESO DE RESOLUCIÓN ALGEBRAICO DE UN PROBLEMA VERBAL: EL COMPONENTE DE COMPETENCIA
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3.1. El método cartesiano como modelo de competencia M+-+#@(#2$-+%#4"547(5+#$"#.(#4"&'+51774=";#1"(#5$#.(%# 7('(7&$'/%&47(%# 5$.# $">+01$# 5$# .+%# -+5$.+%# &$='47+%# .+G 7(.$%#$%#.(#7+"%45$'(74="#5$#71(&'+#7+-,+"$"&$%#5$#.+%# -+5$.+%A#\$'+;#(5$-?%;#$%&+%#7+-,+"$"&$%#$%&?"#4-)'4G 7(5+%;#(%/#01$#.(%#+)%$'8(74+"$%#01$#,'$%$"&(-+%#$"#.(# %$774="#j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k#1"(#$71(74="A# \+'#&("&+;#$"#.(#'$%+.174="#(.3$)'(47(#5$#,'+).$-(%#$%&?# 4-,.47(5(;#,+'#1"#.(5+;#.(#7+-,$&$"74(#$"#(-)+%#.$"31(G *$%;#@;#,+'#+&'+;#.(#7+-,$&$"74(#$"#$.#,'+7$%+#5$#,(%+#5$# 1"#&$O&+#$%7'4&+#$"#$.#.$"31(*$#"(&1'(.#(#1"#&$O&+#$%7'4&+# $"#$.#.$"31(*$#5$.#?.3$)'(A#!%&+#$%#,(&$"&$#%4#%$#$O(-4G "(#$"#.(#24%&+'4(#$.#-+'-(# 7+-+# +'-(#7("="47(;# 330
ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3)
INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁ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a#%=.+#1"(#'$5#5$#7("&45(5$%# @#'$.(74+"$%A#gM(%4h#,+'01$#.(#$O,'$%4="#5$#.+%#"+-)'$%# 5$#.(%#7("&45(5$%#$"#.$"31(*$#"(&1'(.#7+"..$8(#+&'+%#%43G "4#7(5+%#01$#.(%#,1'(%#7("&45(5$%A J(#&'(51774="#%$#'$(.4N(#(%43"("5+#"+-)'$%#(#.(%#7("&45(G 5$%#$"#$.#.$"31(*$#5$.#?.3$)'(#-$54("&$#%43"+%#4"548451(G .$%#U.$&'(%a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
51774="a#,('(#'$71,$'('#.+%#5$.#-1"5+#5$.#$"1"74(5+#5$.# ,'+).$-(#U$"#$.#,(%+#%+'-(%# 7("=G "47(%a;# @# .1$3+# $%# ,+%4).$# 8+.8$'# (# .+%# %43"4#7(5+%# 5$.# ,'4-$'#-+5+#5$#,'+51774="#5$#&$O&+%#(.3$)'(47+%#U.(#&'(G ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3)
4.2. Sobre la resolución de problemas \('(#$*$-,.4#7(';#7+"%45$'$-+%;#$"&'$#-172+%;#&'$%#-$'$"74(%# .=347(%# 01$#(7&9("#7+-+#5$%7'4,74+"$%#5$#.(%#&'("%>+'-(74+"$%# 5$# .(%# g%4&1(74+"$%# ,+%4).$%h# 2(%&(# ..$3('# (# 1"(# 01$# %$# '$7+"+7$#7+-+#.(#%+.174="#5$.#,'+).$-(A#F#$%&$#-(-4.4(%# 5$# ,'+).$-(%A# l+# %$# 7+"#$'$# 1"# %$"&45+# (.#B(-4.4(%# 5$#,'+).$-(%A
J(%#'$,'$%$"&(74+"$%#%4-)=.47(%#5$#.+%#,'+).$-(%#$"#$.# BM#2(7$"#-?%#$#74$"&$#$.#1%+#5$#.(#-$-+'4(#5$#&'()(G *+A#M1("5+#$.#%1*$&+#.+3'(#2(7$'#'$.(74+"$%#$"&'$#5(&+%#$# 4"7=3"4&(%;#%$#4"&$3'(#.(#4">+'-(74="#2(74$"5+#chunks#5$# 4">+'-(74="# -?%# 7+-,.$*+%A# !"# $.# -+-$"&+# $"# 01$# $.# %1*$&+#.+3'(#2(7$'#5472(%#'$.(74+"$%;#$.#1%+#5$#.(#%4"&(O4%# +)84(#.(#"$7$%45(5#5$#'$7('3('#.(#-$-+'4(#5$#&'()(*+#7+"# 5$%7'4,74+"$%#%$-?"&47(%#.43(5(%#(.#,.("&$(-4$"&+#5$#.+%# ,'+).$-(%A
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INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA 7+"+7$'.+;#%$#5(#71$"&(#5$#01+'-(74="#5$#$%01$-(%#.$%#,$'-4&$#(#.+%#1%1('4+%#7.(G %4#7('#,'+).$-(%#%+)'$#.(#)(%$#5$#,'4"74,4+%#3$"$'(.$%;# 5$%5$:("5+#(%,$7&+%#%1,$'#74(.$%;#$"#1"#,'+7$%+#5+"5$# $.#$%)+N+#01$#%$#+)&4$"$#5$.#,'+).$-(#%$#,+"$#$"#7+"G %+"("74(# 7+"# $.# $%01$-(# -$"&(.# 01$# &4$"$# 31('5(5+# $.# 1%1('4+#$"#%1#-$-+'4(#(#.('3+#,.(N+A
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INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA
Local theoretical study of the development of algebraic competence Filloy, Eugenio1; Puig, Luis2 y Rojano, Teresa1 K #L$,('&(-$"&+#5$#B(&$-?&47(#!517(&48( M$"&'+#5$#C"8$%&43(74="#@#5$#!%&154+%#F8("N(5+%;#B#+1'%#4"#D2472#&2$#"$$5# &+# 4"&$','$ 1"("&474,(&$5# ,2$"+-$"(# +)%$'8$5# 4"# $-,4'47(.# %&154$%#+"#&2$#&'("%4&4+"#&+D('5#(.3$)'(47#&2+132+"517&$5#4"# &2$#KYZ^%;#&'433$'$5#(#.+"3G&$'-#'$%$('72#,'+3'(-#&2("#&1'"# .$5#&+#(#&2$+'$&47(.#>+'-1.(&4+"#&2($-,2(%4N$%#.+7(.#("(.@%$%A b+# 4..1%&'(&$# &2( $O,$'4$"7$;# 4"# &2$# #'% %$7&4+";# D$# )'4$#@# $O(-4"$# (# 7+1,.$# +># $O(-,.$%# +># 54(.+31$%# &2( &++E# ,.(7$# 51'4"3# 7.4"47(.# 4"&$'84$D%# +># &2$# %&15@# Operating on the unknown;# 4"# D2472# %172# 1"("&474,(&$5# ,2$"+-$"(# (,,$('$5# 4"#&'("%.(&4"3#(.3$)'(47#.("31(3$#&+#"(&1'(.#.("31(3$#("5#847$# 8$'%(A#H$#%&'$%%#&2$#>(7&2("#&2$%$#$O(-,.$%#D2$"#%&15$"&%# '$(5#(.3$)'(47#$O,'$%%4+"%#+'#&2$@#('$#(%E$5#&+#D'4&$#&2$-;#&2$@# &$"5# &+# 1%$# -$("4"3%;# D2472# 7+-$# >'+-# ('4&2-$&47# +'# >'+-# "(&1'(.#.("31(3$A H$#,'$%$"&2$#&D+#7$"&'(.#&$'-%;#ƒ-(&2$-(&47(.#%43"#%@%&$-%„# UBffa#("5#ƒ.+7(.#&2$+'$&47(.#-+5$.%„#UJbBa;#+>#+1'#&2$+'$&47(.# 7+"%&'17&4+"#&+#5$(.#D4&2#%172#,2$"+-$"(;#D2472#$"().$#1%#&+# ("(.@%$# &2$# 4"&$''$.(&4+"%# )$&D$$"# (.3$)'(47;# ('4&2-$&47# ("5# "(&1'(.# .("31(3$%;# &'$(&4"3# &2$# &2'$$# +># &2$-# (%# %@%&$-%# +># %43"%A C"# &2$# %$7+"5# %$7&4+"# +># &2$# ,(,$';# D$# (.%+# )'4$#@# ("(.@%$# V4'%2"$'I%;# L'+12('5I%# ("5# `(5>+'5I%# (,,'+(72$%# &+# &2$# ("(.@%4%#+>#(.3$)'(#(%#(#.("31(3$;#D2472#1%$%#54%74,.4"$%#%172# (%#.4"314%&47%;#%$-4+&47%#("5#&2$#24%&+'@#+>#-(&2$-(&47(.#45$(%A# H$#%&(&$#&2(&;#%4-4.('.@;#JbBI%#(,,'+(72#4"7+',+'(&$%#$.$-$"&%# >'+-# %$-4+&47%# ("5# 24%&+'@;# ("5# %&'$%%# ,'(3-(&47%;# .$(54"3# &+# (#%&15@#+>#-$("4"3#4"#1%$#4"%&$(5#+>#>+'-(.#-$("4"3A#e$"7$;# +1'# "+&4+"# +># Bff# 4%# )'+(5# $"+132# &+# 7+"%45$'# (%# Bff;# %43"# %@%&$-%# +'# %43"# %@%&$-# %&'(&(# ,'+517$5# )@# %&15$"&%# 4"# +'5$'# &+# 348$# -$("4"3# &+# D2( 4%# ,'$%$"&$5# &+# &2$-# D4&24"# (# &$(724"3# -+5$.;# $8$"# D2$"# %(45# %@%&$-%# ('$# 3+8$'"$5# )@# 7+''$%,+"5$"7$%# &2( 2(8$# "+ )$$"# %+74(..@# $%&().4%2$5;# )1 &2(('$#'(&2$'#454+%@"7'(&47A b2$#"+&4+"#+>#Bff#,.(@%#("#$%%$"&4(.#'+.$#4"#U.+7(..@a#5$#"4"3# &2$#7+-,+"$"&%#&2(-(E$#1,#&2$#JbBk#Ka#teaching models[#Pa# models for cognitive processes[#_a#formal competency models;# D2472#%4-1.(&$%#&2$#,$'>+'-("7$#+>#("#45$(.#1%$'I%#+>#(#BBf[# ("5#]a#communication models;#4"#+'5$'#&+#5$%7'4)$#&2$#'1.$%#+># 7+--1"47(&48$#7+-,$&$"7@;#&$O>+'-(&4+"#("5#5$7+54#7(&4+";# ("5#7+"&$O&1(.#("5#74'71-%&("&4(.#54%(-)431(&4+"A C"#&2$#&24'5#%$7&4+";#D$#,'$%$"%+-$#$.$-$"&%#+>#&2$#7+-,$&$"7$# -+5$.#+>#&2$#(.3$)'(47#%+.84"3#+>#D+'5#,'+).$-%;#$.()+'(&$5#)@# $O(-4"4"3#4"#&2$#24%&+'@#+>#-(&2$-(&47%#%+-$#8$'%4+"%#+>#&2$# M('&$%4("#B$&2+5;#("5#)@#)'$(E4"3#4+D"#4"&+#%&$,%;#D2472# 7+"%4%"k Ka# &2$# ("(.@&47# '$(54"3# +># &2$# %&(&$-$"&%# +># &2$# ,'+).$-# &+# '$517$#4&+#(#.4%+>#01("&4&4$%#("5#'$.(&4+"%#(-+"3#01("&4&4$%A
ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3)
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