VÍCTOR ESTEBAN, PABLO BANDA, FERNANDO SHUBIN AND ÓSCAR ÁLVAREZ

SECUNDARY & TERCIARY

SECTORS Explore Series

Project World

Maker

What are the secundary and terciary sectors?



Introduction

Primary sector

Secondary sector

Work distribution in Spain As you can see in this graphic, people use to work mostly in the terciary sector Terciary sector

The economic development of a country is related to the principal sector. In developing or underdeveloped countries, most people work in the primary sector. In developed countries, the terciary sector predominates, and the secundary sector is the second main sector.

According to the text: 1.

What is the largest sector in developed country? And the smallest sector?

2.

Which is sector is the one that predominates the most in your country?

3. What would you do to improve the econmy in your country. (related to primary sector)

Secondary Sector The secondary sector is the sector in which raw materials taken by the primary sector are transformed. This is be made in factories.

Types of factories: Heavy factories: They transform raw materials into semielaborated products Light factories: They make products ready to consume Capital goods factories: They transform semielaborated products into elaborated products.

Raw gold (Raw material)

Gold ring (Elaborated product) Gold ingot (Semielaborated product)

The secondary sector around the world % of people that work in the secondary sector around the world

Less than 10% 10%-20% 20%-30% More than 30%

Terciary Sector

The terciary sector is the sector that produces immaterial goods or services. It provides services to citizens, such as education, justice or health.

Types of services Trade: Sells products made on the primary and secondary sectors Transport and communication: Moves people and products from one place to another Turism and lesuire: Offers people entertainment and the chance of knowing about other places Welfare states services: This service includes services provided by the Social Care, like education, health, justice... Banking: Banks keep people's money. They are an important part of the global economy

Education

% of people that work in the terciary sector around the world

Less than 25% 25%-40% 40%-60% More than 60%

Transport

Trade

1

Non-Renewable Sources Non-Renewable Energy

They are the energy sources found in nature in a limited quantity. They don't regenerate or regenerate very slowly. For example, coal can take more than 500 million years to regenerate. Moreover, the main purpose of this type of energy is generally to generate electrical and mechanical energy. Finally, we can divide non-renewable energies into different groups:

OIL

Conventional non-renewable energies: They are sources of energy that are frequently used. This group includes all fossil fuels, such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. Non-conventional energy sources: They are not very common in the world and their use is very limited. This group includes biofuels, agrofuels (cultivated fuels) and nuclear fuels (uranium and plutonium).

NATURAL GAS

Main Sources: NUCLEAR ENERGY

CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

COAL

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

PETROLEUM

COAL

NATURAL GAS

NUCLEAR ENERGY

It is a non-renewable and conventional source that is made by a set of complex chemical components. The main ones are hydrogen and carbon.

It is a non-renewable energy and conventional source. It is a sedimentary rock that is black in colour and very rich in carbon. It is also used as a fossil fuel.

It is a non-renewable and conventional source, and is a mixture of gases. The most used is methane.

It is a non-renewable and nonconventional source. It is produced in nuclear factories. It is normally used to produce electrical energy.

WORLD % OF USES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN 2016

PROS AND CONS OF EXPLOTING THEM.

WORK WITH THE IMAGES

PROS:

Write a summary about the pie chart you have at the top.

CONS:

See again the photo that is on top and order the different type of sources so that the more frequent ones are first and the least used are after.

The only advantage is that non-renewable energies are made continuosly, not like renewable energies. For example, when there's not sun, that renewable of energy can't be made

We are exhausting natural resources that take a long time to regenerate. Also, when transforming resources into energy, we pollute the environment, promoting the greenhouse effect and accelerating climate change.

KEY QUESTIONS: What is the most important difference between the conventional and non-conventional sources? Which type of conventional source predominates in Spain and in Europe? The sinking of the Prestige oil tanker near Galicia: look for information about it and make a presentation for your classmates Which of the cons we have seen do you think is the worst? Debate in groups

2

Renewable Sources Renewable Energy.

They are the energy sources found everywhere on the planet in an unlimited way. For this reason, they regenerate very quickly. Either because of the immense amount of energy they contain or because they are able to regenerate by natural means. The purpose of this type of energy is to promote self-consumption, because they reduce the dependence on coal-producing countries.

GEOTHERMAL

WIND

Finally, we can divide renewable energies into different groups: Conventional non-renewable energies: Those that come from sources considered inexhaustible. One of their characteristiscs is that in their usage processes, they are not consumed on a human scale, either because of the immense amount of energy they contain or because they are capable of regenerating themselves over time. Their main energy source is the hydropower.

SOLAR

Non-conventional energy sources: They are the globally available renewable energy resources that are environmentally sustainable, but are not nor very used. The most common are geothermal, wind, solar, biomass and mini-hydro.

BIOMASS

MINI-HYDRO

Main Sources

HYDROPOWER

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY GEOTHERMAL It is a renewable and non-conventional energy that is taken from the Earth's core, the energy is stored in rocks and fluids in the center of the planet.

WIND

SOLAR

It is a renewable and nonconventional energy that is obtained by the wind, it is to say, is the exploitation of kinetic energy of wind masses.

BIOMASS It is a renewable energy and nonconventional energy where organic material waste is used as an energetic source.

It is a renewable energy and non-conventional energy that comes from the radiation from the sun provoking chemical reactions or generating electricity.

MINI-HYDRO



It is a renewable energy and non-conventional energy. It is obtained by directing water through some pipes, found the waterfall, bringing it to a power station or making it fall until the turbine.

CONVENTIONAL ENERGY HYDROPOWER It is a renewable energy and nonconventional energy, this energy generates energy by using a dam or other structure to alter the river flow.



WORLD % OF USES OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN 2016 (COUNTRIES)

PROS AND CONS OF EXPLOTING THEM. PROS: Renewable energies reduce energy dependency: they eliminate the need to import fossil fuels (petrol/ gas) from countries that have them. They are natural: water, sun and wind are energy sources accessible to everyone. Installing renewable generation capacity in an sufficient quantity and diversity is enough for a country to become self-suficient. They are safe: renewable generation is safe for people and the environment. This is an advantage over concerns about the pollution associated with fossil fuels.

CONS: High visual impact. It disturbs marine life

KEY QUESTIONS Where are found the renewable energies and in which sources is a windmill used? Which is the purpose of renewable energies? Where are the main nuclear power plants in Spain? Number 5. Which of the viewed pros is for you the most important one?

WORK WITH THE IMAGES Why do you think that the percentage is different in each country? Look up for which other countries are the ones that use frequently renewable energies.

3

Main energy producers and consumers

Main energy producers. In the world, there are a lot of sources that are divided into renewable and non-renewable energy, and this groups are also divided into other subgroups. However, when we talk about their producers, we don't usually specify if there are subgroups in renewable energies but in non-renewable energies we do. Therefore, in the following page, we are going to see some statistics about these types of energies around the world.

PETROLEUM

RENEWABLE ENERGY

The United States of America: is the country that is the main natural gas producer. Saudi Arabia: The second greatest pretoleum producer, very near to the USA

China: is the country that is the main producer of this source. Japan: It has made good progress in their renewable energies. France: is one of the countries that haven't many renewable energies, their main energy source is nuclear energy. China

USA

USA

Saudi Arabia Russia

Germany

Canada

Spain

Iran

Japan

Iraq

India

China

Italy

UAE

Brazil

Kuwait Brazil

France

NATURAL GAS The United States of America: is the main natural gas producer. Saudi Arabia: is a country that isn't super bad or super good at natural gas production. United Arab Emirates: this country doesn't produce a huge quantity of natural gas

USA Russia Iran China Qatar Canada Australia Saudi Arabia Norway Algeria Malaysia Indonesia

Turkmenistan Egypt UAE

NUCLEAR ENERGY

COAL PRODUCTION

The USA leads nuclear production, followed by France and Japan

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China leads coal producing Other countries such as Russia or South Africa have made good progress in their coal production. Poland: is one of the countries with less coal production.

Producers in average and other countries with green future. As you have seen on the last page, the main producers of most of the sources are China and the USA. Furthermore, in the world there are other countries who care more about their future and they do not produce a lot. These countries are: Countries whi have the BEST future: 1. Iceland 2. Denmark 3. Netherlands 4. United Kingdom 5. Norway Countries which have the WORST future: 1. Guatemala 2. Qatar 3. Paraguay 4. Algeria 5. Iran

Main energy consumers. Petroleum

Nuclear

Renewable Sources

Order of consumition of the sources (from the most to the least): 1. Petroleum. 4. Renewable energies. 2. Coal. 5. Nuclear energy. 3. Natural Gas. China United States of America India

Natural Gas

Coal

Russia Japan Canada

Furthermore, there are different types of countries in this aspect, but, as China is the most populated country in the world, it's normal that it leads the energy consumers list.

KEY QUESTIONS:

Germany South Korea Brasil Iran Saudi Arabia

France

Which continent (on average) is the one that is the most producer and which one is the worst? Which type of source is the most common in China and the USA? Which type of source is the most consumed in the world? Why do you think that Iceland has a green future? Which is the main reason, in your opinion, that makes that a country cannot be a huge producer and a green future country at the same time?

Indonesia United Kingdom

Turkey

4

The Industrial Revolutions The 1st Industrial Revolution The 1st Industrial revolution started on 1750 in England, and ended in 1840. It marks the beguinning of capitalism, a new economic system that governs the world nowadays, and, with it, a new social group: the working class. The working class appeared around 1960. They provided the labor force and got a very low salary while they worked a lot. The working class was also the less privileged class. During the 1st Industrial Revolution, the biggest change since the Neolithic period happened: it supposed an economy change, where wels production started being mechanical. Important inventions made in the1st Industrial revolution

Spinning machine 1767. Steam engine 1769. Steamboat 1787. Railroad 1814. Bicycle 1817. Typewritter 1829.

The 2nd Industrial Revolution The 2nd Industrial revolution started on 1870, and ended at the beguinning of the first World War. This revolution didn't stay just in Great Britain, it expanded to other wester European countries (Germany), USA and Japan. In this Industrial revolution, new fuels as petrol and electricity were discovered. Advances on the second industrial revolution: Development on transport. Invention of the phone, radio and cinematographer. A new production method, used in factories, was created: the assembly line production.

The 3rd Industrial Revolution This industrial revolution, leaded by the EU, Japan, and the USA, started in the middle of the 20th century. The third industrial revolution is very important for lots of reasons, but here are the most importants ones: Creation of renewable fuels RDI: Research, development and innovation (RDI) is an investigation method that we still using. Globalization: The most important characteristics of the 3rd Industrial Revolution, because almost all inventions that took place during this period focused on communication. New technologies arrival

The 4th Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0 The industry 4.0 started in 2011. In this industry, they try to use technology 4.0, that means that all processes are automated. The objective of this industry is to make manufacturing and logistics faster and more efficient. The benefits are: Better use of resources. Less diseases when manufacturing. Less material waste. Munufacturing is done faster. Optimised energy use. Some disadvantages are: Risk of hacking, because everything is digital. Cost. Changed requirements of employees. People may lose jobs.

5

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) What is it and why is it important?

What is it and why is it important?: The World trade Organisation is the organisation that administers the trade agreements negotiated by its members. It was established in 1995. In addition, the WTO has two main functions: It is that it is a forum for multilateral trade negotiations that administers trade dispute settlement procedures, settles disputes between countries. 2nd: is that it oversees trade policies and cooperates with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund with the aim of achieving greater coherence between economic and trade policy on a global scale.

Members of the WTO The world trade organisation or WTO is such a important organisation, mainly because of a simple reason. The power of this organisation is because around 85% of the countries (164 countries) are joined to it. Therefore, in the WTO, you could see different types of countries, from the richest until the poorest, since the most beautiful until the least one...

2019

The WTO situation since 2017

In addition to what happened in 2017, in 2019 the USA, which has refused to renew the mandates of its members, which in practice means the end of the rules-based multilateral framework, as the incentive to comply with them disappears and implies the impossibility of resorting to the WTO's appeal or second jurisdictional instance.

TIMELIN E

2017

The situation worsened and the WTO is currently in a serious crisis. This is because it has become clear that its rules and dispute settlement system have failed to adapt to the current challenges of international trade. Furthermore, common rules on international competition policy, meeting the challenges of e-commerce and the digital economy, as well as strict compliance with the commitments agreed by members are considered necessary.

SPANISH PARTICIPATION IN THE WTO Spain has been a member of the WTO since its foundation. In addition, thanks to its regular annual contribution to the WTO budget, Spain has contributed to the financing of initiatives promoted by the WTO, generally through trust funds. Finally, the coordination of the different ministries, with a view to the holding of WTO ministerial conferences, is carried out in the CIOMC or Interministerial Conference for the WTO, which is chaired by the Spanish Secretary of State for Trade, thus giving Spain an important role within the organisation.

KEY QUESTIONS: Since when is Spain, EE.UU., Brasil, Australia and South Africa in the WTO? Look for information on the internet if it is neccesary. Which is the most important function in the WTO? The WTO has been involved in a crisis since 2017? When is the foundation of the WTO? Where is the venue of the WTO? In your opinion, which of the other two WTO functions discussed in the section is the most important for you and why?

6

TRANSPORTS What are they and which are their beginnings? Definition: Transport is a set of processes whose purpose is to move and communicate. In order to carry out these processes, different means of transport are used that circulate by certain means, which can be by land, air, sea, etc. Beginnings of Transport: According to most estimates, this invention took place around 3500 BC. Horses and oxen were, together with the wheel, the backbone of human land transport for many centuries. The other key element was the road. Types of Transport: Passenger transport, Cargo transports Urban transport, interurban transport Public transport, private transport. Schoolar transport

Types of Transport Passenger & Cargo transport

Urban & Interurban transport

This type of transport is the discipline that studies the best way to get goods from one place to another. In addition, this transport has the logistics that consists of placing important products at the right time and at the desired destination. Finally, its difference with other types of transport is that for this type of transport, travel time and comfort are taken into account.

This type of transport is very important because of the differences between the two types of trips. While urban trips are short, very frequent and recurrent, interurban trips are long, less frequent and recurrent.

Public & Private transport

Schoolar transport

Public transport is transport in which passengers share the means of transport and which is available to the general public. It can be buses, trains... On the other hand, in private transport, you do not share the means of transport with others. In addition, they differ in that in the private transport with the public are that the user can select the route and the hour of departure, in addition to being able to infer in the speed of the trip and to operate his vehicle and to take charge of his costs. It can be the car, the walk, the bicycle and the taxi, which is private although it admits all types of public.

School or student transport carries out journeys of children and adolescents from their places of residence to schools and vice versa. And although many of these journeys are carried out in private means of transport, it is also very common for them to be carried out collectively in special buses and caravans for this purpose.

Means of Transport

Land mean is transport that takes place on the surface of the earth. The vast majority of land transport is carried out on wheels, which could be cars, buses, motorbikes, heavy goods vehicles, etc....

WHAT ARE THEY? These are the physical means by which vehicles used for the movement of people and goods travel. Thus, the following means can be distinguished: land, air and water.

Maritime mean can move people or goods by sea from one geographical point to another, on board a ship. Worldwide, maritime transport is the most widely used mode of international trade.

Modes of Transport

Air mean: a service whose purpose is the transfer of passengers and/or cargo from one place to another by means of an aircraft.

WHAT ARE THEY? These are the mode or type of infrastructure needed to make journeys. They include pedestrian, bicycle, car, bus, truck, rail, river and sea transport, air transport, even the combination of several or all three types of transport.

CLASSIFICATION Road transport: pedestrians, bicycles, cars and other non-rail vehicles. Rail transport: rolling stock on railways. Inland waterway transport: maritime and inland waterway transport, the boat is the best known. Air transport: aircraft and airports. Combined transport: several modes of transport are used and the goods are transferred from one vehicle to another. Vertical transport: lifts and forklifts. Pipeline transport: oil and gas pipelines, where fluids are propelled through pipelines via pumping or compressor stations.

KEY QUESTIONS: What is the main difference between the types, means and modes of transport? If required, use the definition as a guide. Which are the 3 main means of transport? Explain the beginnings of the transport. Which are 2 of the differences between the public and the private transport. Referring to modes of transport, write down some examples of road transport Tell us about the type of transport: Urban & Interurban.

7

TOURISM What is it and which is its beginnings? Definition: These are activities undertaken by individuals during their trips and stays in places other than their usual environment for a period of less than one year, for leisure, business or other purposes. If no overnight stay is made, they are considered as "excursions". In addition, tourists and excursionists make up the total of "visitors". How can tourism be?: Tourism can be domestic, also called national or international. In addition, international tourism serves as an important source of income in many countries and regions, whose economy is largely based on tourism. Beginnings of Transport: Because it is an ancient activity, the first tourists emerged in 3,000 BC, in the ancient cities of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia.

Which are the most visited countries between

2018-2021? 2018

2021

France Spain United States China Italy Turkey Mexico Germany Thailand United Kingdom Japan Austria Greece Hong Kong Malaysia

1. France 2. Mexico 3. Spain 4. Turkey 5. Italy 6. United States of America 7. Greece 8. Austria 9. Germany 10. Croatia

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BOTH YEARS

Mexico increased it's position in 2021 becoming the second most visited country in that year. The United Kingdom, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Japan decreased their position in 2021. The USA decreased from the 3rd position until the 6th one. Austria increased some positions. Finally, China dramatically decreased from the 4th position to one position above 10th one.

POSITIVE IMPACT

Tourism Impact WHAT ARE THEY? It is when some factors and aspects change the dynamic of tourism. These impacts can be positive or negative.

Economic impact: refers to job creation and the generation of sustained profitability. Also in a better distribution of benefits among the different actors involved, in a better control of prices, in the advantages for attracting investments, in economic diversification and in the establishment of adequate infrastructures, among others. Socio-cultural impacts: the improvement of the quality of life of the host community, the promotion of interest in their own culture, traditions, customs and historical heritage. Impacts of tourism on the natural environment: the conservation of natural capital, the creation of new protected areas, the implementation of planning and management measures, the dissemination of awareness campaigns on the impact of tourism on the environment both within local communities and visitors.

NEGATIVE IMPACT Economic impacts: Inflation: due to higher prices in the hospitality industry. Distortions in the local economy: due to the increase of visitors and workers in a country. Speculation: peak seasons are the primary focus of speculation in the hotel sector. Socio-cultural impacts: One of the most important is the deculturalisation of the destination, which is explained as the way in which the host population is forced to assume cultural patterns different from traditions, in order to promote that destination and attract new audiences. Impacts of tourism on the cultural environment: Primarily, it is the degradation of the environment sponsored by pollution, resource depletion, destruction or deterioration of local fauna and flora, traffic congestion and architectural pollution, among many others.

Gastronomic tourism

Cultural tourism Nature tourism

Family and Individual tourism

Types of Tourism Rural tourism Scientific tourism

Bussiness tourism

KEY QUESTIONS: Has Austria a good tourism sector nowadays? Explain one negative impact of tourism? How can tourism be? Tell us the beginnings of tourism. What do you think is cultural tourism? Look for information if necessary. How is Spain in the tourism sector since 2018?

Here is the scheme if you need more..

Scheme Tertiary sector: produces immaterial goods or services. It provides services to citizens, such as education, justice or health.

Secondary sector: raw materials taken by the primary sector are transformed.

5-WTO

1-Non-renewable energy: 1.Conventional non-renewable energy: petroleum, coal and natural gas. 2.Non-conventional energy sources: nuclear energy.

2-Renewable energy 1.Conventional non-renewable energy: geotermal, solar, biomass, wind and mini-hidro. 2.Non-conventional energy sources: hydropower.

3-Main energy producers and consumers Renewable energy, Petroleum, Natural gas, Nuclear energy and Coal production.

4-The industrial revolutions -The 1st Industrial revolution started on 1750 and ended in 1840. This recolution created the working class. The working class appeared around 1960. -2nd Industrial revolution started on 1870, and ended at the beguinning of the first World War. In this Industrial revolution, new fuels were discovered: petrol and electricity -The 3rd Industrial revolution started in the middle of the 20th century. -The 4th Industrial revolution satarted in the 2011.



TheWorld trade Organisation is the organisation that administers the trade agreements negotiated by its members was established in 1995. 85% of the countries (164 countries) are joined to it.

6-Transports Transport is a set of processes whose purpose is to move and communicate. -Means of transports: These are the physical means by which vehicles used for the movement of people and goods travel. -Modes of transports: These are the mode or type of infrastructure needed to make journey.

7-Tourism These are activities undertaken by individuals during their trips and stays in places other than their usual environment for a period of less than one year, for leisure, business or other purposes. Depending on the amount of tourism in your country, there are benefits or drawbacks.

Support exercises if you need more.

Exercises 1

3

Name two conventional nonrenewable energy sources and one non-conventional energy sources of the non-renewable energy. And give an example of each of them.

Name the top three countries whith the brightest future in green energy and the three with the least future.

2

4 When did the industrial revolution begin? And wich invention did it start that you like the most? Reason your answer.

5 Which countries are not part of the WTO?

6 7

What is tourism in Spain and what are the consequences?

Name two conventional nonrenewable energy source and one non-conventional renewable energy source of the renewable energy. Give an example of each.

How many means of transpot there are, what they are and explain one of them?

Economic sectors Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

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