1/15 Spanish Final Study Sheet Ser vs. Estar (Pages 129-138) Uses of Ser -to express a characteristic, a description, or an identification -to express occupation or nationality -to express time and dates -with de, to express origin, possession, or material Note: -Adjectives used with ser must agree with the subject in number and gender -In questions, adjectives usually follow the verb Uses of Estar -to express location or position -to express a condition or state -to form the progressive tenses with the present participle Note: -Adjectives used with estar agree with the subject in number and gender -In questions, the adjective usually follows the verb -Some adjectives may be used with either ser or estar, but differ in meaning Forms of Estar estoy estás está estamos estáis están Present estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron Preterit esté estés esté estemos estéis estén Present Subjunctive Preterit vs. Imperfect (Pages 64-94) Preterit [1] Regular –ar Verbs a. The preterit tense of regular –ar verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending –ar and adding the personal endings –é, -aste, ó, amos, -asteis, and –aron. b. In the preterit, the nosotros ending (-amos) is the same as in the present tense: regresamos (we return, we returned). c. Most verbs that are stem-changing (o to ue; e to ie) do not change the stem in the preterit tense. d. Verbs that end in –car, -gar, and –zar hve a spelling change in the yo form. In –car and –gar verbs, this change occurs to keep the original sound of the c and g, respectively. The change occurs in –zar verbs because z rarely precedes e or I in Spanish. [3] Regular –er and –ir Verbs a. The preterit tense of regular –er and –ir verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending –er or –ir and adding the personal; ending –í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, and –ieron. b. The preterit endings are the same for –er and –ir verbs. c. In –ir verbs, the first-person plural ending (-imos) is the same as in the present tense. In –er verbs, however, the endings are different.

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2/15 d. The accent mark is omitted over the following forms of ver: vi, vio. e. Stem-Changing verbs ending in –er do not change the stem vowel in the preterit tense. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ir have special stem changes in the preterit and are discussed in Chapter 7. [1] Verbs That Change I to Y in the Preterit a. In the preterit, -er and –ir verbs whose stems end in a vowel change the endings of the third-person singular and plural forms from –ió to –yó and –ieron to – yeron, respectively. The -i has an accent in all the other forms. [2] Stem-Changing –ir Verbs in the Preterit a. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ir change the stem vowel from e to I and o to u in the third-person singular and plural of the preterit. b. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ar or –er do not change the stress vowel in the preterit tense. Note: -Ir verbs tha have ñ directly before the ending (gruñir, reñir) drop the i of the ending in the third-person singular and plural (riñó, riñeron). The sound of the ending is still regular because of the ñ. [3] Verbs Irregular in the Preterit Note: 1. The preterit endings of –i-stem verbs do not have accent marks. 2. In the third-person singular of hacer, the c changes to z to preserve the original sound a. U—stem verbs in the Preterit Infinitive Stem Preterit Forms andar anduv anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvieron estar estuv estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron poder pud pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron poner pus puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron saber sup supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron tener tuv tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron traer traj traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajieron decir dij dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijieron traducir traduj traduje, tradujiste, tradujo, tradujimos, tradujieron Note: 1. The preterit endings of u-stem verbs do not have accent marks. 2. All verbs ending in –ducir are conjugated like traducir. conducir to drive; to lead conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujeron producir to produce produje produjiste produjo produjimos produjeron b. The Verbs dar, ir, and ser in the Preterit Dar, ir, and ser are also irregular. Dar takes the endings of regular –er and –ir verbs, but without a written accent in the first- and third-person singular forms. Ir and ser have the same forms. dar to give di diste dio dimos dieron ir; ser to go; to be fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron

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3/15 [4] Uses of the Preterit Tense a. The preterit tense is used to narrate an action or event that occurred in the past. It may incate the beginning or end of the action, or the completed action or event begun and finished in the past . (1) Beginning or End of an Action (2) Completed Action b. Some expressions often used with the preterit (trigure words): -anoche -ayer -anteayer -el año pasado -el mes pasado -la semana pasada Imperfect [1] The Imperfect Tense of Refular Verbs a. The imperfect tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping the ending (-ar, -er, -ir), and adding the following endings: pensar volver sufrir to think to return to suffer yo pensaba volvía sufría tù pensabas volvías sufrías ud., el, ella pensaba volvía sufría nosotros, -as pensabamos volvíamos sufríamos uds., ellos, ellas pensaban volvían sufrían b. Verbs that are stem changing in the present tense do not change the stem vowel in the imperfect. c. In the imperfect, yo, ud., èl, and ella have the same form. Subject pronouns are used if necessary to clarify the meaning of the verb. [2] Verbs Irregular in the Imperfect Tense -There are three irregular verbs in the imperfect tense: ir, ser, and ver. ser ver ir to go to be to see yo iba era veía tù ibas eras veías ud., el, ella iba era veía nosotros, -as ibamos èramos veíamos uds., ellos, ellas iban eran veían [3] Uses of the Imperfect Tense a. to express what used to happen. b. to express what happened repeatedly in the past. c. to describe what was going on at a particular time. d. to describe simultaneous actions in the past. Mientras is usually used to connect the two actions e. to describe what was going on in the past (imperfect) when something else began or ended (preterit). Cuando usually links the two actions. f. to describe persons or things in the past. g. to express the time of day (the hour) in the past.

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4/15 Preterit and Imperfect Tenses Compared 1. The preterit is used to indicate the beginning or the end of an action or even occurring in the past. It may also indicate the complete event (both beginning and end). 2. The imperfect is used to indicate the continuance of a situation or even in the past. Neither the beginning nor the end is indicated. Thus, it is used: a. To express what was happening, used to happen, or happened repeatedly in the past. b. To describe persons, things, or situations in the past. c. To express the time of day in the past d. In the construction hacía + time expression + que + imperfect, to describe an action or event that began in the pst and continued in the past. In questions, how long? is expressed by ¿Cuánto timepo hacía que…? + imperfect. e. With the preterit, to describe what was going on in the past (imperfect) when another action or event occurred, that is, began or ended (preterit). Preterit= you did Imperfect= you had the ability to The Subjunctive (Pages 155-174) The subjunctive mood, on the other hand, expresses uncertainty, doubt, wished, desires, fears, conjecture, supposition, and conditions that are unreal or contrary to fact. [1] The Present Tense Subjunctive a. Regular Verbs Most verbs form the present tense subjunctive by dropping the ending of the yo form of the present indicative (-o) and adding the corresponding endings. bailar vender recibir (bailo) (vendo) (recibo) yo baile venda reciba tù bailes vendas recibas ud., el, ella baile venda reciba nosotros, -as bailemos vendamos recibamos uds., ellos, ellas bailen vendan reciban b. Verbs with Irregular yo Forms Verbs with regular yo forms in the present tense indicative used the same irregular stem to form the present tense subjunctive.

yo tù ud., el, ella nosotros, -as uds., ellos, ellas

caber to fit in quepo quepa quepas quepa quepamos quepan

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coger gather cojo coja cojas coja cojamos cojan

conocer to know conozco conzca conozcas conozca conozcamos conozcan

destruir to destroy destruyo destruya destruyas destruya destruyamos destruyan

distinguir to distinguish distingo distinga distingas distinga distingamos distingan

salir to leave salgo salga salgas salga salgamos salgan

venir to come vengo venga vengas venga vengamos vengan

5/15 c. Stem Changing Verbs (1) Stem-changing –ar and –er verbs have the same stem changes in the present tnese subjunctive as in the present tense indicative (e to ie, o to ue). cerrar to close yo cierre tù cierres ud., el, ella cierre nosotros, -as cerremos uds., ellos, ellas cierren

volver to return vuelva vuelvas vuelva volvamos vuelvan

(2) Stem-changing –ir verbs have the same stem changes in the present tense subjunctive as in the present tense indicative (e to ie, o to ue, e to i). In the nosotros and vosotros forms, the stem vowel e changes to I and the stem vowel o changes to u. sentir dormir repetir feel sorry for to sleep to repeat yo sienta duerma repita tù sientas duermas repitas ud., el, ella sienta duerma repita nosotros, -as sintamos durmamos repitamos uds., ellos, ellas sientan duerman repitan (3) Some verbs ending in –iar or –uar have an accent mark on the I or u in all forms except those for nosotros and vosotros. enviar continuar to mail to continue yo envíe continúe tù envies continues ud., el, ella envíe continue nosotros, -as enviemos continuemos uds., ellos, ellas envíen continúen d. Verbs with Spelling Changes In the present subjunctive of verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar, c changes to qu, g to gu, and z to c. These spelling changes are the same as those that occur in the yo fomr of the preterit. buscar pagar alzar (busqué) (pagué) (alcé) yo busque pague alce tù busques pagues alces ud., el, ella busque pague alce nosotros, -as busquemos paguemos alcemos uds., ellos, ellas busquen paguen alcen © Copyrighted Material

6/15 f. Present Tense Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs The following verbs have irregular forms in the present subjunctive: dar estar haber ir saber ser yo dé esté haya vaya sepa sea tù des estés hayas vayas sepas seas ud., el, ella dé esté haya vaya sepa sea nosotros, -as demos estemos hayamos vayamos sepamos seamos uds., ellos, ellas den estén hayan vayan sepan sean [2] The Present Perfect Subjunctive a. The present perfect subjunctive is formed by the present subjunctive of haber + the past participle of the verb in the dependent clause. b. The present perfect subjunctive is used if the verb in the main clause is in the present tense and the dependent verbs refers to an event that has taken place. Uses of the Subjunctive Mood Tenses [1] Dependent Clauses The subjunctive in dependent clauses is introduced by the conjunction que. a. The subjunctive tenses are used in a dependent clause when the verb in the main clause expresses advice, command, demand, desire, hope, permission, preference, prohibition, request, suggestion. Here are some common verbs that require the subjunctive. aconsejar—to advise decir—to tell desear—to wish esperar—to hope exigir—to demand mandar—to order ordenar—to order pedir—to ask; to request permitir—to permit preferir—to prefer prohibir—to prohibit querer—to want rogar—to beg sugerir—to suggest suplicar—to implore b. The subjunctive is used after verbs of feeling or emotion, such as fear, joy, sorrow, regret, surprise. Such verbs include: alegrarse (de)—to be glad lamenter—to be sorry about; to regret sentir—to be sorry about; regret sorprenderse (de)—to be surprised temer—to fear tener miedo (de)—to fear; to be afraid [2] Impersonal Constructions a. The subjunctive is used after certain impersonal expressions if the dependent verb has an expressed subject. es dudoso—it is doubtful es importante—it is important es imposible—it is impossible es una lastima—it is a pity b. The subjunctive is not used after impersonal espressions that ezpress certainty. es cierto—it is certain es claro—it is clear es evidente—it is evident es verdad—it is true [3] Sequence of Tenses a. The present tense of the subjunctive mood is generally used if the verb in the main clause is in the present indicative, tue future, present perfect, or the imperative (command form). b. The present perfect subjunctive (haya hablado has spoken) is formed by the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the verb in the dependent

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7/15 clause. The perfect subjunctive is used if the verb in the main clause is in the present tense and the dependent ver represents an event that has taken place. Different Tenses Present Tense (Page 3-42) [1] Present Tense of Regular Verbs a. The present tense of regular verbs is formed by droipping the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding the following personal endings: -ar: o, as, a, amos, an -er: o, es, e, emos, en -ir: o, es, e, imos, en Note: 1. In a negative statement, no follows the subject and goes immediately before the verb. 2. In a question, the subject usually follows the verb. 3. Unless required for clarity or for emphasis, subject pronouns are usually omitted. [2] Common –ar Verbs ayudar—to help coleccionar—to collect desear—to want, wish bajar—to go down comprar—to buy enseñar—to teach borrar—to erase contester—to answer entrar—to enter buscar—to look for cultivar—to cultivate escuchar—to listen caminar—to walk dejar—to let, allow, leave esperar—to wait, hope cantar—to sing descansar—to rest estudiar—to study explicar—to explain necesitar—to need regresar—to return gritar—to shout pagar—to pay for sacar—to take out hablar—to talk pasar—to pass tomar—to take, eat hallar—to find patinar—to skate trabajar—to work invitar—to invite practicar—to practice usar—to use llenar—to fill preguntar—to ask vijar—to travel llevar—to wear preparar—to prepare visitor—to visit mirar—to look at quitar—to take away [3] Common –er Verbs aprender—to lear beber—to drink comer—to eat comprender—to understand [4] Common –ir Verbs abrir—to open asistir—to attend cubrir—to cover decidir—to decide describir—to describe

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correr—to run creer—to believe deber—to have to esconder—to hide

dividir—to divide escribir—to write insister—to insist on partir—to leave permitir—to permit

leer—to read prometer—to promise responder—to answer vender—to sell

recibir—to recieve subir—to go up sufrir—to suffer vivir—to live

8/15 Note: Meanings in English yo como I eat usted baila you dance ellos viven they live [5] Stem-Changing –ar and –er Verbs a. Many verbs that contain e in the stem change the e to ie in all present tense forms exceptthose for nosotros. b. Many verbs that contain o in the stem change the o to ue in all present tense forms except those for nosotros. c. This change occurs in the syllable directly before the verb ending. d. The verbs cerrar, defender, contra, and volver have regular endings in the present tense. Common Stem-Changing Verbs E to IE despertarse—to wake up pensar—to think empezar—to begin perder—to lose encender—to light quebrar—to break entender—to understand querer—to want gobernar—to govern sentarse—to sit down nevar—to snow temblar—to tremble O to UE acordarse—to remember envolver—to wrap poder—to be able to acostarse—to go to bed jugar (ue)—to play probar—to prove almorzar—to eat lunch llover—to rain recorder—to remember contar—to count morder—to bite sonar—to sound costar—to cost mostrar—to show soñar con—to dream devolver—to return mover—to move volar—to fly encontrar—to find oler (hue)—to smell volver—to return [6] Stem-Changing –ir Verbs a. Some –ir verbs that contain an e in the stem change the i to ie or to i in all present-tense forms, except those for nosotros. b. Some –ir verbs that contain an o in the stem change the o to ue in all presenttense forms, except those for nosotros. c. The change occurs in the syllable directly befor the verb ending. d. The verbs sentir, dormir, and pedir have regular ending in the present tense. E to IE atravesar—to cross calentar—to heat cerrar—to close comenzar—to begin confesar—to confess defender—to defend

preferir—to prefer referir—to tell; to narrate sentir—to regret O to UE dormir—to sleep morir(se)—to die E to I despedirse—to say goodbye reír(se)—to laugh sonreír(se)—to smile impeder—to prevent reñir—to scold vestirse—to dress medir—to measure repetir—to repeat server—to serve pedir—to ask for © Copyrighted Material

9/15 [7] Verbs Ending in –iar and –uar a. Some verbs ending in –iar and –uar have a written accent mark on the I or the u in all present-tense forms, except those for nosotros. Note: 1. The verbs anunciar, averiguar, cambiar, copiar, estudiaar, iniciar, limpiar, odiar, principiar, and pronunciar are exceptions and have no accents on the i or the u. 2. All –iar and –uar verbs that have an accent on the I or u are identified in the end vocabulary by (í) or (ú) after the verb. enviar continuar to send to continue yo envío continúo tù envías continúas ud., el, ella envía continua nosotros, -as enviamos continuamos uds., ellos, ellas envían continúan c. Verbs like enviar and continuar confiar—to rely on actuar—to act guiar—to guide graduarse—to graduate resfriarse—to catch a cold situar—to locate variar—to vary [8] Verbs Ending in –uir a. Verbs ending in –uir (but not –guir) insert a y in the stem before the presenttense endings. huir to flee yo huyo tù huyes ud., el, ella huye nosotros, -as huimos uds., ellos, ellas huyen Note: All verbs ending in –uir that add a y are identified in the end vocabulary by (y) after the infinitive. b. Common Verbs Ending in –uir concluir—to conclude destruir—to destroy influir—to influence construir—to construct destribuir—to distribute sustituir—to substitute contribuir—to contribute [9] Verbs Ending in –cer and –cir a. Most verbs whose infinitives end in –cer and –cir have the ending –zco in the first-person singular of the present tense. This pattern occurs only if a vowel precedes the c in the infinitive. b. If a consonant precedes the c in the infinitive, the ending –zo is used in the first-person singular of the present tense.

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10/15 Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end vocabulary by (z) or (zc) after the infinitive. d. Common Verbs with Spelling Changes 1. –cer Verbs (like ofrecer) agradecer—to thank for nacer—to be born parecer—to seem aparecer—to appear obedecer—to obey permanecer—to remain conocer—to know ofrecer—to offer pertenecer—to belong desaparecer—to disappear padecer—to suffer reconocer—to recognize merecer—to deserve 2. –cer Verbs (like venecer) convenecer—to convince ejercer—to exercise venecer—to conquer 3. –cir Verbs conducir—to lead reducir—to reduce producir—to produce traducir—to translate Note: The verbs hacer and decir are exceptions [10] Verbs Ending in –ger and –gir a. Most verbs whose infinitives end in –ger and –gir have the ending –jo in the first-person singular of the present tense. b. This pattern occurs to preserve the original sound in accordance with the rules for Spanish pronunciation. Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end vocabulary by (j) after the infinitive. c. Common –ger and –gir Verbs coger—to catch recoger—to pick up dirigirse—to address escoger—to choose corregir (i)—to correct proteger—to protect dirigir—to direct elegir (i)—to elect [11] Verbs Ending in –guir a. Most verbs whose infinitive end in –guir have the ending –go in the first-person singular of the present tense. b. This pattern occurs to preserve the original sound in accordance with the rule for Spanish pronunciation. Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end vocabulary by (g) after the infinitive. c. Common –guir Verbs conseguir (i)—to get perseguir (i)—to pursue distinguir—to distinguish seguir (i)—to follow extinguir—to extinguish Verbs Irregular in the Present Tense [1] Verbs With Irregular Yo Forms a. In the present tense, the following verbs have irregular yo forms: caber—to fit quepo dar—to give doy hacer—to do hago poner—to put pongo saber—to know sé salir—to go out salgo

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11/15 valer—to be worth valgo ver—to see veo b. The yo ofrm of caer (to fall) and traer (to bring) has an I between the stem and the first-person singular ending (-go). Their other forms are regular. caer—to fall caigo traer—to bring traigo [2] Verbs with Irregular Present-Tense Forms The following verbs are irregular in the present form: decir—to say digo dices dice decimos dicen estar—to be estoy estás está estamos están ir—to go voy vas va vamos van oir—to hear oigo oyes oye oímos oyen ser—to be soy eres es somos son tener—to have tengo tienes tiene tenemos tienen venir—to come vengo vienes viene venimos vienen Progressive Tenses (Pages 120-125) [1] The progressive tenses are used to talk about an action that is (was or will be) in progress or is continuing at the moment indicated. The gerund is used with forms of the verbs estar, seguir, and continuar, and with verbs of motion. Los ninos están llorando. The Children are crying. El estaba leyendo. He was reading. Siguen escribiendo. They continue writing. Continuaban hablando. They continued speaking. Entró gritando. He entered shouting. Note: The present participles of estar, ir, and venir are not usually used to form the progressive tenses. Instead, the simple tenses are used. The Past Participle; Compound Tenses [1] The Past Participle a. Past Participles of Regular Verbs The past participle of refular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding –ado or –ido. Infinitive visitar aprender vivir

Past Participle visitado aprendido vivido

Meaning visited learned lived

b. Past Participles Ending in –ido The past participles of –er and –ir verbs with stems ending in a vowel have an accent mark. Infinitive Past Participle Meaning caer caído fallen reír reído laughed traer traído brought

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12/15 c. Irregular Past Participles Ending in –to The following verbs have irregular past participles ending in –to. Infinitive Past Participle Meaning abrir abierto opened cubrir cubierto covered descubrir descubierto discovered escribir escrito written morir muerto died poner puesto put romper roto broken ver visto seen volver vuelto returned The following verbs have irregular past participles ending in –cho. Infinitive Past Participle Meaning decir dicho said hacer hecho done, made [2] The Present Perfect Tense a. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the verb haber (to have) and a past participle yo he tù has visitado/ aprendido/ vivido ud., el, ella ha nosotros, -as hemos uds., ellos, ellas han b. To make a verb in the perfect tenses negative, place no before the verb haber. To make a verb interrogative, place the subject after the past participle. No han vivido allí. They haven’t lived there. ¿Ha visto Ud. la película? Have you seen the film? Yo no me he bañado todavía. I haven’t bathed myself yet. Note: Nothing comes between the verb haber and the past participle. Pronouns (reflexive and object) come before the verb haber. c. The present perfect tense is used to describe an action that began in the past and continues up to the present or an action that took place in the past but is connected with the present. [3] The Pluperfect Tense a. The pluperfect tense is formed by the imperfect tense of the verb haber (to have) and a past participle. yo había tù habías visitado/ aprendido/ vivido ud., el, ella había nosotros, -as habíamos uds., ellos, ellas habían b. The pluperfect tnese is used to describe an action that was completed in the past before another action took place Yo los había visitado antes. I had visited them before. © Copyrighted Material

13/15 The Future Tense (Page 96-99) [1] The Future Tense of Regular Verbs The future tense is formed by adding to the infinitive the following endings: ayudar aprender abrir to help to learn to open I shall help I shall learn I shall open yo ayudaré aprenderé abriré tù ayudarás aprenderás abrirás ud., el, ella ayudará aprenderá abrirá nosotros, -as ayudaremos aprenderemos abriremos uds., ellos, ellas ayudarán aprenderán abrirán Note: 1. In English, the future tense is expressed by means of the helping verb will or shall. 2. All endings have an accent mark except –emos. [2] The Future Tense of Irregular Verbs Some verbs form the future tense by adding the future personal endings (-é, -ás, á, -emos, -án) to an irregular stem. a. The following verbs drop the e of the infinitive ending before adding the endings of the future. caber haber poder querer saber to fit to have to be able to want to know yo cabré habré podré querré sabré tù cabrás habrás podrás querrás sabrás ud., el, ella cabrá habrá podrá querrá sabrá nosotros, -as cabremos habremos podremos querremos sabremos uds., ellos, ellas cabrán habrán podrán querán sabrán b. The following verbs replace the e or i of the infinitive ending with a d before adding the dndings of the future: poner salir tener valer venir to put to leave to have to be worth to come yo ponder saldré tendré valdré vendré tù pondrás saldrás tendrás valdrás vendrás ud., el, ella pondrá saldrá tendrá valdrá vendrá nosotros, -as pondremos saldremos tendremos valdremos vendremos uds., ellos, ellas pondrán saldrán tendrán valdrán vendrán c. The following verbs drop the e and c of the infinitive before adding the endings of the future: decir hacer to say to do yo dire haré tù dirás harás ud., el, ella dirá hará nosotros, -as diremos haremos uds., ellos, ellas dirán harán

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14/15 [3] Uses of the Future Tense The future tense is used: a. To express future time. b. To express wondermentor probability in the present time. The Conditional Tense (Pg. 104-108) [1] Regular Verbs a. The conditional tense is formed by adding to the infinitive the following endings: viajar comer permitir to travel to eat to permit yo viajaría comería permitiría tù viajarías comerías permitirías ud., el, ella viajaría comería permitiría nosotros, -as viajaríamos comeríamos permitiríamos uds., ellos, ellas viajarían comerían permitirían b. In English, the conditional tnese is expressed by means of the helping verb would. ¿Adonde viajarías? Where would you travel to? c. All the endings have an accent mark on the i of the ending. [2] Verbs Irregular in the Conditional Tense Some verbs form the conditional tnese by adding the conditional personal endings to an irregular stem. a. The following verbs drop the e of the infinitive ending before adding the endings of the conditional. caber haber poder querer saber to fit to have to be able to want to know yo cabría habría podría querría sabría tù cabrías habrías podrías querrías sabrías ud., el, ella cabría habría podría querría sabría nosotros, -as cabríamos habríamos podríamos querríamos sabríamos uds., ellos, ellas cabrían habrían podrían querrían sabrían b. The following verbs replace the e (or i) of the infinitive ending with a d before adding the endings of the conditional: poner salir tener valer venir to put to leave to have to be worth to come yo pondría saldría tendría valdría vendría tù pondrías saldrías tendrías valdrías vendrías ud., el, ella pondría saldría tendría valdría vendría nosotros, -as pondríamos saldríamos tendríamos valdríamos vendríamos uds., ellos, ellas pondrían saldrían tendrían valdrían vendrían

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c. The follwing verbs drop the e and c of the infinitive before adding the endings of the conditional: decir hacer to say to do yo diría haría tù dirías harías ud., el, ella diría haría nosotros, -as diríamos haríamos uds., ellos, ellas dirían harían [3] Uses of the Conditional Tense The conditional is used: a. To express what would or could happen in the future or to make a polite request. Pagaría mucho por las joyas. I would pay a lot for the jewlry. b. To express wonderment or probability in the past. Sería la una. It was probably one o’clock.

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