Manuel S Malmierca, M.D., Ph.D. University of Salamanca and Institute of Neuroscience

Manuel S Malmierca, M.D., Ph.D. University of Salamanca and Institute of Neuroscience El sistema auditivo First musical instrument 35 000 a.C., Gr

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Story Transcript

Manuel S Malmierca, M.D., Ph.D. University of Salamanca and Institute of Neuroscience

El sistema auditivo

First musical instrument 35 000 a.C., Grubgrabenflöte

Hickmann & Eichmann (eds.) Archaeology of early sound production and tonal scales. Publikationen des Deutschen Archäologischen Institutes, Berlin (2003)

El estímulo sonoro

El estímulo sonoro

El estímulo sonoro: frecuencia e intensidad

Sound and Sound propagation

Wave length Sound pressure

Amplitude

Wavelength O c = O * Q = 330m/s Q = Frequency = number of cycles/s =Hz

Pure tones and complex sounds

Zeit

aaa

Periodische Klänge (=Harmonische Klänge) haben eine Tonhöhe!

Properties of a sine wave • Frequency: Cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). • Phase: angle (degrees). • Amplitude: decibels (dB)

Decibel Scale • Relative • Logarithmic

dB SPL

§I· 10 log 10¨ ¸ © I0 ¹

§p· 20 log 10¨¨ ¸¸ © p0 ¹

• Reference pressure p0 = 2x10-5 Pa (hearing threshold 1kHz)

Measuring Loudness: The decibel scale • Because the dynamic range of the ear is so great, sound amplitude is expressed on a ratio scale (log 10), not an interval (linear) scale. • 0 dB corresponds the average human absolute threshold for hearing. • A 6 dB increase corresponds approximately to a doubling of sound pressure.

El estímulo sonoro: Frecuencia e intensidad

Hearing ƒFar-range sense-- like the visual sense ƒSignals also invisible events

Essential for communication of animal and men ƒ(speech; Helen Keller: “Being deaf is worse than being blind blindness isolates from objects, deafness from men.”)

La información que llega a los oídos no se puede separar y las ondas individuales se combinan y forman una única onda compleja que llega al oído.

Tonhöhenillusion

Sensibilidad del oído humano a la frecuencia del sonido

Estructura del sistema auditivo periférico

Estructura del oído externo

Estructura del oído medio

¿Por qué las ondas de sonido simplemente no mueven directamente la membrana de la ventana oval?

Function of the Middle Ear

Function of the Middle Ear

Transformation: Pressure p Area: Al : As = 17 : 1 Lever deflexion d: lm : li = 1,3 : 1 combined: d / p = 22 : 1 p / d = z * Z Impedance * Frequency

Estructura del oído interno: la cóclea

The Inner Ear (Osseous Labyrinth)

Vestibular Nerve Cochlea

Sacculus

The Cochlea, a three storied Snail-shell Corti-Organ Incus Malleus Tympanic membrane

Stapes

Scala vestibuli

Scala media Oval window Round window

Scala tympani

Travelling wave in the Cochlea

Travelling wave in the Cochlea

Travelling wave (Cord model)

Travelling wave envelope Onda de desplazamiento envolvente

Respuesta de la membrana basilar al sonido: La onda viajera de von Békésy

Travelling wave in the Cochlea

Low Frequency

Travelling wave in the Cochlea

High Frequency

Frequency Analysis in the Cochlea

Frequency Analysis

The Fourier Analysis: Is a mathematical method used to breakdown a complex periodical signal into its sinusoidal components

+

=

Frequency Analysis +

= +

Frequency Analysis Fundamental frequency ( 1. Harmonic): Sine wave with the lowest frequency 440 Hz Fundamental

2 x 440 Hz (880) 2. Harmonic

3 x 440 Hz (1320) 3. Harmonic

Amplitude

F

440

FourierSpectrum

880 Frequency

1320

Respuesta de la membrana basilar al sonido: La cocleotopía

Estructura del oído interno: la cóclea

Estructura del oído interno: la cóclea

El órgano de Corti: estructuras asociadas

El órgano de Corti: células receptoras

Detalles del órgano de Corti:

IHC

OHC

¿Por qué se despolarizan las células ciliadas?

Transducción de las células ciliadas Reposo

Sonido

¿Por qué se despolarizan las células ciliadas?

¿Por qué se despolarizan las células ciliadas?

¿Para qué sirven las células ciliadas externas?

¿Para qué sirven las células ciliadas externas?

When depolarize the outer hair cells contract Inner hair cell

Stimulus propagation

Outer hair cells

Amplification

Sound effect on a outer hair cell

Hearing loss

¿Para qué sirven las células ciliadas externas?

Inervación de las células ciliadas

Nervio auditivo

The brain

From Bear Connors and Paradiso: Neuroscience, Exploring the brain

The human auditory brain

Kiang and Peake (1988)

The human auditory brain Auditory cortex

Medial geniculate body (Thalamus)

Dorsal cochlear nucleus Ventral cochlear nucleus

Inferior colliculus

Lateral lemniscus

Superior olive

Cochlea Spiral ganglion

(Adapted from Bear et al)

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