Tema 1: Redes de acceso a Internet. Estructura de Internet  MPLS

Tecnologías cableadas    

Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL) Cable Broadband Service Broadband Over Power Lines Fiber

Tecnologías inalámbricas  Satellite  Wireless 3G

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

A “nuts and bolts” view of a network  Millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems  pc‟s workstations, servers  PDA‟s phones, toasters

running network apps  communication links  fiber, copper, radio, satellite

router server

mobile

local ISP

 routers: forward packets (chunks) of data thru network  protocols: control sending, receiving of msgs

regional ISP

 TCP, IP, and HTTP, FTP, PPP, …

2

workstation

company network

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 3

A closer look at the network structure 1. The network edge: applications and hosts 2. The network core:  routers  network of networks

3. The access networks and physical media: communication links

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Internet structure: network of networks  Roughly hierarchical  National/international backbone providers (NBPs)  e.g. BBN/GTE, Sprint, AT&T, IBM, UUNet  interconnect (peer) with each other privately, or at public Network Access Point (NAPs)

 A point of presence (POP) is a machine that is connected to the Internet.  Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide dial-up or direct access to POPs.  regional ISPs  connect into NBPs

 local ISP, company  connect into regional ISPs 4

local ISP regional ISP NBP B NAP

NAP NBP A

regional ISP local ISP

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Network Access Points (NAPs)

Note: Peers in this context are commercial backbones. 5

Source: Boardwatch.com

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

MCI/WorldCom/UUNET Global Backbone

6

Source: Boardwatch.com

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 7

The situation in Europe

See: http://www.redes.upv.es/ralir/en/MforS/GEANT2.WMV Also: http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-4949195951027294198&hl=en-GB More about technolgies: http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-4634094763983277329&hl=en-GB

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 4 8

Hierarchical Routing  aggregate routers into regions, “autonomous systems” (AS)  routers in same AS run same routing protocol  “intra-AS” routing protocol  routers in different AS can run different intra-AS routing protocol

 Gateway router  Direct link to router in another AS

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Interconnected ASes

3c

3a 3b AS3

2a

1c

1a

1d

1b AS1

Intra-AS Routing algorithm

Inter-AS Routing algorithm

Forwarding table

2c AS2

2b

 forwarding table configured by both intra- and inter-AS routing algorithm  intra-AS sets entries for internal dests  inter-AS & intra-As sets entries for external dests 4-9

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 4 1 0

Intra-AS Routing  also known as Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)  most common Intra-AS routing protocols:  RIP: Routing Information Protocol  OSPF: Open Shortest Path First  IGRP: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (Cisco proprietary)

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 4 1 1

Internet inter-AS routing: BGP  BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): the de facto standard  BGP provides each AS a means to:  Obtain subnet reachability information from neighboring ASs.  Propagate reachability information to all AS-internal routers.  Determine “good” routes to subnets based on reachability information and policy.

 allows subnet to advertise its existence to rest of Internet: “I am here”

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Why MPLS?  Integrate best of Layer 2 and Layer 3 - Intelligence of IP Routing - performance of high-speed switching - Legacy service transport - QoS - VPN Semantics - Link layers include: - Ethernet, PoS, ATM, FR

Note: MPLS and IP could be optimal solution for overall IP Services Architecture.

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

MPLS as a Foundation for Value Added Services

VPNs

Traffic Engineering

IP+ATM

IP+Optical GMPLS

MPLS

Network Infrastructure

Any Transport Over MPLS

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

General Context

• At Edge (ingress): Classify packets Label them

(CE) – Customer Edge

• In Core: Forward using labels (as opposed to IP addr)

Label indicates service class and destination

Edge Label Switch Router (PE) – Provider Edge

Label Switch Router (LSR) (P) – Provider

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP/TDP, RSVP,BGP)

• At Edge (egress): Remove Label

(PE) – Provider Edge

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Control and Forward Plane Separation

RIB

Routing Process

Route Updates/ Adjacency

Control Plane

LIB

MPLS Process

Label Bind Updates/ Adjacency

Data Plane

LFIB

FIB

MPLS Traffic

IP Traffic

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

MPLS Example: Routing Information

In Address Label Prefix

Out I‟face

Out Label

In Address Label Prefix

Out I‟face

128.89

1

128.89

0

171.69

1

171.69

1

…

…

…

…

Out Label

In Address Label Prefix

Out I‟face

128.89

0

…

…

0

Out Label

128.89

0

1

You Can Reach 128.89 Thru Me You Can Reach 128.89 and 171.69 Thru Me

Routing Updates (OSPF, EIGRP, …)

1

You Can Reach 171.69 Thru Me

171.69

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

MPLS Example: Assigning Labels

In Address Label Prefix

Out I‟face

Out Label

In Address Label Prefix

Out I‟face

Out Label

-

128.89

1

4

4

128.89

0

9

-

171.69

1

5

5

171.69

1

7

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

In Address Label Prefix

Out I‟face

Out Label

9

128.89

0

-

…

…

…

…

0 0

1

Use Label 9 for 128.89 Use Label 4 for 128.89 and Use Label 5 for 171.69

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

(downstream allocation)

1

171.69

Use Label 7 for 171.69

128.89

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

MPLS Example: Forwarding Packets

In Address Label Prefix

Out I‟face

Out Label

In Address Label Prefix

Out I‟face

Out Label

-

128.89

1

4

4

128.89

0

9

-

171.69

1

5

5

171.69

1

7

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

128.89.25.4

Out Label

128.89

0

-

…

…

…

…

0

128.89

0

1

4

Out I‟face

9

MPLS network egress point

128.89.25.4

1

128.89.25.4 Data

In Address Label Prefix

Data Label Switch Forwards Based on Label

9

128.89.25.4

Data

Data

1 9

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Un ejemplo: ONO

2 0

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Un ejemplo: ONO

2 1

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Un ejemplo: ONO

Tecnologías cableadas de acceso time 2010 2005

SHDSL UDSL HDSL

SDSL

VDSL

ADSL

GPRS 2B1Q

VoD

TV digital Voice 4B3T

1995 Power line

ISDN xDSL

POTS

TV analog

1980 Copper

TV

DECT

WLAN

EDGE GSM PDC

CDMA VSAT

WLL Satellite Coax Wireless

BPON

HSCSD

PMP

2000

1990

UMTS

CDMA STM 1 OPAL

Bluetooth AMPS

PON

AON

Cellular radio Fiber optics

1975

Copper 1900

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

2 3

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Implantación de las diversas tecnologías

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 2 4

What is xDSL  DSL: Digital Subscriber Line  DSL as a transmission technology using the existing copper wires between a central exchange and a customer with a bit rate speed up to 26 Mbit/s  Signals: symmetrical/asymmetrical, digital, text, audio, video  Concepts of local loop, management, handshake, interoperability, scalability, legacy

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 2 5

Why x-DSL  Faster than analog (56 kbit/s) and ISDN (>128 kbit/s) modems, reasonable cost, reach 3-6 km  Less expensive that E1/T1 systems, 1.5-2.0- Mbit/s, reach 1 km  Use already existing copper pairs (depending on the performance): start as equipments installed.  Transforms potential 700 millions copper wires installed worldwide into multimegabit data pipes

 Scenario convenient to providers and users immediately available  Enable the management of different providers of different services to different users tipology  Alternative: Optical access  Wait for full availability  current cost  better performance

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 2 6

How it works  Remove line components limiting the bandwidth to the voice frequency (4 KHz = 64 Kbit/s)  Use of copper low attenuation frequencies sending more bits x Hertz for longer reach  Use higher bit rate with a low increase of signal rate (baud) in the line  Use of line codes allowing the transmission of 2 to 15 bits x Hertz (up to 1.1, 2.2, 12 MHz)  Adoption of techniques/phylosophies limiting negative effects (crosstalk, echo, spectrum, etc.)

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Arquitectura de una red ADSL 192.76.100.7/25 VPI 18, VCI 23, PCR 256/128 Kb/s VPI 18, VCI 31, PCR 512/256 Kb/s

192.76.100.1/25

192.76.100.12/25

Red ATM Red telefónica 192.76.100.15/25

DSLAM (ATU-C) Internet VPI 18, VCI 37, PCR 2048/300 Kb/s

Router-modem ADSL (ATU-R) Ethernet 10BASE-T Bucle de abonado (conexión ADSL) Enlace ATM OC-3 (155 Mb/s) 2 7

Circuito permanente ATM

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 2 9

DSLAM Digital subscriber line access multiplexer  A Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) allows telephone lines to make faster connections to the Internet.  It is a network device, located near the customer's location, that connects multiple customer Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) to a high-speed Internet backbone line using multiplexing techniques.  By locating DSLAMs at locations remote to the telephone company central office (CO), telephone companies are now providing DSL service to consumers who previously did not live close enough for the technology to work.

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

ADSL G.Lite (ITU G.992.2)  ADSL requiere instalar en casa del usuario un filtro de frecuencias o „splitter‟ (teléfono de ADSL).  El splitter aumenta el costo de instalación y limita el desarrollo.  ADSL G.Lite suprime el splitter. También se llama ADSL Universal, ADSL „splitterless‟ o CADSL (Consumer ADSL).  Sin splitter hay más interferencias, sobre todo a altas frecuencias.

3 0

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 3 1

ADSL2 versus ADSL (G.992.3 x G.992.1)  2nd generation of ADSL with improvements on:       

Loop-reach increase for equivalent bit rates (300m) Higher down/up bit rates loop diagnostics Adjustable spectrum shaping during operat/initializ Power vs traffic control: L0(full),L1, L2 robustness against loop impairments and RFI Improved multivendor interoperability

 Improved application support for an all digital mode of operation and voice over ADSL operation;

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

ADSL 2+ : G.992.5  Performance  Increase downstream: to 16 Mbit/s  Maybe increase in upstream (Oct. 2003)  Increase reach (1.5 - 3 Km)

 ADSL+ doubles the bandwidth (from 1.1 to 2.2 MHz) with a significant increase of data rates on short loops  Backwards compatibility (needs G.992.3)

3 2

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

VDSL (Very high speed DSL)  Es el „super-ADSL‟. Permite capacidades muy grandes en distancias muy cortas.

 Las distancias y caudales en sentido descendente son:  300 m  1000 m  1500 m

51,84 – 55,2 Mb/s 25,92 – 27,6 Mb/s 12,96 – 13,8 Mb/s

 En ascendente se barajan tres alternativas:  1,6 – 2,3 Mb/s  19,2 Mb/s  Igual que en descendente (simétrico)

3 3

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Cable Broadband Service  Developed for TV distribution  Evolved to provide TV/Data/Voice  Up to 15 Mbs download; 2 Mbs upload

 Distance independent  Register w/ FCC

3 4

Cable Modem

3 5

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Hybrid Fiber/Coax (HFC) CATV Network

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Residential access networks: cable modems

3 6 Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) Fiber to the Home Architecture

Central Office

Passive Outside Plant

Typically up to 20 km (28 dB)

Edge router (data, video)

2.5 Gbps @ 1490 nm

Multi-dwelling units

splitters points

Small/medium enterprises

1.2 Gbps @ 1310 nm Optical Line Terminal (OLT) Softswitch (for voice)

Optional 1,550 nm to support local analog/digital video if required

Single family homes Optical Network Terminal (ONT)

Source: Fiber to the Home Council 3 7

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 3 8

Objetivos  Soporte de todos los servicios: voz (TDM, tanto SONET como SDH), Ethernet (10/100 BaseT), ATM,…  Alcance máximo de 20 Km, aunque el estándar se ha preparado para que pueda llegar hasta los 60 km.  Soporte de varios bitrate con el mismo protocolo, incluyendo velocidades simétricas de 622 Mb/s, 1.25 Gb/s, y asimétricas de 2.5 Gb/s en el enlace descendente y 1.25 Gb/s en el ascendente.  El número máximo de usuarios que pueden colgar de una misma fibra es 64 (el sistema está preparado para dar hasta 128).

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 3 9

Futuro de GPON  GPON no requiere de dispositivos electrónicos u optoelectrónicos activos para la conexión entre el abonado y el operador, y por lo tanto supone una inversión y unos costes de mantenimiento menores  La mayoría de los grandes operadores actuales se han decantado por la tecnología GPON.  En 2007 muchas operadoras han realizado “pruebas piloto” con pocos usuarios. El objetivo de estas pruebas es empezar a vislumbrar las dificultades de trabajar la fibra óptica.  A lo largo de 2008 se espera el lanzamiento “masivo” de servicios sobre GPON.

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Broadband Over Power Lines High Voltage ~ MVolts

Medium Voltage ~ 1kVolts to 40 kVolts

~ 120/240 Volts

Coupler

Power Generatio n Plant

Substation

Backhaul Point (Gateway )

Repeater

LV Distribution Transformer

Access BPL

Internet

4 0

Low Voltage

BPL signals are extracted here & converted into/from traditional communication packets for appropriate communication direction

Aggregation Point

Power Line Interface Device Located In Home

In some Access implementations, these physical links are replaced by wireless links

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Tecnología PLC: Principios básicos Una idea sencilla: Acondicionar la red eléctrica para la transmisión simultánea de las señales de baja frecuencia (50/60 Hz) para transmisión de energía y alta frecuencia (1-40 MHz) para transmisión de datos Red de Acceso PLC Conexión a otros

Principios básicos

Baja Tensión (BT)

Media Tensión (MT)

operadores CT2

CT1

Termin al

Punto Interconexión

CT3

Repetidor CT4

HE 100 – 300 hogares HE: Equipo PLC en CT

CTn

4 1

CT5

CT6

Repetidor (Instalado en el Cuarto de Contadores) Terminal (Instalado en Casa de Cliente) CT: Centro de Transformación MT/BT

 La Red Eléctrica es un medio hostil para la transmisión de datos: derivaciones, malas conexiones, ruido, impedancia variable...  Modulaciones robustas: DSSS, GMSK, OFDM  No existe ningún estándar, sino un grupo de sistemas diferentes e incompatibles entre sí  Velocidades de transmisión de hasta 200 Mbps compartidos entre los usuarios, y dependiendo de la configuración  Enchufe eléctrico (Toma única de alimentación, voz y datos.)  Permite seguir prestando el suministro eléctrico sin ningún problema  Simetría del ancho de banda

El uso de la red eléctrica existente: La principal ventaja de la tecnología PLC y su máximo condicionante Ventajas

Atenuación Attenuationvs. vs Distance, Distancia,PLC cables cables PLC 120

30 MHz

a0 = 2e-3 110

a1 = 8e-6 k=0.5

100

a0 = 2e-3 A(f,d) = e a1 = 8e-6 k=0.5

90 Attenuation Atenuación (dB)

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Tecnología PLC: Principios básicos

80

k

(a 0 a 1 f

1.6 MHz

10 MHz ( a a f 0 1 A(f,d) = 20 MHz

e

70 60

k

10 MHz

)d

30 MHz

50 40 1.6 MHz

30 20 10 0 0

50

100

150

200

250

Distancia Distance (meters) (metros)

300

Permite gestión y control en Tiempo Real Bi-direccional Aprovecha la infraestructura eléctrica: Alta disponibilidad (Red de MT mallada) Mejora mantenimiento preventivo (medio físico compartido)  Rapidez de instalación  Coste moderado  Total independencia de: • Obra Civil y licencias • Licencias radio • Interferencias • Operadores TELCOM (Internos / Externos)     

20 MHz

)d

350

Desventajas

4 2

    Densidad Espectral de Media Tensión

Variable en el tiempo Ruido elevado Altas atenuaciones Múltiples reflexiones

Tecnologías inalámbricas de red

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Basics of Satellites  Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means.  The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication  One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called a Uplink.  The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station. This is called a Downlink.

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Basics: Advantages of Satellites  The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:  The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system.  Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the coverage area.  Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.  Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Basics: Disadvantages of Satellites  The disadvantages of satellite communication:  Launching satellites into orbit is costly.  Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.  There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial communication.

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Basics: How Satellites are used  Service Types  Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)  Example: Point to Point Communication

 Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)  Example: Satellite Television/Radio  Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).

 Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)  Example: Satellite Phones

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Types of Satellites  Satellite Orbits     

GEO LEO MEO Molniya Orbit HAPs

 Frequency Bands

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)  These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth‟s surface along the equator.  Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface of earth.  Advantages  A GEO satellite‟s distance from earth gives it a large coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth‟s surface.  GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.  These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint applications.

 Disadvantages  A GEO satellite‟s distance also cause it to have both a comparatively weak signal and a time delay in the signal, which is bad for point to point communication.  GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have difficulty broadcasting signals to near polar regions

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Frequency Bands  Different kinds of satellites use different frequency bands. L–Band: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space research C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial imaging, ex: military and meteorological satellites  Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)  K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS  Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS    

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 5 1

Satellite: an example  Ofertas de Telefónica España

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

La llegada del 3G

Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!! For the consumer  Video streaming, TV broadcast  Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports  Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…

For business

5 2

 High speed teleworking / VPN access  Sales force automation  Video conferencing  Real-time financial information

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

GSM evolution to 3G

High Speed Circuit Switched Data Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent Enhanced Data Rates for Global Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD) GSM Evolution HSCSD 9.6kbps (one timeslot) Uses 8PSK modulation GSM Data 3x improvement in data rate on short Also called CSD distances Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances GSM GPRS Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps Can also be combined with HSCSD WCDMA General Packet Radio Services Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps EDGE Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G) 5 3

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 5 4

Quick Recap of 2G systems: Radio Interfaces  Different in air interfaces  Modulation and signaling

 eg- GSM 900  Uplink: 890-915 MHz  Downlink: 935-960 MHz  25MHz -> 124 carrier frequencies, spaced 200kHz apart  One or more frequencies per base station  ~270 kbps per carrier, divided into 8 channels = ~33kbps per channel

AMPS TACS NMT

IS-54B IS-136

GSM

IS-95 IS-95B WCDMA

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

2G GSM – Core Network (Voice)

SCP Um

BSC

A

TDM ISUP/SS7

BTS

PSTN

HLR

AUC

VLR

EIR

SIM

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Phone switch plus: mobile registration call routing inter MSC handovers location updating CDR creation

information of each subscriber, type, service

selected information from the HLR for all mobiles in MSC area

Packet signaling network

Current location of the subscriber

Often bundled with MSC (VLR domain tied in with MSC coverage)

SS7 to PSTN 5 5

Abis

Logically 1 HLR per GSM network

Queries assigned HLR

AuC – Auth. center EIR – Equip ID register SCP – Service control point

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

2G GSM – Mobile Switching Center

MSC Connects to the fixed network (SS7)

BSC

Like a normal PSTN/ISDN switch with added mobile functionality:

BSC

•Registration

BSC

•Authentication •Location

updating

•Handovers

Depending on supplier, and design, urban or rural. About 2-4 BSCs for each MSC About MSC per 200K subscribers Many variables 5 6

•Integrates •Call

VLR

routing to roaming sub…

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 5 7

GPRS…. What is it?  General Packet Radio Service  2.5G data service overlaid on an existing GSM network  Mobile station uses up to 8 timeslots (channels) for GPRS data connection from Mobile Station  Timeslots are shared amongst users (and voice)

 Variable performance…    

Packet Random Access, Packet Switched Slotted Aloha Reservation / Contention handling Throughput depends on coding scheme, # timeslots etc From ~ 9 kbps min to max. of 171.8 kbps (in theory!)

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service

Circuit Switched Um

BTS

SIM

SCP BSC

& PCU

Abis

TDM

A PSTN

Packet Switched Core

FR

HLR

Gb

IP Gn

Packet Control Unit (PCU)

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Forward data frames from TDM BSS to packet core

Packet transfer to, from serving area

New hardware in BSC

Registration, authentication, mobility management / handover, CDRs logical links to BTS, tunnel to GGSN

5 8

AUC

Gi

Internet Corporate

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Gateway to external IP networks (VPN/ISP etc) IP network security GPRS session mgmt, AAAA CDRs for charging

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

EDGE… also known as 2.75G  EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution  Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions  Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK – 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol)  Fall back to GMSK modulation when far from the base station  Combine with GPRS: EGPRS; up to ~ 473 Kbps. NB: GPRS & EGPRS can share time slots

 New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS  Core network and the rest remains the same  TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure  200kHz carrier bandwidth allows cell plans to remain  Initially no QoS; later GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) QoS added

5 9

 EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 6 0

3G Standards groups for UMTS/WCDMA  3G development work has been driven by ETSI, UMTS Forum  WCDMA is the main 3G radio interface (driven initially by DoCoMo)  3GPP = 3G Partnership Program  Produces specs for 3G system based on ETSI UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Interface)  Also develops further enhancements for GSM/GPRS/EDGE  Several org partners including ETSI, CWTS – China Wireless Telecommunications Standards  www.3gpp.org – eg- Juniper is an active member and contributor

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Mobile Networks Evolution

Download Speed

250-384 kbps

UMTS

90-180 kbps 40 kbps

1995 6 1

HSDPA

1-10 Mbps

EDGE GPRS 2005

2015

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

3G = new network GSM/GPRS Radio network

2G SGSN

Packet switched Core network 3G SGSN

GGSN External IP network

PCU

BSC

GSM GPRS UMTS/ HSDPA

HLR

UMTS/HSDPA Radio network RNC

2G MSC

3G MSC

GMSC External voice network

6 2

Circuit switched Core network

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

…and Beyond  Technology Convergence on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)  WIMAX  Standardized by IEEE 802.16, evolution of 802.11 (Wi-Fi)  Improved bandwidth, encryption and coverage over WiFi  Theoretical peak data rates of 70Mbps (practical peak ~2Mbps)

 Improved QoS better enables applications such as VoIP or IPTV  Ideal application is for “last mile” connectivity to the home or business  Intel plans to embed WiMAX chips as part of „Intel Inside‟

 L3GTE/HSOPA

6 3

 Early standardization work starts in 3GPP R8  Improved bandwidth, latency over UMTS/HSxPA  Radio technology based on MIMO-OFDM, peak data rates of up to 70Mbps  Network simplification

EV-DO  DO+, EV-DV  DV+ HSDPA  Enhanced UL (R6/R7)

Wide Area Mobile

Cellular Industry 2G

2.5G

3G

4G Air Interfaces HSDPA 3.5G

Mobile Broadband

TDD

Fixed Wireless Industry

802.16e (Mobile)

Metro Area Nomadic

Coverage/Mobility

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010

Cellular/Fixed: Worlds Converge

802.16a/d (Fixed NLOS)

Local Area Fixed

802.11n (smart antennas) 802.11 with Mesh extns. 802.16 (Fixed LOS)

802.11 b/a/g

Fixed Wireless Industry Data Speeds (Kbps) span a wide range

6 4

10

100,000