INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

RESUMEN UNIDAD 4 1.

There is / there are; There was / There were; There will be

AFIRMATIVA

NEGATIVA

INTERROGATIVA

There is

There isn’t

Is there …?

There are

There aren’t

Are there …?

There was

There wasn’t

Was there…?

There were

There weren’t

Were there …?

There will be

There won’t be

Will there be …?

2.

CONCUERDA CON

Sustantivos singulares Sustantivos plurales Sustantivos singulares Sustantivos plurales Sustantivos singulares o plurales

HAY

HABÍA

HABRÁ

EJEMPLO

There is a pen on the desk. There are some apples on the table. There was a dog in the park. There were three children in the school. There will be a party on Friday. There will be many people at the party.

Countable and uncountable nouns

COUNTABLE NOUNS

3.

SIGNIFICADO

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Son sustantivos que se pueden contar. Ejemplo: an apple; three apples.

Son sustantivos que no se pueden contar porque son masas, líquidos, gases o conceptos abstractos. Ejemplo: butter; water; poverty.

Tienen plural. Ejemplo: orange / oranges

No tienen plural. Ejemplo: some waters

water

 three

Plural de los nombres

3.1. Plurales regulares: Añaden –s. Reglas ortográficas: a)

Los nombres que terminan en consonante + -y, cambian la "y" por "i" y añaden "es": baby  babies.

b)

Los nombres que terminan en vocal + -y, añaden una "s": boy  boys.

c)

Los nombres que terminan en -s / -ss / -sh / -ch / -x / -z / -zz añaden "es": bus  buses.

d)

Algunos sustantivos terminados en -o añaden "es": tomato  tomatoes

e)

Algunos nombres que terminan en -f o -fe cambian la "f" o "fe" por "ves": knife  knives

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

3.2. Plurales irregulares:

SINGULAR

4.

PLURAL

SIGNIFICADO

child

children

niño / niños

foot

feet

pie – pies

tooth

teeth

diente - dientes

louse

lice

piojo – piojos

man

men

hombre – hombres

woman

women

mujer – mujeres

mouse

mice

ratón – ratones

ox

oxen

buey – bueyes

penny

pence

penique – peniques

person

people

persona - personas

Casos particulares: singular y plural

4.1. Casos especiales de concordancia: Palabras clothes glasses jeans pyjamas scissors trousers billiards dominoes measles news headquarters means series species cattle police

Forma singular

Forma plural

Verbo en singular

  

Verbo en plural

Ejemplos



My pyjamas are red and white.



The measles is an infectious illness.





His headquarters is near here. His headquarters are near here.



There are a lot of cattle in my village.



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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

4.2. Casos especiales de distinto significado en singular y plural.

Palabra

Significados

Ejemplos

Singular: mirada

Her look is a bit sad.

Plural: aspecto

He’s got great looks. He is very handsome.

Singular: ahorro

I can make a good saving if I sell my car.

Plural: ahorros

"Where do you have your savings?"

look/ looks

saving/ savings

Singular: costumbre custom/ customs Plural: costumbres; aduana

Italian people have very strange customs. We had to go through customs before entering the U.S.A.

Singular: bosque; madera

There is a beautiful beech wood near Biescas. Beech wood is excellent for furniture.

Plural: bosques

Tropical woods are in danger.

wood/ woods

5.

El género de los sustantivos

Masculino Palabra

Femenino Significado

Palabra

Significado

boy

niño

girl

niña

bridegroom

novio

bride

novia

bull

toro

cow

vaca

king

rey

queen

reina

monk

monje

nun

monja

actor

actor

actress

actriz

host

anfitrión

hostess

anfitriona

lion

león

lioness

leona

prince

príncipe

princess

princesa

tiger

tigre

tigress

tigresa

waiter

camarero

waitress

camarera

widower

viudo

widow

viuda

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

6.

El artículo

6.1. El artículo indeterminado: a / an a) Forma: A  delante de palabra que empieza por vocal. AN  delante de palabra que empieza por consonante.

b) Significado: A un, una AN

c) Usos:

Cuando el nombre se menciona por 1ª vez. Ejemplo: The children were playing with a car. The car was yellow and red. Con nombres de profesiones y oficios en singular. Ejemplo: I am an engineer. Cuando se quiere indicar la unidad. Ejemplo: There's a police station near the bank. Un individuo u objeto como representante de una especie o clase: Ejemplo: A cat is bigger than a mouse.

6.2. El artículo indeterminado: the b) Forma: The d) Significado: El / la / los / las e) Usos:

Con personas o cosas específicas ya conocidas:: Ejemplo: The house is very expensive. Cuando mencionamos un nombre o sustantivo por segunda vez:

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

Ejemplo: I bought a car. The car was very expensive. Cuando nos referimos a algo/alguien que es único: Ejemplo: The Earth goes round the Sun. Cuando nos referimos a un nombre geográfico: Ejemplo: The Manzanares river. El río Manzanares. Con adjetivos que se refieren a grupos de personas: Ejemplo: The rich and the poor. Delante de instrumentos musicales: Con instrumentos musicales Ejemplo: We play the saxophone. Tocamos el saxofón. Delante de nombres propios de apellidos para indicar un colectivo familiar. Ejemplo: The Smiths work in their own business. 7.

Some / Any y sus compuestos

Nombres contables en plural

Nombres incontables

Afirmativa

We have got SOME pens.

She has got SOME milk.

Negativa

We haven’t got ANY pens.

She hasn’t got ANY milk.

Interrogativa

Have you got ANY pens?

Has she got ANY milk?

7.1. Usos especiales de some y any

Some se puede usar en oraciones interrogativas cuando esperamos una respuesta afirmativa o cuando ofrecemos algo. Ejemplo: "Would you like some tea?" "¿Te gustaría algo de té?" Any se puede usar en oraciones afirmativas con el significado de "cualquiera". Ejemplo: "Take any pen you want." "Coge el bolígrafo que quieras." 7.2. Compuestos de some y any

somebody / someone Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

anybody / anyone

Concordancia verbal

Somebody / someone is calling me. There isn't anybody/ anyone at home. Did anybody / anyone visit you yesterday?"

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Verbo en singular

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

something Afirmativa

Something is happening. He hasn't done anything. "Have you got anything?"

Negativa Interrogativa

Afirmativa

somewhere They live somewhere near Madrid.

Verbo en singular

anywhere

Significado En algún sitio

There isn't a telephone anywhere. "Is there a bank anywhere?"

Negativa Interrogativa

8.

Concordancia verbal

anything

En ningún sitio En algún sitio

No / None /Nobody – No-one / Nothing / Nowhere

PALABRA

SIGNIFICADO

USO

EJEMPLOS

No

not a not any

Verbo en afirmativa

We had to taxi because there was no train. There are no cars in the street.

None

nadie ninguno nada

Verbo en afirmativa

How much milk do you have? None. None of the banks were / was open.

Nobody No-one

nadie

Verbo en afirmativa

No-one is coming today. I told nobody about the accident.

Nothing

nada

Verbo en afirmativa

He said nothing.

Nowhere

ninguna parte

Verbo en afirmativa

He’s got nowhere to train.

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

9.

Lot of, lots of, much, many, too much, too many, a little, little, a few, few USO

PALABRA

SDO.

A lot of Lots of

mucho/a; muchos / muchas

Much

mucho / mucha

Many

muchos / muchas

Too much

demasiado

Too many

demasiados /as

A little

poco (pero algo)

Little

poco (casi nada)

A few

pocos (pero algunos)

Few

pocos (casi ninguno)

Con contables en plural



Con incontables

En oraciones afirmat.





 

En oraciones negat. e interrogat.



EJEMPLOS

There were a lot of people in the street. He's got lots of money in the bank. I haven't had much time lately. "Is there much traffic in Madrid?" There aren't many carrots in the fridge. They've worked here for many years.









I took too much exercise.





He's got too many problems.







We’ve got a little time before the bus leaves.







She's got little time to revise for the next test.



There are a few eggs in the fridge, we can cook an omelette.



It's very expensive to live in Madrid because there are few cheap flats

 

 

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 

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

10.

All (of), most (of), each, every, both (of), neither (of)

USOS PALABRA

SIGNIFICADO

EJEMPLOS Delante de nombre

All (of)

todo/a/os/as

All of

todo/a/os/as

Most (of)

la mayoría de

Most of

la mayoría de

Delante de pronombre objeto



All (of) the potatoes are in the fridge.



All of us are going to the cinema



Most (of the) British tourists prefer the beach.



I phoned all my friends, but most of them were away.

USOS PALABRA

SIGNIFICADO

Each

cada (cosa vista por separado)

Each of

cada (cosa vista por separado)

Every

cada (cosas vistas en conjunto)

Delante de contables en singular



Each country has its traditions.

 

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EJEMPLOS

Delante de determinante + sustantivo o de pronombre objeto

Each of the books I've written is very important for me. Each of them was very successful. I go to bed early every day.

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

USOS

PALABRA

SIGNIFICADO

Both

Ambos; los dos

Both of

Ambos; los dos

Neither

Ninguno de los dos

Neither of

Ninguno de los dos

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Delante de contables en plural

Delante de contables en singular

 

Delante de determinante + sustantivo o de pronombre objeto

EJEMPLOS

Both cars are very comfortable.

 



Both of my sisters speak Italian. Both of them are very clever. Neither car is very comfortable.



Neither of my friends was at home. Neither of us played the match.

Complex clauses: Clauses of contrast (Oraciones Compuestas Concesivas)

CONECTOR

SEGUIDO POR

EJEMPLO We didn’t play tennis although we had good rackets.

Although oración

She was cold even though she had a scarf and a coat.

Even though

oración inicial

Though

Though I got up early, I couldn’t catch the bus. I couldn’t eat in spite of the fact that I was hungry.

In spite of the fact that oración Despite the fact that

They don’t see each other despite the fact that they’re friends.

In spite of workinga lot, he didn’t pass. verbo –ing In spite of Despite

nombre pronombre

In spite of his strength, he couldn’t lift the box. Julia liked English theatre despite not speaking English They went to the cinema despite the snow.

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

12. Formación de palabras: Negative prefixes

PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS NOMINALES Prefijo disiliminnonir-

Ejemplo disadvantage (desventaja) illegality (ilegalidad) impossibility (imposibilidad) insecurity (inseguridad) non-smoker (no fumador) irregularity (irregularidad)

Prefijo disiliminir-

ADJETIVALES Ejemplo dishonest (deshonesto) illegal (ilegal) impolite (maleducado), inhuman (inhumano) irregular (irregular) unbelievable (increíble),

un-

13. Leer y escribir: Composición de textos escritos 13.1.

Linkers of contrast: conectores para unir ideas opuestas

English

Spanish

Ejemplo Her poems are short, but they're interesting

but

pero

However, … Nevertheless, …

Sin embargo, …

I was tired. However / Nevertheless, I went out with her.

On the contrary, …

Por el contrario, …

I don't like animals. On the contrary, I hate them.

On the one hand .., . On the other hand, ...

Por una parte, … . Por otra, …

On the one hand I like big cities. On the other hand, I hate the noise of the cars.

, while … , whereas …

, mientras que …

This computer is quite new, while / whereas that one is very old.

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INGLÉS Unidad 4. Resumen

13.2.

A for and against essay Estructura general

Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic saying that there are arguments for and against the topic. Paragraph 2: Give opinions and reasons for the topic. Paragraph 3: Give opinions and reasons against the topic. Paragraph 4: Conclusion: summarize the arguments and give personal opinion.

Expresiones útiles: Empezar:

Many people say / think that... / It is true that ... / There are positive and negative aspects of ... / There are many reasons for ....

Hablar sobre el tema

This is not an easy question ... / There is not a clear answer ... / We must look at both sides of the question.

Introducir argumentos:

Firstly, ... Secondly, ... / On the one hand, … On the other hand, … / One advantage is that ...

Contrastar:

Yet,… / Nonetheless,…

Añadir información:

What's more, … / In addition, …/ Furthermore, … / Moreover, … …, too. / … ,as well. / one (dis)advantage is ... / Firstly, …; secondly,…; thirdly, …; lastly,…; finally, ….

Aportar datos:

For example, .. / According to ... / We do not have evidence that ....

Para expresar causa y resultado:

This is because ... / As a result, … / Therefore, … My main reason is ... / One reason for ... is ... / Another reason is ...

Conclusión

To sum up, … / In short, … / On the whole, … / To conclude, … / In conclusion, ….

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