Oraciones subordinadas adverbiales

ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS ADVERBIALES 1. LUGAR * WHERE They stopped where they saw a light * WHEREVER They slept wherever they were admitted. También es CONCESIVA.

2. TIEMPO * WHEN (= Cuando) When they arrived, they had already left. * WHILE (= Mientras) While he was reading, she was cooking. Suele ir con tiempos en forma progresiva. * BEFORE (= Antes de que) * AFTER (= Después de que) Ambas son también PREPOSICIÓN Y ADVERBIO. Before/After he had finished lunch.... * SINCE (= Desde que) Since I saw him, I have been wanting to be an actor. También CAUSAL Y PREPOSICION. NOTA: Estas cinco conjunciones pueden ir seguidas de gerundio: When driving,...... (Conduciendo el coche....) While reading it........ (Mientras lo leía....) Before opening the door,.... (Antes de que abriera.....) After having been to the theatre.... ( Después de que hubieran... Since getting the job.... (Desde que consiguiera...) *WHENEVER (= Siempre que) Whenever I ask him that, he never answers. También CONCESIVA. *AS (= Cuando) As I was leaving... También MODAL, COMPARATIVA, CAUSAL Y CONCESIVA. * UNTIL/TILL (= Hasta que) We were together until the bus left. También es PREPOSICIÓN. * NOW THAT (= Ahora que) Now that you know us... También CAUSAL. * AS LONG AS (=Mientras (que)) He will be with you as long as we can. * ONCE (= Una vez que) Once they had decided to get married.... * THE MOMENT (THAT) (= En el momento (que)) THE DAY (THAT) (=En el día (que)) THE VERY MOMENT (THAT) (= En el mismísimo momento (que)) The moment she saw him, she fell in love with him. * NO SOONER......THAN / HARDLY (SCARCELY).....WHEN (= Apenas). Construcciones especiales.Son nexos temporales. He had no sooner sat down than somebody knocked on the door. He had hardly (scarcely) sat down when somebody knocked on the door. Si van al principio  INVERSION: No sooner had he......

3. MODO

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* AS (Expresa CONDICION,ESTADO o CALIDAD) * LIKE (Indica PARECIDO o SIMILARIDAD = Como) * HOW (ADVERBIO) He drinks like a fish (como un cosaco) She is like her sister (como..) As a teacher, he is wonderful. This room serves as a kitchen. That is how he behaved. What is she like?

4. COMPARATIVAS * AS......AS/ NOT SO....AS (IGUALDAD) * Adj. -er/ more+adj....than (SUPERIORIDAD) * LESS....THAN (INFERIORIDAD)

Oraciones subordinadas adverbiales

* SUBORDINADAS PROPORCIONALES: THE MORE.......THE MORE (adj. -er....adj -er ) (= cuanto más....tanto más...) THE LESS.........THE LESS The more you listen, the more you learn. The less you smoke, the less you cough.

5. RESTRICTIVAS * AS FAR AS I KNOW (= Que yo sepa) * AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED (= Por lo que a mí respecta) * AS FAR AS I (CAN) REMEMBER (= Que yo recuerde) * WITHOUT + Nombre/Pronombre Objeto + GERUNDIO (=Sin que..) I As far as know, she’s still single As far as I am concerned, you can do what you like None of us was here in 1950, as far as I remember Please try to do it without anybody knowing

6 FINALES * IN ORDER TO SO AS TO + INFINITIVO (= Para; Con el fin de que; A fin de que) TO  El sujeto de la oración subordinada es el mismo que el de la principal: In order to get infirmation it’s necessary to.... I live to work and work to live. We’ll attack from behind so as to surprise them. SO THAT + sujeto + VERBO ANOMALO + INFINITIVO (= Para que; Con el fin de que; A fin de que). Verbos anómalos: WILL / SHALL / CAN (Referencia presente o futuro) WOULD / SHOULD / COULD (Referencia pasado) He spoke quietly so that no-one could hear him (= oyera) I’ll go later so that I can finish what I´m doing. “ “ “ in order to be able to finish.... * FOR + ACUSATIVO + TO + INFINITIVO (Relativo + Final) I’ve got a film for you to see it. (para que la veas) * THAT/IN ORDER THAT + VERBO ANOMALO (Igual función) We shall fight to the death in order that our courage shall not be doubted. (= para que de nuestro valor no se dude) * Si una subordinada muestra ambigüedades en su referencia y no queda claro si se refiere al SUJETO o al COMPLEMENTO de la oración entonces se prefiere SO THAT y FOR + ACUS. + INFINITIVO I sent my son upstairs to listen to some records who? I? He? so that I could listen to... for him to listen to... *FOR FEAR THAT (= Por miedo a que;Por si) IN CASE (= Por si) LEST (= Para que (arcaico)) Estas son SUBORDINADAS DE TEMOR. FOR FEAR THAT suele ir seguido de SHOULD/MIGHT IN CASE + VERBO EN PRESENTE/PASADO según la refencia temporal. We closed the curtains for fear that the neighbours might see us. I’ll take an umbrella in case it rains. Respect the king, lest he should destroy you.

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7. CAUSALES Expresan motivo, razón o causa de la oración principal. * BECAUSE (=Porque;pues).No suele estar al principio. FOR (=Porque;pues). No suele estar al principio. FOR + GERUNDIO (= Por + infinitivo). He did it because he wanted to. Take it away for I don’t like it.

Oraciones subordinadas adverbiales

They punished him for getting up late. * AS (= Ya que:como;puesto que) SINCE (= Ya que;como;puesto que) Suelen estar al principio de la oración. As he didn’t know the number, he asked me (Como no sabía...) Since you are going out, you could...(Ya que sales...)

8. CONSECUTIVAS Indican la consecuencia o resultado de la oración principal. Tradicionalmente: dos tipos COORDINADAS (I) Y SUBORDINADAS (II) * (I) (AND) SO (= Por eso;así pues;así que) (AND) THEREFORE (= Luego;por tanto;en consecuencia;por consiguiente) WHICH IS WHY (= Lo cual es la razón por la que) AND THAT IS WHY (= Y esa es la razón por la que) WHICH MEANS THAT (= Lo cual quiere decir que) The car broke down so we had to... The house isn’t this; therefore he can’t... * (II) SO.....THAT (= Tan...que). Con ADJETIVOS Y ADVERBIOS. SO MANY.....THAT (= Tantos.....que). Con SUSTANTIVOS PLURAL SO MUCH..... THAT (= Tanto...que). Con SUSTANTIVO INCONTABLE SUCH.....THAT (= Tan....que). Con SUSTANTIVOS PRECEDIDOS ADJETIVOS. He was so drunk that he fell over. They’ve got so many children that..... There was so much noise that..... They are such rebellious children that.....

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9. CONDICIONALES * IF UNLESS (= A menos que) PROVIDED THAT (= Con tal que) SO AS LONG AS (= Siempre y cuando; con tal que) * AND OR Join the army and see the world (Si te alistas...) Pay or die (Si no pagas...)

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10. CONCESIVAS * ALTHOUGH (= Aunque) Although she passed, she isn’t happy. THOUGH (= Aunque). Puede ir al final de la oración. EVEN THOUGH (= Aún cuando;aunque) EVEN IF (= Aún cuando;aunque) * WHILE (= Aún cuando;si bien) While the problem seems serious, there must be a solution. WHEREAS (= Mientras por un lado/por otro lado; por cuanto) * HOWEVER + ADJ./ADV. (= Por muy + adj./adv.) However hard you work, they will never... HOWEVER MUCH/MANY (= Por mucho/muchos) NO MATTER WHAT/WHO/HOW, etc. (= No importa qué,quién,cómo...) NO MATTER HOW MUCH/MANY (= Por mucho/muchos) * IN SPITE OF (THE FACT THAT) (= A pesar de (que)) In spite of the fact you are the boss... FOR ALL THAT (= A pesar de que) For all that he complains... MUCH AS (= A pesar de lo mucho que) * WHETHER...OR... (= Tanto si...como si no...) Whether you go or not, the play... * AS...MAY/MIGHT (= Por mucho que) Try as she might, she was unable... WHAT MAY (= Lo que + subjuntivo) * WHATEVER (= Lo que + subjuntivo) Whatever you do, they... WHEREVER (= Donde quiera que)

Oraciones subordinadas adverbiales

WHOEVER (= Quien sea que) WHICHEVER (= Cualquiera que) * IN SPITE OF EVERYTHING (= Así y todo) IN SPITE OF ALL/THAT (= Con todo y con eso) * DESIDERATIVA CON “WISH”. I wish + exclamación/deseo = Ojalá... I wish he came (viniera) (presente) had come (hubiera venido) (pasado) would come (viniera) (futuro) IF ONLY con referencia presente/pasado If only I could dance with you. If only I had listened to my father

11. GERUNDIO/PARTICIPIO CON FUNCION SUBORDINANTE Writing his name,... (Cuando escribía...) Having sat down,... (Cuando se hubo sentado...) ON + GERUNDIO (Temporal) On reading the letter (Al leer la carta..) BY + GERUNDIO (Modal) By waving (Agitando...) FOR + GERUNDIO (Causal) For being bad (Por ser malo...) WITHOUT + GERUNDIO (Restrictivo) Without working (Sin trabajar...) Exhausted by the trip, she fell asleep (Como estaba agotada por el viaje, se quedó dormido)

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CONNECTORS 1. INTRODUCING CONTRASTING OR OPPOSING IDEAS Llamamos conectores a aquellos términos empleados para señalar las relaciones entre ideas: a) But y yet tienen el mismo sentido, indican contraste y van seguidos de una oración nominal (sin verbo) o una oración completa. The book is short but / yet interesting The book is short but / yet it is interesting b) In spite of y despite tienen el mismo significado, van seguidos de una oración nominal a menudo incluyendo un gerundio. In spite of/Despite the late hour, they went on with the meeting (+ nombre) He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late. (+ gerundio) The weather was cold, but they went on the trip in spite of it/that (+ pronombre) c) Although, though, even though y in spite of the fact that tienen el mismo significado: “aunque”. Van seguidos de una oración completa y pueden ir al principio o en medio de una frase. Although / though / Even though e in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied as hard as they could, they all passed their exams.(+ oración completa) Si el conector comienza la oración, se debe poner una coma (,) para separar las dos ideas que queremos contrastar. d) However, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand y on the contrary van seguidos en primer lugar por una coma y después por una oración completa: She was quite ill.However / Nevertheless / Even so, she went to school. (sin embargo…) On the one hand, the beach is fun.On the other hand, I don´t like the sand.(Por una parte…por la otra…)

Oraciones subordinadas adverbiales

“I thought you liked Rock music.” “On the contrary, I hate it” (al contrario…) e) While y whereas tienen el mismo significado y van seguidos por una oración completa: This TV program is very interesting, while / whereas that one is quite boring.

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SHOWING REASON, CAUSE AND PURPOSE a) Because, as, since y seeing that tienen el mismo significado y van seguidos de una oración completa. Indican la razón o la causa de algo. Si los conectores fueran en primer lugar, la oración subordinada estaría separada de la principal por una coma (,). Because / As / Since / Seeing that it’s late, we should all go home. We should go home because / as / since / seeing that it´s late. b) Because of, on account of, owing to y due to significan “porque” (razón por la que). Van seguidos de una expresión sustantiva. Si empiezan la frase, ambas oraciones van separadas de coma (,): Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to the weather, we stayed at home. We stayed at home because of / on account of /owing to / due to the weather. c) In order to, so as to y to expresan propósito. Van seguidos de la raiz del verbo. In order that y so that van seguidos de una oracion con verbo modal: She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record her favourite shows. She uses her video in order that / so that she can have a recording of her favourite shows. *Para poner en forma negativa el propósito, podemos usar so as not to e in order not to, pero no se puede usar not to: She is studying so as not to/in order not to fail 3. GIVING EXAMPLES AND ADDING INFORMATION a) For example, for instance y such as se pueden usar indistintamente: Vegetables are a good source of vitamins; for example / for instance ,pepper has vitamin C. Actors such as Antonio Banderas and Sylvester Stallone are popular throughout the world. b) Moreover, furthermore, besides e in addition sirven para añadir más información. Van seguidas de coma(,) y significan “también”: I’m too busy to go on holiday to France. Moreover / furthermore / besides / in addition, I don´t have the money. *Besides tiene un sentido algo diferente. Casi siempre introduce un argumento más fuerte que el anterior o destaca el punto que creemos de mayor importancia. Va seguido de oración o sustantivo. I’m too fat to wear that shirt.Besides, I’m broke. Who is coming to the party besides your girlfriend? Besides  beside (junto a; al lado de) c) In addition to y as well as se usan para añadir información, pero van seguidos de una oración sustantiva: In addition to classical music, she likes jazz. The city has several main roads as well as a ring road around it. *Besides, + oración = In addition, + oración. besides + expresión sustantiva = in addition to + oración sustantiva as well as suele ir al final de la frase. d) Apart from y except (for) se emplean para indicar que algo es una excepción a la idea general expresada en la frase: Apart from Chinese, he speaks two other languages. He eats nothing except (for) cereals and milk.

Oraciones subordinadas adverbiales

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4. SHOWING SEQUENCE AND RESULT a) Expresiones que indican sucesión de hechos para poner en orden lo que estamos diciendo: First of all / To begin with / First / Firstly,we should talk to the manager. Second / Secondly / Then,we must make a detailed plan. The next stage is to view… Finally / In short / To sum up / In conclusion /Lastly / Last but not least, we need to have good ideas before we present our plan to the company. *Deben llevar una coma (,) detrás al seguirles una oración completa. b) Therefore, as a result, consequently y for this reason señalan la conexión entre la acción y su resultado. Van seguidos por una oración completa. Thus tiene el mismo sentidopero es menos frormal. Martha keeps her truck in good condition. Therefore / As a result / Consequently / For this reason, it always passes its anual road test. c) As a result of tiene el mismo sentido que los anteriores pero va seguido de una expresión sustantiva, no de una oración: As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal.