SPANISH 2 STUDY GUIDE 1ST SEMESTER ETAPA PRELIMINAR *pages 1-25 *adjective agreement *tener *ser vs. estar *interrogatives

*telling time *present tense verb endings *ir *irregular yo forms *stem-changing verbs

ADJECTIVE AGREEMENT (p.7) *adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun(s) they describe *masculine adjectives end with an O or an E *feminine adjectives end with an A or an E *if an adjective ends with a vowel, add an S to make it plural *if an adjective ends with a consonant, add ES to make it plural TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING: 1. the tall girls

_______________________________

2. the boring book

_______________________________

3. the white shoes

_______________________________

4. the red skirt

_______________________________

5. the blue pants

_______________________________

MAKE THE FOLLOWING PLURAL: 1. el hombre guapo

________________________________

2. la mujer bonita

________________________________

3. el carro feo

________________________________

4. el maestro paciente

________________________________

5. la chaqueta verde

________________________________

TENER (p.9) *the verb TENER means TO HAVE *it can be used to show possession and age *it can also be used with idiomatic expressions (tener frío, tener cuidado, tener envidia) *when it precedes the word QUE and an infinitive it means to have to do something COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF TENER IN THE PRESENT TENSE. 1. Los estudiantes ___________________ que estudiar para la prueba. 2. Yo __________________ quince años. 3. Mi familia ____________________ una casa grande. 4. Tú _____________________ miedo de las películas de horror. 5. Nosotros ___________________ un examen mañana.

SER vs. ESTAR (p.10) *use the CNOTE acronym to decide when to use a form of SER. CNOTE stands for Characteristics, Nationality, Origin, Time & Equivalence. *remember the rhyme “How you feel and where you are, always use the verb ESTAR” *both verbs mean “to be” COMPLETE THE CHARTS BELOW WITH THE 5 FORMS OF EACH VERB: SER

ESTAR

___________________________

_______________________________

X ___________________________

X _______________________________

COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF SER OR ESTAR. 1. Mis padres __________________ de México. 2. Yo _______________ estudiante en PHS.

7. ______________ las diez y media.

3. ¿Cómo __________________ tu hoy? 4. La maestra ________________ en la oficina. 5. Yo ___________________ muy cansada hoy. 6. Nosotros ___________________ estadounidenses.

8. Tú _____________ muy alto.

INTERROGATIVES (p.13) *remember that all question words have an accent mark GIVE THE SPANISH OF EACH INTERROGATIVE WORD to where

____________________

who

_______________________

how

____________________

which (ones)

_______________________

when

____________________

how many

_______________________

how much

____________________

where

_______________________

what

____________________

why

_______________________

TELLING TIME (p.15) * ¿Que hora es? = What time is it? * ¿A que hora? = At what time? WRITE OUT THE TIMES IN DIGITS. 1. Es la una.

_________________________

2. Son las diez y media.

_________________________

3. Son las doce menos cinco.

_________________________

4. Son las dos.

_________________________

5. Es la una menos cuarto.

_________________________

6. Son las ocho y cuarto.

_________________________

PRESENT TENSE VERB ENDINGS (p.17) *For all regular verbs in the present tense, you drop off the last two letters (AR, ER or IR) and add the appropriate endings. FILL IN THE CHARTS BELOW WITH PRESENT TENSE VERB ENDINGS AR

ER

IR

___________________

_____________________

___________________

X ___________________

X _____________________

X ___________________

CONJUGATE THE MOST LOGICAL VERB IN THE PRESENT TENSE TO AGREE WITH THE SUBJECT. 1. Yo _____________________ (cantar/bailar) en el coro. 2. Nosotros ____________________ (vivir/ayudar) en Plainfield. 3. Tú ____________________ (leer/hablar) por teléfono con tus amigos. 4. Ellos ______________________ (correr/escribir) su tarea en la clase. 5. La maestra ___________________ (ensenar/comer) la lección. 6. Yo __________________ (recibir/correr) en la clase de educación física. 7. Mis amigos y yo _____________________ (trabajar/patinar) en el parque. 8. Los chicos ______________________ (comer/trabajar) hamburguesas y papas fritas.

IR (p.19) *the verb IR means “to go” *when it precedes “a” and an infinitive it means the subject is going to do something (near future) COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH A PRESENT TENSE FORM OF THE VERB IR. 1. Mis amigos _______________ al gimnasio para jugar al baloncesto. 2. Yo ________________ a estudiar en la biblioteca. 3. Tú _______________ a la tienda con tu mamá. 4. Nosotros ___________________ a ir de compras. 5. El __________________ a Mexico en avión.

STEM-CHANGING VERBS (p.21) *some verbs have stem changes in the boot forms (e»ie, o»ue, e»i) *if it’s a BOOT VERB, it means it does NOT stem change in the nosotros form *there’s a list of more stem-changing verbs on page 25 of your textbook GIVE THE MEANINGS AND PRESENT TENSE STEM CHANGES FOR THE FOLLOWING VERBS: INFINITIVE cerrar pedir contar perder pensar poder

MEANING _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

CHANGE ____to____ ____to____ ____to____ ____to____ ____to____ ____to____

INFINITIVE dormir servir recordar volver querer almorzar

MEANING

CHANGE

_____________ ____to____ _____________ ____to____ _____________ ____to____ _____________ ____to____ _____________ ____to____ _____________ ____to___

IRREGULAR YO FORMS (p.23) *Some verbs have YO forms that are irregular in the present tense. All other forms of the verb “follow the rules” for conjugating except for the YO form GIVE THE YO FORM AND MEANINGS FOR THE FOLLOWING VERBS: YO FORM

MEANING

1. hacer

___________________

____________________

2. poner

___________________

____________________

3. salir

___________________

____________________

4. traer

___________________

____________________

5. caer

___________________

____________________

6. dar

___________________

____________________

7. saber

___________________

____________________

8. ver

___________________

____________________

9. conocer

___________________

____________________

UNIDAD 1, ETAPA 1 *pages 32-51 *CAR,GAR,ZAR verbs in the preterite

*regular preterite endings *5 irregular preterites

PRETERITE (p.38) *the preterite is used to talk about completed actions in the past * we most frequently use the preterite in the following circumstances: 1. ACTIONS THAT CAN BE VIEWED AS SINGLE EVENTS 2. ACTIONS THAT WERE REPEATED A SPECIFIC NUMBER OF TIMES 3. ACTIONS THAT OCCURRED DURING A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD 4. ACTIONS THAT WERE PART OF A CHAIN OF EVENTS 5. STATING THE BEGINNING OR THE END OF AN ACTION 6. WHEN WE HAVE KEY WORDS (anoche, ayer, el año pasado, etc) GIVE THE REGULAR PRETERITE ENDINGS: AR

ER

IR

___________________

_____________________

___________________

X ___________________

X _____________________

X ___________________

CAR, GAR, ZAR IN THE PRETERITE (p.41) *”AR” verbs that end with CAR, GAR or ZAR have spelling changes in the YO form only *they will all still end with an accented e. TELL WHAT CHANGES ARE MADE & GIVE THE PRETERITE YO FORMS: C » ______

G » _______

Z » _______

sacar

_____________

llegar

______________

empezar _______________

tocar

_____________

jugar

______________

comenzar ______________

buscar _____________

pagar

______________

almorzar ______________

*other “CAR” verbs that aren’t listed above include SACAR, EXPLICAR & PRACTICAR

IRREGULAR PRETERITE (p.42) *the following 5 verbs do NOT follow the “rules” for preterite endings *IR and SER have the same forms in the preterite * DAR and VER are only considered irregular because they do not have the accent marks that the the regular preterite endings do *HACER is the 5th irregular preterite verb; it means to do or to make

FILL IN THE CHARTS BELOW WITH THE PRETERITE FORMS OF THESE IRREGULAR VERBS: IR= to go (went)

SER= to be (was/were)

VER=to see (saw)

___________________

_____________________

___________________

X ___________________

X _____________________

X ___________________

DAR= to give (gave)

HACER= to do/make (did/made)

___________________

_____________________

X ___________________

X _____________________

UNIDAD 1, ETAPA 2 *pages 52-73 *more present tense stemchangers *more irregular preterite Unidad 1, Etapa 2 provides more examples of verbs that have stem changes in the present tense (A.K.A. boot verbs). You can refer back to the etapa preliminary or page 73 to see examples. IRREGULAR PRETERITE (p.63) *The following 8 verbs have their own “rules” for the preterite. The stem for each verb has to be memorized. The endings of these 8 verbs are the same regardless of whether they are an AR, ER or an IR verb. GIVE THE PRETERITE STEM AND THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS: INFINITIVE

MEANING

STEM

venir

__________________

___________________

tener

__________________

___________________

andar

__________________

___________________

saber

__________________

___________________

auerer

__________________

___________________

poner

__________________

___________________

poder

__________________

___________________

estar

__________________

___________________

FILL IN THE CHART WITH THE PRETERITE ENDINGS OF THE 8 IRREGULAR VERBS ABOVE

__________________________ X __________________________

CONJUGATE THE FOLLOWING VERBS IN THE PRETERITE SO THEY AGREE WITH THE SUBJECT estar/tú

________________________

querer/yo

________________________

saber/ella

________________________

querer/nosotros

________________________

venir/ellos

________________________

poner/tú

________________________

poder/él

________________________

andar/Uds.

________________________

“J” VERBS (p.63) *the following verbs have a J in their preterite stem *verbs that have the J in their preterite stem use the same preterite endings as the 8 irregulars on the previous page, however the ellos/ellas/Uds. form does NOT have an I in it GIVE THE PRETERITE STEM AND THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS: INFINITIVE MEANING STEM decir

__________________

___________________

traer

__________________

___________________

conducir

__________________

___________________

producir

__________________

___________________

traducir

__________________

___________________

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH: we said

___________________

you translated

___________________

they produced

___________________

he brought

___________________

I drove

___________________

they said

___________________

UNIDAD 1, ETAPA 3 *pages 74-97 *stem-changing verbs in the preterite *”y” verbs in the preterite

*demonstrative adjectives *nationalities *saber vs. conocer

SABER VS. CONOCER (p.83) *saber and conocer both mean “to know” *conocer is used for people and places; conocer can also mean “to be familiar with” *saber is used before infinitives, before “si”, before “que”, question words and with facts/information COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF SABER OR CONOCER 1. Nosotros _____________________ la Ciudad de Mexico. 2. Yo __________________ que manana es su cumpleanos. 3. Tu no ___________________ a la maestra de frances. 4. Ellos no ___________________ si tenemos una prueba hoy. 5. Ella ____________________ bailar. 6. Ella ____________________ a tu hermano. 7. Yo __________________ a Elena. 8. Tu ____________________ patinar sobre hielo.

NATIONALITIES (p.82) *nationalities are like all other adjectives; they must agree in gender and number with the noun(s) they describe TELL THE NATIONALITY OF THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE USING FORMS OF SER. CHANGE THE ENDING OF THE NATIONALITY SO IT AGREES W/ THE SUBJECT: 1. Maria es de Mexico.

_____________________________________

2. Yo soy de los Estados Unidos.

_____________________________________

3. Tu eres de Costa Rica.

_____________________________________

4. Los chicos son de Peru.

_____________________________________

5. Nosotros somos de Chile.

_____________________________________

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (p.84) *demonstrative adjectives refer to someone or something that are NEAR the speaker, FAR FROM the speaker, or AT A GREAT DISTANCE from the speaker *demonstrative adjectives must also agree in gender and number with the noun they describe *demonstrative adjectives, unlike most other adjectives, come BEFORE the noun(s). *demonstratives (when not accompanied by a noun) serve as a pronoun and mean “this one, those ones, that one”, etc.) REPLACE THE UNDERLINED, DEFINITE ARTICLE WITH THE 3 POSSIBLE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES: 1. La reportera escribio un reportaje.

___________

____________

____________

2. Los articulos son aburridos.

___________

____________

____________

3. El fotografo saco muchas fotos.

___________

____________

____________

4. Las tiras comicas son buenas.

___________

____________

____________

“Y” VERBS (p.87) THE FOLLOWING VERBS HAVE A Y IN THE EL/ELLA/UD. & THE ELLOS/ELLAS/UDS. FORMS IN THE PRETERITE: leer, creer, oir, caer CONJUGATE THE VERBS IN THE PRETERITE TO AGREE WITH THE GIVEN SUBJECT: leer/ella _________________

caer/el _________________ oir/ellas __________________

creer/Ud. _________________ leer/ellos _________________ oir/Uds. _________________

PRETERITE STEM-CHANGERS (p.86) *verbs that have stem changes in the preterite ONLY change in the el/ella/Ud. form and the ellos/ellas/Uds. form (we called them “sock verbs” or “bottom feeders”) *some verbs change E to I and others change O to U GIVE THE SPANISH OF EACH VERB AND TELL WHAT THE PRETERITE STEM CHANGE IS AND THEN CONJUGATE THE VERB TO AGREE WITH THE GIVEN SUBJECT. INFINITIVE

STEM CHANGE

CONJUGATION

__________________ = to ask for, to order

______ to ______

ella _________________

__________________ = to sleep

______ to ______

ellos ________________

__________________ = to serve

______ to ______

el __________________

__________________ = to die

______ to ______

Uds. _________________

__________________ = to compete

______ to ______

ellas _________________

__________________ = to repeat

______ to ______

Ud. __________________

__________________ = to prefer

______ to ______

ellos __________________

UNIDAD 2, ETAPA 2 *pages 104-125 *reflexive verbs

MEANING

*imperfect *long form possessive adjectives

IMPERFECT (p.116) *the imperfect is another form of the past tense *we use the acronym DR. LEWAIT to indicate when to use the imperfect (as opposed to the preterite) *we also have many key words/phrases that indicate when to use the imperfect (siempre, mientras, etc *there are only 3 irregular verbs in the preterite: IR, VER & SER

regular AR endings

regular ER& IR endings 5 forms of IR _____, _____, ____ ________, _____

________________ X _________________

_________________ X _________________

5 forms of SER _____, _____, ___ _______, _____ 5 forms of VER ______, _____, _ ______, _____

FILL IN THE MEANINGS FOR EACH LETTER IN THE DR. LEWAIT ACRONYM

CONJUGATE THE FOLLOWING VERBS IN THE IMPERFECT

D______________________

ver/Uds.

______________________

R______________________

hablar/ellos

______________________

L______________________

comer/tu

______________________

E______________________

vivir/yo

______________________

W_____________________

ser/ella

______________________

A______________________

trabajar/yo

______________________

I______________________

ir/nosotros

______________________

T______________________

correr/ellas

______________________

REFLEXIVE VERBS (p.114) *preceded by a reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nos, se) *a reflexive pronoun indicates that subject of the verb is involved in the action *the reflexive pronoun is the same person, place or thing as the subject COMPLETE THE SENTENCES THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB IN PARENTHESIS. CONJUGATE THE VERB IN THE PRESENT TENSE. DON’T FORGET TO INCLUDE THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 1. Mis amigos y yo _______ _________________ cuando no hay nada para hacer. (aburrirse) 2. Yo ______ __________________ enfermo despues de comer muchos dulces. (sentirse) e»ie 3. Mi hermanastra _______ _________________ con mis hermanos y yo. (pelearse) 4. Tú _______ _________________ detrás de un árbol. (esconderse) 5. Los chicos ______ _________________ en la fiesta. (divertirse) e»ie LONG FORM POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (p.112) *are placed AFTER nouns, rather than before them like the short form adjectives *translate to “of mine,” “of ours” etc. *must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe GIVE THE FOUR WAYS TO SAY EACH OF THE FOLLOWING POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: OF OF OF OF

MINE _________, _________, _________, __________ YOURS _________, _________, _________, __________ HIS/HERS/THEIRS _________, _________, _________, __________ OURS _________, _________, _________, __________

UNIDAD 2, ETAPA 2 *pages 128-147 *preterite vs. imperfect

*past progressive *ordinal numbers

PAST PROGRESSIVE (p.135) *similar to the imperfect (in meaning) *uses a form of ESTAR in the imperfect followed by the –NDO form of the verb COMPLETE THE CHART WITH THE IMPERFECT FORMS OF “ESTAR”

WHAT ENDINGS TO YOU PUT ON THE STEM TO FORM THE PAST PROGRESSIVE?

_______________________________ X _______________________________

for AR verbs:

_______________

for ER & IR verbs:

_______________

for stems that end with a vowel:

_______________

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING TO SPANISH: She was eating

____________________

I was reading

They were talking

____________________

We were writing

You were hearing

____________________

He was singing

_____________________ ___________________ ______________________

ORDINAL NUMBERS (p.140) *change masculine/feminine depending on the noun they accompany *for “primero” & “tercero”… they lose the “o” when the precede a singular, masculine noun (it’ll keep the “o” if it is by itself—no noun after it) DESCRIBE THE LINE DDd 1. Sonia es la _________________. Q 2. Ernesto es el _________________. 3. Emilia es la ___________________. 4. Juana es la ___________________. 5. Julio es el ____________________. 6. Roberta es la _________________. 7. Carmen es la __________________. 8. Raúl es el ____________________. 9. Pablo es el ___________________. 10. Felipe es el ___________________.