PROGRAM: TOURISM MANAGMENT

SUBJECT CODE: DTM10093

LECTURE: MISS SURAYAHANIM

NAME: ALYA ADRIANA BINTI ROSDA

REGISTERTATION NO: 29DUP21F1012

ASSESMENT: WRITEN ASSIGNMENT





CIVIL SERVICE

The Objectives of the Central Agency

Central Agency in Malaysia is important, as it assists the government in formulating policies, co-ordinating, controlling and monitoring the various development programs and projects. Among the main responsibilities (objectives) of the Central Agency are:

To formulate public policies with regard to economic planning of the state. To formulate and provide the basis and needs of various government agencies and departments, such as, formulating and providing public servants and positions.

Central Agency Central Agencies are also Federal agencies responsible for formulating the national financial and economic policies, the public sector human resource policies, and the monitoring and supervising the implementation of these policies.

INTRODUCTION Civil service, entire body of those employed in the civil administration as distinct from the military and excluding elected officials. The term was used in designating the British administration of India, and its first application elsewhere was in 1854 in England. Modern civil service personnel are usually chosen by examination and promoted on the basis of merit ratings. In democratic nations recruitment and advancement procedures are designed to divorce the civil service from political patronage.

The civil service in malaysia is pivotal around article 132 of the constitution of malaysia which stipulates that the public service shall consist of the

Federal general civil service Public service of each state Joint public service Educational services The judiciary Police force Armed forces

Central Agencies In Malaysia The Treasury The Economy Planning Unit (EPU) The Implementation Coordination Unit (ICUJPM) The Malaysia Administrative Modernisation and Management

Planning Unit (MAMPU)

The Public Service Department (PSD)

Function of Treasury To formulate and implement fiscal and monetary policies in order to ensure effective and efficient distribution and management of financial resources. To formulate financial management and accounting processes, procedures and standards to be implemented by all Government. To manage the acquisition and disbursement of federal Government loans from domestic and external sources

The Economy Planning Unit (EPU)

Function of EPU

To formulate, implement and monitor the socio -economic development of the country for the medium and long term at the national, regional and state levels; Determining the ceiling and distribution of development expenditure allocations; To plan, implement, coordinate and monitor the implementation of development programs and projects; The Implementation Coordination Unit (ICUJPM)

Providing support services including administration, finance, human resource management, security, social and other services to staff of the Prime Minister's Department, according to the rules and regulations, and directives that have been set.

The Public Service Department (PSD) Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Planning To determine the roles of the public sector; To determine the organisational size and structure of the public agencies

Development To determine Organisational Development Policies; To determine Career Development Policy; To develop Career Path; Management To manage the appointment, emplacement, remuneration, promotion, retirement benefits, service conditions, employeremployee relations, training and human resource database

Ministry of Education (Malaysia)

Datuk Dr. Mohd Radzi bin Md Jidin

Block E8, Parcel E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62604 Putrajaya

HISTORY CIVILSERVICE

Economic changes and the growth of the British Empire in the 18th century made the existing institutions such as the Office of Works obsolete by the end of the century, while staff appointments by patronage and selection were no longer working.

TYPES CIVILSERVICE The civil service in Malaysia is pivotal around Article 132 of the Constitution of Malaysia which stipulates that the public services shall consist

Federal and State General Public Service the Joint Public Services the Education Service the Judiciary and the Legal Service the Armed Forces.

MALAY COMMUNITY

HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION Malays are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the malay peninsula. The considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural artistic and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups. Historically, the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malay-speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic.



RELIGION The religion of Islam, literature, architecture culinary traditions, traditional dress, performing arts and royal court traditions, Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated. Ethic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi, Banjar and Sri Lankan Malay cultures as well the development of Malay trade.

LANGUAGE The indigenous languages ​of Malaysia belong to the Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian families. The national language, or official language, is Malay which is the mother tongue of most ethnic Malays.

Festival Hari Raya Aidilfitri: Major religious celebration for all muslim Celebration the end of fasting month Muslim will light up lamps (pelita) surrounding their house. Hari Raya Haji : Celebrate on the 10th day of Zulhijjah (the Month Of Islam) Muslim who are capable are encouraged to perform sacrificial workship (Ibadah Korban)

Food Traditional

RENDANG Malaysia’s most favourite dish cooked with chicken During Hari Raya Aidilfitri Eating with lemang or nasi himpit.

SATAY Chunk of meat like chicken, lamb, or beef Lightly grilled to perfection Can dip it into either the spicy nut sauce or sambal.

LEMANG A Southeast Asia Traditional food that cooked in a bamboo stick with banana leaves in order to prevent the rice from sticking to the bamboo We need to control the fire to make sure the rice cook nice Eat with rendang

Music Traditional DIKIR BARAT Though west is a performance of Kelantan which is presented in groups Lead by a carpenter and a champion The most commonly used instruments are the mother tambourine and there are ‘rebana’ (drum) and ‘tetawak’ (gong)

BORIA Is a very popular the in northern Malaysia , especially Penang. An important aspect is the musician’s ability to carry the rhythm that accompanies the singing of the composer



DANCE MAK INANG

Tradition Malacca Sultanate By a unique music is believed have been composed by order of Sultan Mahmud Shah by Malacca Dance movement & music are graceful & all qualities Mak inang dance is also known as ‘Si Kembang Cina’ Usually performence in sosicial function like wedding reception

PLATE DANCE ( TARIAN PIRING ) Brought by the Minangkabau The symbolizes of happiness and thankful for their crops. Dancers holding plates in their hands, accompanied by songs played by flutes and noises.

TRADITIONAL GAMES

'TOSSING THE STONES' (BATU SEREMBAN) Small stones are tossed upwards and then caught back again by the player. The game involves at least 2 players, usually girls. Played indoor This game only needs 5 small Smooth stones.

KITE FLYING’ (WAU) This is a game that tests the skills and efficiency of the player in making and flying the kite. Usually played by male adults, there is no fixed number of players. In fact, the more players the merrier. Played in open areas, this game requires a kite and long strings or yarn.

Tradition costume BAJU KURUNG TELUK BELANGA

Woman costume

This dress was first used in the reign of Sultan Johor The Sultan Abu Bakar who lives In Teluk Belanga, Singapura

Malay It was official dress for Johorean These clothes have been developed and been used in other state

Long garment with a slit in front extending along its length. The Kebaya is shortened so the women could wear it with ‘kain sarung’ The different types of Baju Kebaya are Baju Kebaya Labuh and Kebaya Pendek / Kebaya Belah. The obvious difference between these types of Kebaya is the length of the Kebaya itself.

KEBAYA

Men Costume

BAJU MELAYU CEKAK MUSANG

Has 3 pocket 1. Two at the bottom 2. One at the upper left breast Loosely fitting skirt long sleeves Worn with long pants with a ‘sampin’ which wrapped around the middle of the body from the stomach to the knee and sometimes lower

BAJU MELAYU TELUK BELANGA

Baju Melayu Teluk Belanga created 1 designed by Sultan Abu Bakarbas a change of reign of Johor Worn at official celebration, national event, birthday of Yang Di-pertuan Agong and Friday morning for (Friday prayer) etc styles by men

CHINESE COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION IF CHINESE The Malaysian Chinese are ethnic Chinese who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. Descend from southern Chinese immigrants who arrived in the early 19th and the mid-20th century Second largest ethnic group after the Malay in Malaysia. Most of the Chinese in Malaysia are of Hokkie, Hakka,Teowcheo.

LANGUAGE OF CHINESE

Mandarin Hokkien Cantonese

Hakka Teochew Hainanese

RELIGION A small percentage (9.6%)of chinese in Malaysia are Christian Most are buddhist and Toist. Some, (0.7%).,Have converted to islam through marriages with Malay Muslims. Although Buddhism originated in india, and early Malay in Malaysia were Buddhist.

CHINESE FESTIVALS MALAYSIA Chinese New Year Date : Around February and lasts for 15 days and ends with Lantern Festival. Story : Lantern are made and firecrackers are popped to scare the evil monster away.

Mid-Autumn Festival (mooncake festival) 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar August 15 moon is brighter than other several months more round full moon ,so they are called “the moon” and “the mid autumn festival”.

TRADITIONAL FOOD

DIM SUM Prepared as small bite-sized portions of food Served in small steamer baskets

DUMPLINGS Filled with beef/pork/veggies Unique bitter/sweet/spicy flavor

MOONCAKE Meat /red bean/lotus seed paste fillings Contain a salted egg yolk

TRADITIONAL MUSIC The tonality of Chinese music is pentatonic. The texture of Chinese music is often monophonic, where only one instrument is playing , or heterophonic. A heterophonic texture is one where a core melody is simultaneously played with decorated versions of the same melody. Timbre is very important in Chinese music.

DANCE Among the best-known of the Chinese traditional dances are the Dragon dance and Lion dance, and both dances were known in earlier dynasties in various forms

TRADITIONAL GAMES



YOYO Xiangqi Mahjong The Chinese yo-yo is a toy is a Chinese board game is a game that from China consisting of played by two players. Xiangqi originated in China, two equally-sized discs commonly played by is in the same familywith chess. connected with a long Present form of Xiangqi four players (with some axle. The Chinese yo-yo is originated in China, so it is three-player variations kept spinning on a string known as ChineseChess found in Korea and tied to two sticks at its

ends Japan).

COSTUM AND TRADITION CHINESE Giving hongbao during Chinese New Year. Celebrating two birthdays. Eating dumplings during the Winter Solstice. Drinking hot water. Downing your drink after saying “ganbei” Offering and receiving business cards both hands. Giving change at the check-out counter. Wearing red underwear.

INDIAN COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF MALAYSIAN INDIAN

INDIAN WERE BORN IN OR IMMIGRATED TO MALAYSIA.

MOST ARE DESCENDANTS OF THOSE WHO MIGRATED FROM INDIA DURING THE BRITISH COLONISATION OF MALAYA. THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT THE FIRST WAVE OF MIGRATION FROM SOUTH ASIA TOWARDS SOUTHEAST ASIA HAPPENED DURING ASOKA'S INVASION TOWARDS KALINGA AND SAMUDRAGUPTA’S EXPEDITION TOWARDS THE SOUTH. TODAY, THEY FORM THE THIRD LARGEST GROUP IN MALAYSIA AFTER THE MALAYS AND THE CHINESE.

LANGUAGE IN INDIAN COMMUNITY The majority of Indians in Malaysia are Tamils, and they speak Tamil. Other Indian languages in Malaysia are Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi, Punjabi and Gujarati. The new generation of Indians have started mixing Malay and English words with their respective dialects. Some Indians can also speak Mandarin to help them with businesses, and many are choosing to send their children to Chinese educated schools to help them learn an extra language

HISTORY OF INDIAN COMMUNITY The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are generally described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic periods. The earliest literary source that sheds light on India's past is the Rig Veda. It is difficult to date this work with any accuracy on the basis of tradition and ambiguous astronomical information contained in the hymns.

DEEPAVALI

FESTIVAL INDIA

Known as the Festival of Lights, Deepavali signifies the victory of light and hope over darkness. The day starts off by taking a bath with oil and praying. During the day processions, street-fairs, fireworks, and get-togethers take place. It is the aromas of a variety of dishes lingering across the streets being one trait that truly symbolises the festivities of Deepavali in the areas where there is an Indian community.

THAIPUSAM Thaipusam is an important Hindu festival.

Like other festivals, Thaipusam too, is celebrated with zeal and fervor in Malaysia. Observed on the full moon of Tamil month - Thai (Jan/Feb), it is marked as a day for penance and atonement among the Hindus.

TRADITIONAL FOOD

BIRYAN RICE

An aromatic rice dish cooked with several spices, notably saffron, and a protein (typically chicken or mutton) that's been marinated.

Tandoori chicken

Chicken marinated for hours in a paste of yogurt and spices, and then roasted (traditionally) in a clay oven called a tandoor. Wowing your dinner guests with minimal effort.

Chapati Chapatis are made of whole wheat flour known as atta, mixed into dough with water, edible oil and optional salt in a mixing utensil called a parat, and is cooked on a tava.

TRADITIONAL MUSIC Ghazall

A Ghazal is a poetic form consisting of couplets, which share a rhyme and a refrain. The word means 'the mortal cry of a Kastori doe'. A Ghazal, thus, is a collection of couplets (called sher), which follow the rules of Matla, Maqta, Beher, Qafiya, Radif, Khayaal and Wazan. The traditional complete ghazal has a matla, a maqta, and three other shers in between. The first two shers of a ghazal have the form of a qatha. Strictly speaking, it is not a musical form, but a poetic recitation.

Qawwali

Qawwali is a vibrant musical tradition of India, which stretches back more than 700 years. It is a kind of devotional music performed mainly at Sufi shrines throughout what is now India and Pakistan, and has also gained mainstream popularity. The Qawwali songs are mostly heard in Urdu language and the Punjabi language. The central themes of qawwali are love, devotion and longing (of man for the Divine).

Indian Dance in Malaysia Odissi One of the pre-eminent classical dance forms of India which originated in the Hindu temples of the eastern coastal state of Odisha in India. Its theoretical base trace back to ‘Natya Shastra’, the ancient Sanskrit Hindu text on the performing arts. Bharati natyam This classical Indian dance is poetry in motion. Based on ancient Indian epics, this highly intense and dramatic dance form uses over 100 dance steps and gestures. As mastery requires many years of practice, some children begin learning the dance form at the age of five.

TRADITIONAL GAMES

LAKHOTI Lakhoti is a popular traditional game played across the country. It is also known as Kancha, Golli, Goti and Marbles (English). Marbles, which originated in the Harappan Civilization, are used to play the game.

PACHISI PACHISI IS A VERY ANCIENT INDIAN GAME FOR FOUR PEOPLE PLAYING IN TWO PAIRS. ALSO KNOWN AS TWENTY FIVE NO STANDARD RULES AND THE INSTRUCTIONS IS SO SIMPLY.

INDIAN TRADITIONAL COSTUMES

SAREE Indians in Malaysia as with elsewhere in the world wear sarees, a cloth of 5-6 yards which is usually worn with a petticoat of a similar shade. It is wrapped around the body so that the embroidered end hangs over the shoulder, while the petticoat is worn above the bellybutton to support the saree, which can be made from a wide variety of materials.

DHORTI The most ancient recorded Indian drape is a dhoti. They require a piece of cloth which seems longer and larger than what was worn in the past.

BABA AND NYONYA COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION OF BABA & NYONYA As early as the 16th century, the Straits Settlements (Singapore, Malacca, Penang) are visited traders from Chinese, Arabic and Indians for the sale of goods such as spices, silk, wood agarwood. Resulting from Chinese merchants with local women. Their children are known as tribe "Peranakan “. The people of the Peranakan community are called "Baba " While women are called "Nyonya "



RELIGION

The Babas and Nyonyas typically follow Chinese beliefs, such as Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism. They celebrate Chinese New Year (Lunar New Year) and many other Chinese festivals, while adopting the customs of the land they settled in, as well as those of their colonial rulers

LANGUAGE

Baba-Nyonya language is Baba Malay, which kind of similar to Malay language (Bahasa Malay) but mix with some Chinese Language due to the combine of two different culture language. Baba Malay usually only happens in speaking, they normally will read/write in Chinese, Malay or English.

FESTIVAL Chinese New Year is the most important Chinese festival to celebrate the new Year in the Chinese lunar calendar. The Chinese lunar calendar is divided into a 12-year cycle and is named after the name of the animal.

Worship fathers are their way of remembrance and remembering their forefathers' service and ancestors. Ancestral workship done 7 times a year.

TRADITONAL FOOD

KUIH KU This kuih has a story, it is known as Ang ku - because of its resemblance to a turtle shell that is red in color. In the local Chinese dialect of Hokkien, "ang" means red and "koo" means turtle. It has a chewy and soft skin that is made out of sweet potatoes and glutinous rice flour. Its filling is

AYAM PONGTEH Ayam Pongteh is a Malacca (Melaka) Nyonya dish. Made with chicken, potato and flavored with taucheo (fermented soy bean sauce) and sugar Melaka (palm sugar), chicken Pongteh is a homey and wonderful dish. Ayam Pongteh have two versions which are black and white.

TRADITIONAL MUSIC

DONDANG SAYANG The Dondang Sayang (or Love Ballad) is a traditional Malay form of entertainment where Baba and Nyonya singers exchange extemporaneous Malay Pantun (poetry), in a lighthearted and sometimes humorous style. It is usually sung and danced by guests at functions such as weddings and parties.

KERONCONG

The Keroncong is yet another popular form of music indulged by the Peranakans. It is the name of a ukulele-type instrument and an Indonesian musical style that typically makes use of the "chrongchrong-chrong" sound that comes from this instrument. The band or combo or ensemble (known as a keronchong orchestra) consists of a flute, a violin, a melody guitar, a cello in pizzicato style, string bass also in pizzicato, and a female or male singer.

DANCE TARIAN SINGA Lion's history is regarded as a protector in most Asian customs The dancer group will replicate the lion's movements by using the lion costumes. The lion costumes are played by two dancers, one playing at the front with the head of costumes, while the dancers pair will play the back of the lion's costumes. The two dancers will play a lion on the stage. This lion dance will be accompanied by gong, drum, and pulsating firecracker who is said to bring Tuah

GAMES MAHJONG Mahjong or Mahjung is a game for four people from China. Mahjong involves skills, strategies, and calculations, as well as a level of luck.

TRADITIONAL COSTUME BAJU KEBAYA

Nyonya dresses are similar to Malay traditional attire, consisting of a shirt (long shirt and batik casing) and brooch. Kebaya made from a cloth or thread using a delicate and detailed hand embroidery art. Kebaya nyonya 3 pairs of brooch to be used as a different button with the Malay community.



LOK CHUAN OR MANDARIN JACKET Usually their wear it when formal gathering like Chinese New Year or wedding day.

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE People who inhabited a land before it was conquered by colonial societies. There are more than 370 million indigenous people spread across 70 countries worldwide. Are the holders of unique languages, knowledge systems and beliefs and possess invaluable knowledge of practices for the sustainable management of natural resources HISTORY IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY

The Orang Asli community is part of the Bumiputera race in the country and their number as of December 2010 is 171,193 people. They also consist of three ethnic groups, namely Negrito, Senoi and Malay Asli. Each of these tribes is divided into six ethnic groups and they speak various languages in addition to the local Malay dialect. Orang Asli have works of art, handicrafts, customs, taboos that are still preserved and practiced until now

INDIGENOUS DEMOGRAPHICS Divided into 3 different tribes and speak in different dialects NEGRITO -kensui -kintaq -jahai -mendriq -bateq -lanoh

SENOI -temiar -semai -jah hut -che wong -semoq beri -mah meri

PROTO MALAY -temuan -jakun -semelai -orang kuala -orang seletar -orang kanaq

NEGRITO - can usually be found in the range as far as the northern part of the peninsula PROTO MALAY - settled in the southern region of the peninsula SENOI - settled in the central part of the peninsula

FESTIVAL Every June 21st, thousands of Indigenous Peoples celebrate National Indigenous Peoples Day (NIPD). A special day to acknowledge the unique heritage, diverse cultures and outstanding achievements Traditional First Nation feast it is customary for men who are chosen by the head server, to serve the food to the women and children

TRADITIONAL FOOD

Sayur meranti is one of the more popular types of vegetables in Orang Asli Semai and Temuan cuisines

Ayam masak buluh (fowl cooked in bamboo) is one of the more popular preparations. body.

MUSIC IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY

GENGGONG The genggong is a kind of jew's harp used in the music of Bali. It consists of a wooden frame and tongue cut from a single piece of the leaf stem of the sugar palm. The left end is held firmly against the cheek, while a string tied to the right end is jerked rhythmically to set the tongue into motion (in contrast to other jaw harps in which the tongue itself is plucked to produce sound). Different harmonics are produced by pronouncing different vowel sounds.

DANCE Sewang dance Sewang dance is popular and synonymous with the Orang Asli community. This dance was originally held for medical purposes, but today this dance is often performed at celebrations such as the Orang Asli Day Celebration.

GAMES Kercang is a kind of old Malay traditional toy. These toys are usually made of rattan arranged in layers according to their level of difficulty. The first stage is the easiest followed by the second, third and so on.

TRADITIONAL COSTUME Orang Asli of West Malaysia still wear clothing of natural materials, often out of tree bark and skirt Leaf fronds are sometimes crafted into headbands or other ornaments. They wear hand-loomed cloths as well as tree bark fabrics. Beads and feathers are used for decoration

SABAH COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION OF SABAH COMMUNITY The population of Sabah is made up of various races with their respective backgrounds and cultures. The indigenous population or better known as Bumiputera or Pribumi, consists of at least 35 groups using more than 50 languages and no less than 90 dialects. Among the following are some of the indigenous groups in Sabah Borneo.

HISTORY IN SABAH COMMUNITY Detected about 20,000-30,000 years ago As a result of the second world war, the North Borneo Chartered Company had no money to rebuild Sabah after the Japanese invaded North Borneo Subsequently, the province was placed under the control of the colonial office and became a British colony on 15 July 1946 After a few years, Sabah achieved self -rule from the Britis

KADAZAN-DUSUN Kadazan-Dusun is the term assigned to the unification of the classification of two indigenous tribes. Mostly traditional farmers cultivating paddy rice and upland rice, as well as hunting and ravine fishing. Sumazau Dance is the traditional dance on their ethnic.

FESTIVAL

PESTA KEAMATAN

Celebrated on 30th and 31 st each year -Rice is the staple diet of most Sabahn people,and for them,this crop is a gift from their GodKinoinan

PESTA JAGUNG

Celebrated on beginning of November Maize is an essenttial crop for the economic survival of the Kadazandusun community in Kota Marudu. They have cultural shows, parades,maize lantern and the Jagung Fashion Queen competition

TRADITIONAL COSTUME

KADAZAN PANAMPANG Largest indigenous group of Sabah An elegant cloth inspired by sarong kebaya For young female consists of a long cylindrical wrap skirt and a sleeveless blouse (sinuangga’) They wear headgear called siga, a very intricately woven square piece of headcloth Most men from Kadazandusun ethnic group wear siga The basic material for clothing is black commercial fabric, silk, or velvet for ceremonial occasions

MUSIC TRADITIONAL

SUMAZAU One of the best known traditional dances in Sabah and throughout Malaysia Belongs to Kadazandusun ethnic group particularly the dusun lotud group from Tuaran district Used in traditional ceremonies, honoring the spirits and to cure illness

SULING (SERULING)

In dusun community known as 'SULING' Playing during festivities and mourning Created by local Eight holes altogether (SEVEN AT TOP,ONE AT BOTTOM )

GAME OF ETHNIC KADAZAN-DUSUN RAMPANAU / MINSURUKUD

Popular among dusun communies Uses sago palm tree branch and two bamboo stikcs Players must walk or run using rampanau tool

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

THE CULTURE AND CUSTOM OF THE BAJAU ETHNIC THE CUSTOM AND ABSTENTIONS OF DEATH

THE ARE CERTAIN CUSTOM AND BELIEFS AS WELL AS ABSTENTIONS·DECEASED FAMILY HAVE TO PLACES THE DECEASED BELONGINGS ( CLOTHING ) ON A TRAY WITH FLORAL ARRANGEMENT . DECEASED FAMILY HAVE TO PERFORM PASUHUK WHICH IS GOING UNDERNEATH THE COFFIN THREE TIMES COMPLETE SLEEPING PLACE FOR DECEASED ( BANGKAI-BANGKAIAN ) . RELIGIOUS LEADER HAVE TO RECITE PRAYERS IN THE EVERY MORNING AND AFTERNOON THE FEAST ON SEVENTH DAY , THE 20TH DAY , THE 40TH DAY , THE 100TH DAY . GUARDING THE GRAVE AFTER BURIAL ( MAGJAGA-JAGA)

SARAWAK COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION OF SARAWAK History of Sarawak can be traced as far as 40,000 years ago paleolithic period where the earliest evidence of human settlements is found in the Niah caves. A series of Chinese ceramics dated from 8th to 13th century AD was uncovered at the archeological site of Santubong. The coastal regions of Sarawak came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 16th century. In 1839, James Brooke, a British explorer, first arrived in Sarawak. Sarawak was later governed by the Brooke family between 1841 and 1946. During World War II, it was occupied by the Japanese for three years. After the war, the last White Rajah, Charles Vyner Brooke, ceded Sarawak to Britain, and in 1946 it became a British Crown Colony.

Religion and belief : Iban, Murut, Kelabit, Kenyah, Kayan and Bisaya - practice animism. Non-Muslim Melanau believe in supernatural beings called ipok. Penans are known as Penan nomads: i. practice living slowly, in the event of death. ii. No stay in place anywhere. iii. It is not allowed to cut down large trees and extend the fores area. Iban beliefs: i. When opening a home and building a house, the area where the house is intended to be built should be searched first. ii. believe in other signs such as the sound of the owl and the owl. iii. Bird sounds - it is said that they cannot erect houses in the area.

IBAN The Iban community is a branch of the Dayak Borneo nation. The Iban ancestors came from the Yunnan region of China where they immigrated to Taiwan and to the Philippines and Indonesia. In Malaysia, most Ibans are located in Sarawak and some in Sabah. They were first known during British colonial times as the Dayak Laut ethnicity.

FESTIVAL HARI GAWAI : Celebrated every year on 1 June by the Dayak people in Sarawak, Hari Gawai or Gawai Dayak is a thanksgiving and harvest festival marking bountiful yields and the planning of future prospects.

TRADITIONAL COSTUME FOR IBAN:

Traditional Iban men's clothing is divided into two pieces: Sirat and Dandong. Sirat fabric also known as acne is the basic clothing of the Iban people. The syringe is used by wrapping it around the crotch and crotch Dandong is also a scarf worn by Iban men. Dandong is wider than a bed. The length of the umbrella is irregular as this cloth is used as a wrapper of the performance items in certain ceremonies. Dandong is made of cloth woven with a knot.

NGAJAT DANCE

celebrations before the Dance during the Iban Day war and the harvest season. In ancient times the dance was taken away after returning from war. The dance is performed by standing on an up and down circle, the dancer will jump along with the accompaniment. Each rhythm played is in tune with the technique.

TRADITIONAL FOOD

Umai

Kemiding atau Midin

Manuk Pansuh

TRADITIONAL MUSIC Ngajat dance The ajat dance is attributed to a spiritual being, Batu Lichin, Bujang Indang Lengain, who brought it to the Iban many generations ago. Another story says that the ajat dance originates from warriors who happily dance e.g. at the head of their war-boats after successfully obtain trophy heads during headhunting raids and the practice is continued until today. Today there are many kinds of ajat dances performed by the Ibans.

Tawak

The gendang can be played in some distinctive types corresponding to the purpose and type of each ceremony with the most popular ones are called gendang rayah and gendang pampat. Sape is originally a traditional music by Orang Ulu (Kayan, Kenyah and Kelabit). Nowadays, both the Iban as well as the Orang Ulu Kayan, Kenyah and Kelabit play an instrument resembling the guitar called Sape (instrument). Datun Jalut and nganjak lansan are the most common traditional dances performed in accordance with a sape tune.

GAME TRADITIONAL

SUMPIT Sumpit is a blowpipe used by the indigenous ethnic groups in Sarawak in the past to hunt for animals in the jungle. The sumpit and the darts are made from different materials such as wood and bamboo as well as fiber glass. Sumpit has become one of the traditional games for competition in Sarawak and is enjoyed by people from all walks of life.