GLOBAL TERROR GROUPS JANANI.B 20HIS013

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GLOBAL TERROR GROUPS B.JANANI

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Editorial: Lawrence Design: Janani Picture research: Swathe Consultant: Dhanaparameshwari

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CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

TERRORISM………………………5 TYPES OF TERRORISM…………8 TERRORISM IN INDIA…………12 TERROR GROUPS………………………17 TERRORISM IN FUTURE………35 REFERENCES……………………………37

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TERRORISM The word 'terrorism' conjures up frightening images of human misery, with bombs exploding or aeroplanes full of terrified people being hijacked. Most people, most of the time, would agree that such acts of violence are as unacceptable as murder or armed robbery. MORE TO KNOW: THE UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS IN SCOTLAND RUNS THE FAMOUS CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF TERRORISM AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE, WHICH KEEPS SERIOUS TERRORIST AND POLITICAL DATABASES.

Law enforcement agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the USA work to understand terrorism, so it can be reduced or prevented. These agencies and other experts have established their own definitions of terrorism - all slightly different. A former CIA officer, Paul Pillar, says terrorism has four key elements. It is a violent act, or a serious threat of a violent act, that is: 5

1. planned beforehand 2. carried out to achieve political changes 3. aimed at civilians 4. usually the work of a group (not a country or army).

There are about 50 or 60 large terrorist groups in the world today. About half of these are inspired by religious differences. Other terrorist groups aim to bring about political changes, such as freedom from the rule of a foreign government. Some groups are motivated by single issues, such as trying to end research that involves using animals in tests. Increased worldwide travel and modern technologies such as the Internet and mobile phones have made it easier for terrorists to carry out their plans. This is because it is harder for law-enforcement agencies (the police, 6

military and other experts) to monitor their activities. The combination of new technologies and continued political and religious disputes means that terrorism is becoming more deadly and more widespread than ever before. • The word 'terrorism' comes from the French 'terrorisme,' which is derived from the Latin word 'terreo,' which means 'I terrify.'

• The term was initially coined during the French Revolution, specifically in relation to the 'Reign of Terror.' TERRORIST A terrorist is an individual who uses or threatens to use violence for political purposes. This can be done either by posing as a threat to the people where a terrorist attack is being executed or at the terrorists themselves. Terrorists have been killed by their own bombs on several occasions in order for them to kill people and damage property in their vicinity.

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TYPES OF TERRORISM The ideology behind any act related to terrorism can be fueled by various beliefs or motives. Some of these are listed and explained below: Terrorism Based on Ethnicity ➢ Terrorism inspired by ethno-nationalist and separatist objectives emerged only after World War II. ➢ For more than 50 years, World War II and religious terrorism topped the terrorist narrative around the world and occupied the limelight. ➢ Daniel Byman defines ethnic terrorism as "deliberate acts of ethnic hatred." ➢ A subnational ethnic minority uses violence to achieve its objectives. ➢ Such violence is frequently directed towards either the establishment of a breakaway state or the supremacy of one ethnic group over others. ➢ Ethno-nationalist terrorist actions are exemplified by Tamil Nationalist organizations in Sri Lanka and insurgent groups in North East India. 8

Terrorism Based on Religion ➢ Terrorist operations in the modern world are mostly driven by religious prerequisites. ➢ According to Hoffman, terrorists who are motivated in whole or in part by a religious urge regard violence as a heavenly obligation or a holy deed. ➢ When compared to other terrorist groups, it adopts various methods of legitimization and rationalization, and these distinctive elements make religious terrorism more harmful in origin. Left-wing Terrorism ➢ Throughout history, violence against the governing elite, primarily by the peasant class, has been driven by so-called leftist beliefs. ➢ The writings of Marx and Engels, on the other hand, supplied the conceptual foundation for the left and later violent revolutions. ➢ This was confirmed by later communists' publications and speeches, such as Lenin and Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong). ➢ Leftist ideologies hold that all current social arrangements and political structures in capitalist society are predatory in nature, and that a violent revolution is 9

required to effect change. The most visible cases are the Maoist movements in India and Nepal. Right-wing Terrorism ➢ In general, right-wing groups strive to retain the status quo or revert to a prior state that they believe should have been preserved. ➢ Rightist ideology can sometimes take on an ethnic/racist tone. ➢ They can compel a government to acquire territory or interfere to safeguard the rights of a 'victimized' minority in a neighbouring country (for example, the Nazi Party in Germany). ➢ Terrorist violence against migrant populations is also included in this category. ➢ It should be mentioned that religion can be used to encourage rightist aggression. Narco-terrorism ➢ Narco-terrorism is an intriguing concept that, depending on how it is defined, can fit under either 'Types of Terrorism' or 'Means of Terrorism.' ➢ The word was coined in 1983 by former Peruvian President Belaunde Terry to characterize efforts by drug 10

traffickers in Colombia and Peru that used terrorist strategies such as vehicle bombs, killings, and kidnapping against antinarcotics police. ➢ Though the phrase was first used in the scope of drug trafficking-related violence in South America, it has since come to be linked with terrorist groups and operations all over the world, particularly in Central and South-East Asia. State-sponsored Terrorism ➢ State-sponsored terrorism is as old as conventional war itself. ➢ Massive state-sponsored terrorism returned to international politics in the 1960s and 1970s, and today, alongside religious terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism has significantly transformed the nature of terrorist actions worldwide. ➢ It is less constrained and produces more casualties on the target. ➢ From the standpoint of the offender, state-sponsored terrorism is the most effective form of terrorism in terms of cost-benefit ratio. MORE TO KNOW GROSNY, CHEECHNYA’S CAPITAL CITY, IS BOMBED BY RUSSIA’S AIR FORCE IN OCTOBER 1999 IN RESPONSE TO ATTACKS BLAMED ON CHECHEN FIGHTERS. 11

TERRORISM IN INDIA India faces Terrorism from secessionists in Kashmir from leftwing extremist groups in central, east-central, and south-central India. • India is on the list of the countries which are most affected by Terrorism in the world. • In 2018, India was the 7th most affected country by Terrorism, according to Institute for Economics and Peace. • In India, Jammu and Kashmir are the most affected regions by Terrorism. • According to the Global Terrorism Index 2019, India is in the 7th rank in terms of most affected countries by Terrorism. • National Investigation Agency was formed after the 26/11 attack on Mumbai to fight Terrorism in the country. • India also has Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Intelligence Bureau (IB), etc to fight Terrorism.

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Steps Taken by Indian Government to Curb Terrorism in India: India has always been at the forefront of global counter-terrorism efforts and has been an active participant in the global advancement and safeguarding of human rights. 1. India, a victim of cross-border terrorism, recognized the problem long before the big world powers. 2. It is a crime against humanity and a violation of the most basic human right, the right to life (Article 21). 3. India has taken attempts to establish Joint Working Groups (JWGs) with other countries to discuss counter-terrorism and security issues. Bilateral treaties or agreements on Mutual Legal 13

Assistance (MLATs) in Criminal Matters have been signed with other countries to facilitate the investigation, collection of evidence, relocation of witnesses, detection and prosecution against proceeds of crime, and so on. 4. At the 73rd session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2018, India emphasized its desire for a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) (UNGA). 5. India proposed the adoption of CCIT to the UNGA in 1996 with the goal of providing a decipherable legal framework for counterterrorism. 6. It had the following primary goals: 7. Having a universal definition of terrorism that all members would incorporate into their respective criminal laws. 8. To outlaw all terrorist organisations and to close terror camps. 9. All terrorists to be prosecuted under special laws. 10.To make cross-border terrorism a global indictable crime. 11.In the addressal to the UN High-Level Conference on CounterTerrorism Leaders (2018), India extended its five-point formula. 12.On the 20th anniversary of UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1373 in January 2021, India presented an eight-point action plan to combat the blight of terrorism. 14

13.Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System: It vastly improves Border Security Force (BSF) capability in identifying and managing cross-border crimes such as illegal intrusion, contraband goods smuggling, human trafficking, and cross-border terrorism, among others. 14.The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967 allows for more effective prevention of certain illegal acts of individuals and organisations, as well as dealing with terrorism and other related matters. 15.The National Investigation Agency is India's counter-terrorist task force, with the authority to investigate terror-related atrocities across states without the requirement of special permission from the states. 16.Zero-Tolerance Policy Against Terrorism: India advocates for zero-tolerance against terrorism and is working to develop a common strategy to combat it. 17.Counter-Terrorism Operations of Various Types: • In 1990, Operation Rakshak was a counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operation in Jammu and Kashmir. • In 2003, the Indian army launched Operation Sarp Vinash to flush out the terrorists in the Pir Panjal range of Jammu and Kashmir. 15

• In 2017, Indian security forces began a joint counterattack called Operation All Out, to flush out militants and terrorists in Kashmir.

MORE TO KNOW THE ITAIPU DAM ON THE BRAZIL/PARAGAUY BORDER IS ALMOST FIVE MILES LONG AND HOME TO THE POWER PLANT .BY SEIZING CONTROL OF THE COMPUTERS THAT CONTROL DAM FLOODGATES, CYBER-TERRORIST COULD CAUSE WIDESPREAD DEVASTATION.

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TERROR GROUPS AL-QAEDA:

Founder: Osama bin Laden. Type of organisation: non-state actor, religious, terrorist, violent. Place of origin: Afghanistan and Pakistan. Year of Origin: 1988. Aim: To spread worldwide holy war against US and Western interests. In addition to directing and carrying out the 9/11 attacks, al-Qaeda is responsible for terrorist atrocities across the globe, including the 1998 bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, the 2002 Bali bombing, the 2003 Saudi 17

Arabia bombings, the 2004 Madrid bombing, and the 2005 London bombing. Al-Qaeda is also responsible for several failed operations, including the 2009 Christmas Day plane bombing attempt, the 2010 Times Square bombing attempt, and the 2010 cargo plane bombing attempt. Today, al-Qaeda’s structure is increasingly decentralized, with affiliates acting semi-autonomously as extensions of alQaeda’s core mission. These affiliates carry out fatal terrorist attacks and hostage operations, and wage war under the al-Qaeda banner. Although al-Qaeda maintains affiliates worldwide, some of its affiliates have pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda’s former affiliate in Iraq and current competitor, ISIS. However, despite the dramatic rise of ISIS since 2013, the Pentagon, the National Counterterrorism Center, and the U.S. House Intelligence Committee have all forcefully stressed that al-Qaeda remains a critical terrorist threat. Since its founding in 1988, al-qaeda has played a role in innumerable terroist attacks, and is most notoriously responsible for the multiple attacks on the united states on September 11, 2001. 18

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Black September Palestinian Islamic extremist group, established in 1970. Used aircraft hijackings, kidnappings and assassinations, waging war against Israel. Black September, Arabic Aylūl al-Aswad, also called Black September Organization (BSO), breakaway militant faction of the Palestinian organization Fatah. The group was founded in 1971 to seek retribution on Jordan’s military and to assassinate Jordan’s King Hussein after they forcefully confronted the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) during an attempt to seize power from the monarch in September 1970.

The name Black September was chosen to commemorate that violent Hashemite-Palestinian clash, during which thousands of Palestinians were either killed or expelled and the PLO was driven out of Jordan. Before its official dissolution in 1974, the faction also participated in attacks against Israeli and Western targets 20

worldwide, notably the massacre of members of Israel’s Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Games in Munich. ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna) Separatist group whose goal is a separate homeland for Spain's and France's Basque population. They are responsible for around 800 deaths since 1968. ETA, abbreviation of Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (“Basque Homeland and Liberty”), Basque separatist organization in Spain that used terrorism in its campaign for an independent Basque state. ETA grew out of the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco; PNV), which was founded in 1894 and which managed to survive, though illegally, under the fascist regime of Francisco Franco by maintaining its headquarters in exile in Paris and keeping quietly out of sight in Spain. In 1959 some youthful members, angered at the party’s persistent rejection of armed struggle, broke away and founded ETA. During the next few years the new organization developed groupings associated increasingly with Marxist positions and set revolutionary socialism as their goal.

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In 1966, at ETA’s fifth conference, the organization divided ideologically into two wings—the “nationalists,” or ETA-V, who adhered to the traditional goal of Basque autonomy, and the “ideologists,” or ETA-VI, who favoured a MarxistLeninist brand of Basque independence and engaged in sabotage and, from 1968, assassination. The Franco regime’s attempts to crush ETA in the Basque provinces were severe, involving arbitrary arrest, beatings, and torture. By 1969–70 the principal leaders had been rounded up by the police and subjected to military trials in the city of Burgos. FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) 22

Extreme left-wing group that aims to protect rural peasants by conducting guerrilla warfare against right-wing government forces.

FARC, abbreviation of Spanish Fuerzas Armadas Revolutionaries de Colombia (“Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia”), Marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. Formed in 1964 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party (Partido Comunista de Colombia; PCC), the FARC is the largest of Colombia’s rebel groups, estimated to possess some 10,000 armed soldiers and thousands of supporters, largely drawn from Colombia’s rural areas. The FARC supports a redistribution of wealth from the wealthy to the poor and opposes the influence that multinational corporations and foreign governments (particularly the United States) have had on Colombia. 23

The FARC has carried out bombings, assassinations, hijackings, and other armed attacks against various political and economic targets in the country; it has also kidnapped foreigners for ransom, executing many of its captives.

An underground car park in Santander northern Spain, is bombed by the Basque terrorist group ETA in December 2002

GIA (Armed Islamic Group) 24

Islamic extremist group based in Algeria. Seeks to overthrow the secular (non-religious) Algerian FLN government. Armed Islamic Group, FrenchGroupe Islamique Armey (GIA), Algerian militant group. It was formed in 1992 after the government nullified the likely victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in 1991 legislative elections and was fuelled by the repatriation of numerous Algerian Islamists who had fought in the Afghan War (1978– 92). The GIA began a series of violent, armed attacks against the government and against foreigners in Algeria and has been accused of civilian massacres—although it has been alleged that many such atrocities were committed by security-service infiltrators and special military units. It has also engaged in attacks abroad (particularly in France) and purportedly maintained links with militant Islamic groups throughout the world. Estimates of GIA strength have varied from hundreds to several thousand guerrillas.

Hamas 25

'Islamic Resistance Movement based in Gaza and West Bank of Israel. Wages a holy war to free Palestine from Israel's rule. Hamas, also spelled Hama’s, acronym of Ḥarakat alMuqāwamah al-Islamiyah, English Islamic Resistance Movement, militant Palestinian nationalist and Islamist movement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that is dedicated to the establishment of an independent Islamic state in historical Palestine. Founded in 1987, Hamas opposed the secular approach of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to the IsraeliPalestinian conflict and rejected attempts to cede any part of Palestine.

Hizballah 26

Islamic extremist group based in Lebanon. Its goal is to establish Islamic rule in Lebanon and to free all Arab lands from occupation by non-Muslims. Hezbollah, Arabic Ḥizb Allah (“Party of God”), also spelled Hezbollah or Hezbollah, political party and militant group that first emerged during Lebanon’s civil war as a militia after the Israeli invasion of that country in 1982.

JRA (Japanese Red Army) 27

Small, left-wing international terror group, which aims to overthrow the Japanese government and bring about a worldwide revolution: The Japanese Red Army (JRA) is an international terrorist organization that was established by a faction of an extremist group who committed felonious crimes, such as attacks on police stations, bank raids, and the like in Japan with the objective of revolutionizing the country based on MarxistLeninist ideology, and to ultimately unify the world under communism. It was formed abroad after the members fled from Japan in search of a base for their revolutionary activities while advocating the "Plan to Construct International Bases."

Jemaah Islamiyah 28

'Islamic Association', Islamic extremist group, aiming for a single Islamic state including Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. It is an Indonesia based clasdestid ne terrorist network framed in the early 1990s to establish an Islamic state encompassing southern Thailand, malayasia, Singapore, Indonesia, brunei, and the southern phillipines, began conducting attacks in 1999. The networks existence was discovered in late 2001 after Singaporean authorities disrupted a cell that was planning to attack targets associated with the US navy.

November 17 29

Extreme left-wing Greek group, whose hame honours a student demonstration against the Greek dictatorship government on 17 November 1973. Carried out 21 murders between 1975 and 2000, before a small number of group leaders were caught in 2001. Now thought to be inactive. PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party) Left-wing, separatist group based in Turkey. Aims for a separate state for 15 million Kurds in southeast Turkey, PKK attacks in Turkey have killed over 8500 people- almost half were ordinary members of the public, the majority Kurds. Currently under ceasefire. Provisional IRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) Separatist group based in Northern Ireland, Aims to unite Northern Ireland with the Irish Republic, thus ending rule by the UK. Currently under ceasefire. Real IRA (Real Irish Republican Army) Group formed in 1997 from within the Provisional IRA. Opposed the Provisional IRA's ceasefire policy in the late 1990s, vowing to continue armed struggle against Britain. Red Army Faction (Rote Armey Fraktion) 30

Extreme left-wing guerrilla group active in West Germany from 1968 (popularly known as the Baader-Mein of gang. After its leading members Andreas Baader and Ulrike Mein of, who were arrested in 1972). Red Brigades (Brigade Rossi) Extreme left-wing guerrilla om active in Italy during the 1970s and 1980s. Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) Extreme left-wing guerrilla group in Peru, formed in 1970 to overthrow the government and fight for the interests of the rural poor. Shining path, Spanish Sendero Luminoso, Peruvian revolutionary organisation that endorsed Maoism and employed guerrilla tactics and violent terrorism. The shining path was founded in 1970 in a multiple split in the communist party of Peru. The leader and principal founder was Abimael Guzman, alias comrade Gonzalez, a long time communist and former philosophy teacher at the national university of San Cristobel de Huamanga, in the city of Ayacucho in the high Andes mountains. Tamil Tigers (The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, LTTE) 31

Separatist group seeking an independent state in Sri Lanka for ethnic Tamils. They have been under a ceasefire since December 2001. Established in 1976 by Velupillai Prabhakaran as the successor to an organisation he had formed earlier in the 1970s. The LITE grew to become one of the worlds most sophisticated and tightly organised insurgent groups. During the 1970s the organisation carried out a number of guerrilla attacks.

In 1983, after the killing of 13 soldiers by Tamil guerrillas and retaliatory attacks by the Sri Lankan military, large scale violence erupted between the government and the LITE. By 1985 the group was in control of Jaffna and the most of the Jaffna peninsula in southern Sri Lanka. Under Prabhakarans orders the LITE has eliminated most of its rival Tamil groups by 1987. 32

To fund its operation, the group engaged in illegal activities and extortion of Tamils and Sri Lanka and elsewhere, but it also received considerable voluntary financial support from Tamils living aboard.

‘Camp X Ray’ at the USAs Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, holds Taliban and Al-Qaida suspects captured in the US led war in Afghanistan in 2001.

TERRORISM IN THE FUTURE Agro-Terrorism 33

Agro-terrorism is the use of biological weapons or chemical nerve agents to poison crops or livestock in an attempt to disrupt the human food supply. Terrorist attacks upon agriculture could destroy many crops. They could also lead to the slaughter of millions of farm animals if the animals were deliberately infected with diseases. In the 1980s tamil extremists in sri lanka threatened to infect rubber trees with leaf curl and to poison tea crops. It is thought the plot was never carried out, but many experts classify serious threats such as this as terrorism. Cyber-Terrorism Computer networks are also targets for terrorist groups. Disruptive attacks against computer systems are known as cyber-terrorism. Computers now run vast system that control communications, energy, money, transport, health and emergency services. Tapping into them and disrupting them from cyberspace could have catastropic consequences, for example, by using

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the internet terrorist might be able to seize control of the computers that control dam flooodgates or power stations. By doing so they could kill many people, destroy vast areas or land, or hold a government to ransom. If the politicians did not grant the terrorist demands then huge devastatins might follow. In russia, in 2000,the interior ministry revealed that the countrys gas supplier gazprom temporraly lost control of the central switchboard that controls gas flows in the pi[peline Computer hackers had taken over control of the switchboard. In 1998 ethnic tamil guerrilas, calling themselves ‘internet black tigers’, sent 800 manacing and disruptive emails a day over a period of two weeks to embassies in sri lanka. Like other forms of terrorism, cyber terrorism does not necessarily involve lethal attacks. Its aim may be to create as much disruption and panic as poosible. REFERENCES: 35

▪ TERRORISM BY RICHARD BINGLEY ▪ www.visionias.in ▪ Testbook.com ▪ https://byjus.com ▪ https://www.dni.gov

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