SYSTEMS

N R E D O M

Y G O L O N CH

TE

g n i T n i r p 3d

Electronic programming

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TOP KEYWORDS 10 kEywords

Top

biomimicry

learn from and mimic the strategies found in nature to solve human design challenges. Prefix: bio - life, living noun: mimic - the act of immitating behaviour

other useful kEywords

twodimensional

having height and width, but not depth (a flat drawing). Prefix: dis/di - away, not, reverse. Root: men/ metre - measuring. Suffix: sion - act, process, result; al - to do with

drawing

a picture that represents a three dimensional object in two dimensions, made with a pen, pencil or on a computer

annotated

added notes to (a text or diagram) giving explanation or comment

3 dimensional relating to or having the three dimensions of length, width, and height Prefix: di - down, away, reverse; two, apart; day Stem: mens - measure; to think Suffix: al - to do with. sion - act, process, result

perspective

the illusion of three dimensions in a 2D image: used to create an illusion of space and depth Prefix: per - through; out of; thoroughlyStem: spir breathe; soul, courage

programming the process of writing a computer program, creating a series of instructions which a computer can follow to achieve the intended aim Prefix: pro - forward, in front, before; for, supporting Stem: gram - letter, written, drawn Suffix: ing - current action; result

evaluate

to judge the value or worth of something Prefix: e - out, out of, away, thoroughly Stem: val - strong, worth Suffix: ate - make into, become; put into action; treat with

isometric drawing

a drawing technique which looks realistic, often used to represent 3D objects

circuit

a complete, closed system of electrical components that an electrical current can flow around Prefix: circ - around Stem: i - go - can be ‘it’ or ‘ion’

computer aided design

input

information or material which is fed into a system and triggers the process Prefix: in - in, into, on; not; very - can be ‘en’ Stem: put - think, reckon, suppose

computer applications and hardware that help the design process; also called CAD

computer aided manufacture

the use of computer software to control machinery and tools in making a piece of work; also called CAM

radius

the distance from the centre of a circle to the edge.

dimensions

size and measurement.

contour

the outline of a figure or body; the edge or line that defines or bounds a shape or object.

process

output

robot

a series of actions or steps taken to achieve a result. an instance of a program that is currently being executed Prefix: pro - forward, in front, before; for, supporting Suffix: cess - go the part of a piece of electrical equipment where power, energy, or sound leaves it: Prefix: out - bigger, better, longer etc; outside, or away from a machine resembling a human being and able to replicate certain human movements and functions automatically. Robot is drawn from an old Church Slavonic word, robota, for “servitude,” “forced labor” or “drudgery.”

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2

? Y R C I M I M O I B S I WHAT

Biomimetic design is where nature inspires a designer/scientist/engineer to design a product. Sometimes a designer/scientist will look at the way nature has solved a problem through evolution and then they will apply it to a design problem. •

•

•

Biomimicry meaNS TO fuNcTioN lIkE nATuRE

Biomorphism meaNS TO look lIkE nATuRE BiouTilisaTion meaNS TO uSE nATuRE

THE yELloW boxfISH, fouND IN TRo�i�al SeaS, INS�iRED mERcEDES-BENZ TO DEvEloP A �AR �aLlED THE ‘bionic’. The boxfish was selected as the basis of the design, because its unusual shape dramatically reduces drag, meaning that it is extremely efficient. Mercedes Benz were also interested in it’s exoskeleton, which is light yet extremely rigid. They applied what they found through research and experiment, to the frame of the new car.

THE TReE INS�iRED THE DEsIgN OF THIS STORaGE / SHElvING SYSTem. A WHalE’S fIN INS�iRED THE blaDE DEsIgN fOR A wIND TuRbINE

The shape of the branches and roots have been replicated, to produce this stylish design.

Engineers studied the efficiency of whale fins in water and as a consequence have developed a new type of blade for wind turbines. The new design reduces noise, which is a common problem and has increased the generation of electricity by 20%.This design of blade, is also being applied to fans, pumps and compressors, to make them run quietly and also to reduce the amount of electricity they consume.

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3

THIS swi�suiT waS INS�iRED by SHArk S�IN. When viewed through a powerful microscope, shark skin is constructed of overlapping scales. Nature through evolution, has ensured that water flows over the scales extremely efficiently, helping the shark to reach high speeds. Australian designers studied this natural efficiency and applied the same principles to swimsuits and boat hulls. The swimsuits were so effective in international competition, that they are now banned.

A GEc�O’S foOT INS�iRED THESE viBRam SHOES. The manufacturer claims they have a natural feel and their grip aids walking, running and climbing.

THE buRR INS�iRED THE lOc�ING SYSTem OF vElcRO In 1941 Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral was walking his dog through a field, when he realised that the dog’s fur and his trousers had numerous burrs a�ached to them. Burrs have natural hooks that a�ach to almost any type of fur and also textiles. A consequence of this event, is that he invented velcro. THE HumaN SkElEToN INS�iRED THIS furniTuRE The well known and respected designer Joris Laarman, sometimes designs furniture inspired by the structure of bones.

THE S�aLy �aNgolIN INS�iRED THE DEsIgN OF THE wATErloO INTErnATional TERmInal.

THE SHaPE OF THE ‘noSE’ OF THE �a�aNESE buLlET TRaIN, waS INS�iRED by THE �INGfISHER . The shape is very efficient and helps the train to move at very high speeds, due to reduced drag. The shape also reduced the noise of the train, as it exited tunnels at high speed. Other trains create a loud deep resonant sound when leaving a tunnel at high speed.

The scaly pangolin inspired the design of the Waterloo International Terminal. The layout and movement of the glass panels, allow the surge in air pressure from trains entering the station, to efficiently and safely dissipate / escape. The movement of the scales of the pangolin, allow air to circulate, regulating its temperature.

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L A C I R T E M SYM

S M R O F L A R U T NA

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Initial Ideas 2D Sketching: Crating

Time to get creative! 3. F in e li n e

2. Add your d e t a il

4. Render

ates 1. Draw cr nes to a n d g u id e li id e a p la n y o u r

3D Sketching: 1 Point Perspective as y o u r id e a w a r D . 1 a ig n .. . a d d a 2D Des Po in t Va n is h in g

s t r a ig h t 2 . Draw he li n e s t o t p o in t .. . v a n is h in g

of ... fr om th e ed ge s re tw o yo ur sh ap e or w he he r lin es m ee t ea ch ot

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3. Draw para llel lines to your origi nal sketc h

4 . F in e li n e

5. Rend er

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3D Sketching: Isometric g r id t o 1 . U se t h e p la n y o u r d e si g n in b o x e s

ur boxes 2 . Make yo 3 D u si n g t h e g r id

4 . F in e li n e

r d e si g n 3. A d d y o u to the boxes

5. Render

3D Sketching: 2 Point Perspective 1. Dr aw a ho riz on lin e wi th 2 va nis hin g po int s, plu s a ver tic al lin e

e s fr o m 2 . D r a w li n b o t t o m d t h e t o p a n t ic a l li n e r e v e of th P ’s to the 2 V

3. D r a w v e r t ic a l li nt w o d e t e r m in e e s t o the o f t h e c r a t si z e e

5. Ad d yo ur de sig n to the top fac e

3D by 6 . M a k e it a r a ll e l d r a w in g p o t h e r li n e s in t h ec e s t w o fa

7. F in e li n e 8. R e n d e r

s om the top 4 . D r a w fr e w v e r t ic a l o f t h e se n e V P ’s o n li n e s t o t h t e si d e t h e o p p o si

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Have a go at 3 Point perspective

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S[S IGig NIN ninGgUuPpTtoOOOnNsh SHaApPe]E 1. Go to www.onshape.com/en/education/

3. Fill in your details on the right. Use your school email accounts (username@students. hodgson.lancs.sch.uk) and select Student, then Grade School. Tick the box to accept terms

4. Type Hodgson Academy into the top box Then the url: www.hodgson.lancs.sch.uk City: Poulton-le-Fylde State: Lancashire

5. Onshape will then send you an email to verify your account. Open your school email and click on the link

Country: United Kingdom Graduation Year: Latest possible! (bottom of the list) ‘What are you using Onshape for?’ - Education Tick all the boxes and then click create account

6. Se t up a Pa ss w or d an d co nf ir m it. Ad d yo ur ph on e nu m be r fo r fu tu re ve ri fic at io n an d ch ec k th e bo x to ag re e to th e T& C’ s.

7. Yo u sh ou ld no w be on to On sh ap e. Cl ick ‘C re at e’ to st ar t de sig ni ng !

Cl ick ‘S ig n Up ’

CRE8D&3T D CAD/CAM Systems

@Hodgson Academy

Project

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USING ONSHAPE

TASK: You will now start drawing up your final design using OnShape. Follow the link below to find the VIDEO TUTORIALS that you can follow Public

Business, Technology & Art

KS3

Product Design

Year 8 3D CAD CAM Project

NEED When you open up the PowerPoint click HELP the slideshow tab along the top and then Don’t forget you can click the from beginning/from current slide pause, rewind and buttons. You will now be able to click on the replay the videos so links for the videos. work at your own pace

?

!

DRAWING UP YOUR DESIGN

1. Set up your document with your name as the file name. Change the units from inches to millimeters before you start designing 2. Using the sketch mode draw the hole for your thumb first.

5. Use the extrude tool to make your shape 3D. 6. Use the fillet tool to round off your edges to make it more ergonomic and aesthetically pleasing.

3. Using the sketch mode draw out your shape in 2D (only draw half if it is symmetrical)

7. Add text to your top surface using the sketch tool, then use the extrude tool to make it embossed or engraved into the surface.

4. Use the mirror tool to copy and flip your drawing so it is perfectly symmetrical.

8. Make any final changes/ amendments by editing your drawing, then save as an .STL file

Go to the last couple of slides on the ‘How to use Onshape’ Power Point guide. Complete the two extension tasks by drawing out the more complex shapes in OnShape.

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S K R O W G N I T N I R P D 3 HOW 2 - SlicING

D 1 - �a to to know what you want

The .STL 3D drawing is then put into another piece of so�ware which slice s it up into hundreds or thousands of laye rs. Each layer is then sent to the 3D Prin ter as a .GCODE file

First you have what to print, you print. To tell the printer d something in must create or downloa design) program a CAD (computer aided ed as an .STL file. which needs to be export

3 - SETTING uP up

4PRINTING

The printer will need to be set l with the desired colour and materia into fed is ch whi c), sti filament (pla the nozzle in the machine

The Filament is fed into the nozzle where it is melted. The nozzle draws the shape of one sliced layer of the design, extruding the material as it goes. Once one layer is done, the bed moves down and it does the next sliced layer.

THE BED A mOvES oN Z a�IS

E THE nOZ�l aN N o ES Ov m x, y a�IS

5 - fInISHED �ART This is repeated over and over again, each layer being printed at less than a mm each! Each layer cools almost immediately, se�ng it to the rest of the shape already printed. When the last layer is finished the design is ready.

THIS T YPE OF 3D PRINTING IS �aLlED �dm (fuSED DE�osiTioN moDELlING)

TO su�mARISE... THE DEsIgN IS DRawN IN �aD

THE DEsIgN IS SlicED INTO layErS

THE 3D PRINTER PRINTS eAcH layER AT A TimE

THE DEsIgN IS PRINTED aS A 3D SHaPE

For your com ic strip task you could also go into detail about other types of 3D printing. Research DLP SLS methods, , SLA, LCD and whic differently to h operate FDM.

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OTHER T YPES OF 3D PRINTING rs printe d 3 in s re

WHAT IS RESIN PRINTING? Resin or synthetic resin are UV-curing liquid plastics. These liquid plastics turn solid when in contact with UV light. The design slices that are created are shone onto the liquid resin in a tank, where it hardens. The next layer is then done as the bed moved upwards (as opposed to the bed moving down like in FDM 3D Printing). The solid, 3D design grows out of the liquid resin as it is being made!

SLS 3d printing

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WHAT IS SLS PRINTING?

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a 3D printing process that uses high-powered lasers to bind finely powdered material together into a solid structure. It starts off as a vat of powder, where the laser fuses the powder together in the shape of the layer it is working on. Once done you have to dig out your design from the powder!

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SYSTEMS & CONTROL

trol a task or ponents that work together to con • A system comprises parts or com s. , Processes and Output activity. A system consists of Inputs . A signal is sent user would press the button (INPUT) • For example, with a doorbell the button has the ects receiver is a switch that det to the receiver (PROCESS). Inside the se, using a speaker (OUTPUT). been pressed and then makes a noi

An input needs some form of trigger to make it work. It can either be a manual trigger, such as a switch that the user physically operates, or a sensor that reacts to a change in the environment (temperature, light, sound or movement).

Name

Diagram

Image

Function

INPUTS Uses

Toggle switch (latching)

On and off positions, once switched they stay in that position.

Lighting, power switches, control panels

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Light sensitive panel, resistance increases the darker it gets

Solar garden lights, street lights, security lights

Thermistor

A change in temperature connetcs or breaks the circuit.

Thermostats on central heating systems or refrigerators.

Pressure Switch

On/Off due to pressure being applied, can also be used to detect gradual pressure.

Burglar alarm systems, video game floor mats

BATTERIES D&T

Systems

Power source to electrical current provide a volted come in different to a product. They forms such as AA, AAA and 9V. Used to power toys , remote controls, mobile ph ones, etc.

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PROCESSES

intEgratEd circuits

• Integrated circuits, or ‘chips’, combine many different electrical components and are found in most electrical products, for example calculators, mobile phones, washing machines and cars. • They help simplify electronic systems by reducing the number of separate components, making them cheaper, easier and smaller to install. • They use less power than all the individual components.

Resistors are a component that restrict and control the amount of electricity flowing through a circuit. Sometimes there can be too much electricity for a certain component which will result in it not working properly, so resistors control how much electricity gets through to those components, a bit like a funnel.

S T U P T U O Name

rEsisTors

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to perform a a specific operation in a circuit or system. Microcontrollers are found in vehicles, robots, machines, mobile phones and home appliances, among other devices. They are essentially simple miniature personal computers (PCs) designed to control small features of a larger product.

• Output components deliver the function the input and process work to achieve. It determines how the system responds to the input. • There are thousands of output devices, for the exam you need to know about the following.

Function

Uses

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Produces light with a low voltage, long lasting, comes in a variety of colours

Low power lighting, torches, TV screens, power indicators

Lamp

Produces light with higher voltage. Also produces a lot of heat.

Household lights, car headlights, street lights, floodlights.

Motor

Used to make movement by converting electricity into a rotational force.

Used to make motorised products such as fans or toys.

Speaker

Convert electrical signals into sound. The number of pulses alter the volume of sound.

Headphones, stereo systems, radio’s, intercoms

Buzzer

A device that provides an audio signal in a circuit when a voltage is applied to it.

Used in alarms and timers to make a noise

D&T

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Diagram

microcontrollers

Image

2

? T I U C R I C A S I WHAT

You've probably heard that a ba�ery or a wall outlet has a certain number of volts. This is a measurement of the electrical potential produced by the ba�ery, or the utility grid connected to the wall outlet.

All those volts are si�ng there waiting for you to use them, but there's a catch: in order for electricity to do any work, it needs to be able to move. It's kind of like a blown-up balloon; if you pinch it off, there is air in there that could do something if it's released, but it won't actually do anything until you let it out. Unlike air coming out of a balloon, electricity can only flow through materials that can conduct electricity, such as copper wire. If you connect a wire to a ba�ery or wall outlet (WARNING: the voltage in a wall outlet is dangerous, don't do this!), you will be giving the electricity a path to follow. But if the wire isn't connected to anything else, the electricity won't have anywhere to go and still won't move. what makEs Electricit y move? Electricity wants to flow from a higher voltage to a lower voltage. This is exactly like the balloon: the pressurized air in the balloon wants to flow from inside the balloon (higher pressure) to outside the balloon (lower pressure). If you create a conductive path between a higher voltage and a lower voltage, electricity will flow along that path. And if you insert something useful into that path like an LED, the flowing electricity will do some work for you, like lighting up that LED. Huzzah! So, where do you find a higher voltage and a lower voltage? Here’s something really useful to know: every source of electricity has two sides. You can see this on ba�eries, which have metal caps on both ends, or your wall outlet that has two (or more) holes. In ba�eries and other DC (Direct Current) voltage sources, these sides (o�en called terminals) are named positive (or “+”), and negative (or “-”). the simplEst circuit We’re finally ready to make electricity work for us! If we connect the positive side of a voltage source, through something that does some work such as a Light Emi�ng Diode (LED), motor, speaker or buzzer, and back to the negative side of the voltage source; electricity, or current, will flow. And we can put things in the path that do useful things when current flows through them, like LEDs that light up, motors that move and speakers and buzzers that make a noise.

This circular path, which is always required to get electricity to flow and do something useful, is called a circuit. A circuit is a path that starts and stops at the same place, which is exactly what we're doing.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

B AT T E R y

BuZZER

SW iT c H

Electrical engineers use the symbols on the previous pages to plan out and draw diagrams of circuits. This is because it is quicker and easier to use the symbols, rather than drawing out the actual components (which are complex and some look very similar!). To the left you will see a diagram of a simple buzzer circuit. The plus on the battery icon represents the direction of the electrical current. You will see the current flows to the switch first, and then onto the buzzer to make the noise, and then back to the battery. When the switch is turned off it breaks the circuit by not allowing the electric current to pass. Some components need more voltage than others. Some don’t need a lot of voltage at all, and can be damaged if they receive too much. Therefore, most circuits have resistors built into them.

RESISTOR VALUES

Resistors are a component that restrict and control the amount of electricity flowing through a circuit. Sometimes there can be too much electricity for a certain component which will result in it not working properly, so resistors control how much electricity gets through to those components, a bit like a funnel. They come in different values depending on how much resistance is needed, and are measured in ohms (displayed like Ω).). They are extremely small so it is very difficult to print numbers onto them, so instead coloured bands are used to show the size of the resistor.

3rD baND

2ND baND

colouR

1ST baND

Below is a table to show what number each of the bands represent.

mulTIpliER

0

0

0

x1Ω

Brown

1

1

1

x 10 Ω

+/- 1%

Red

2

2

2

x 100 Ω

+/- 2%

Orange

3

3

3

x 1000 (1K) Ω

Yellow

4

4

4

x 10,000 (10K) Ω

Pl

2ND 1ST D BAND BAN E E N BluE GR

5 6 560k BA

Ex

Green

5

5

5

x 100,000 (100K) Ω

+/- 5%

Blue

6

6

6

x 1,000,000 (1M) Ω

+/- 25%

Violet

7

7

7

x 10,000,000 (10M) Ω +/- 0.1%

Grey

8

8

8

White

9

9

9

+/- 0.05%

Gold

x 0.1 Ω

+/- 5%

Silver

x 0.01 Ω

+/- 10%

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E xAm

TolERaNcE

Black

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4 B A N DE

Ω

x

iER Pl lT i u W TOl ERA NcE m lO yEl Silv ER

1 0, 0 0

0

0% +/- 1 WiTH

TOlE

RANc

E

5 ND

Am

PlE

1S T 3RD BA ND BAND ER RE D 2 N D v iO l E T m ulTi P li BAN Bl A ck D TOlE ORA RAN NGE cE BRO WN

2 3 7

x

0

2 3 7 Ω W iT H +/ - 1 % TO lE R A N cE

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Experiment 1: led control circuit

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Experiment 2: Buzzer jukebox

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Experiment 3: lights in sequence

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Experiment 4: led thermometer

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Experiment 5: Traffic Lights

25

Throughout the Discovery Tutorial Booklet you will find ‘Challenges’ for each experiment. Complete the ‘challenge’ and add your own spin on elements of each!

using make code

see the discovery booklet for help with the code for each experiment go to the site: https://makecode.microbit.org/# and click new project. give your project a name.

click download when you have created your code

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this gives you a preview of your code

here’s all the functions

this is where you build your code, by dragging blocks across

it will download as a .hex file and appear at the bottom of your screen. drag this into your documents or straight into the Micro:Bit folder

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ROBOT CHALLENGES this is the lEgo nxt roBot!

te a you will comple EngEs seriEs of chall oBot To make your r Ent perform differ Tasks.

owing the roBot has the foll cEs input and output de vi that can be addEd on intElligEnt nxt brick the procEssor/ clever Bit!

3x moTors

for moving the roBot or an arm

1x Bump sEnsor a switch acTivatEd whEn prEssEd

1x disTance sEnsor for detecTing obsTaclEs ahead

1x sound sEnsor for detecTing sound as an input

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1x light sEnsor for reading dark and light areas (great for following black linEs!)

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will use This is the lego mindstorms sof t ware that you to code your robot these are all the blocks to code it

click here for help with coding and building

name your file here

the tutorials show you how to build your robot and gives you a step by step guide on how to program it

drag your instructions from the toolbar onto the canvas to build your code. you can alter the settings for each instruction here

the guide shows you what it should look like

use this tool to tell your robot how to move. Change the settings to move forward, turn left or right, go backwards etc.

This block lets you record an action that you act out with your robot. It does this by remembering how many times the motors turn on your robot and then replaying the correct number of turns

move

record/ play sound

display

wait

Use this block to display an image, write some text, or draw a shape on the NXT’s display screen.

loop

Use this block to repeat sequences of code. Set the condition that will end the loop: elapsed time, the number of repetitions, a logic signal or a sensor . You can also set a loop to go on forever .

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You can use this block to play a sound file or a single tone. To compose a melody of tones, arrange several sound blocks in a row with each set to play different tones.

This block lets your robot sense its environment for a certain condition before it continues. Use the slider or t ype in a value to set a trigger point so that the program continues when sensor values are below or above it.

switch Use this block to choose bet ween t wo sequences of code. For example, when configured with a touch sensor , the switch block might run one series of blocks when the sensor is pressed and another when the touch sensor is not.

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