NATIONAL ANTHEM

PLEDGE

CONTENTS

1. MEDIEVAL INDIA : CONCEPT OF KINGSHIP AND NATURE OF ADMINISTRATION 2.FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES 3.THE EAST AND WEST: ERA OF EXCHANGES 1. MEDIEVAL INDIA CONCEPT IN OFMEDIEVAL KINGSHIPINDIA AND 4.SOCIETY AND :ECONOMY NATURE OF ADMINISTRATION

MEDIEVAL INDIA: CONCEPT OF KINGSHIP AND NATURE OF ADMINISTRATION

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Centralized Mughal administration

The medieval period in Indian history is difficult to clearly define. It may be perceived as the long phase of India’s transition from the ancient to the immediately precolonial times. Medieval period lasted from the 8th to the 18th century CE with early medieval period from the 8th century to 13th century and the late medieval period from the 13th to the 18th century. Early medieval period witnessed wars among regional kingdoms from north and south India whereas late medieval period saw the number of Muslim invasions by Mughals, Afghans and Turks. Some scholars believe that start of the Mughal empire is the end of Medieval period in India.

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Babur founded the Mughal defeating Ibrahim Lodhi at Panipat in 1526. The word Mughal has its origin in Babur’s Mongol ancestry. In 1530 Babur’s son Humayun came to power. A battle at Kanauj in 1540 brought Sher Shah into power but again Humayun recaptured Delhi and Agra. He was succeeded by his son Akbar. Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangazeb are the other Mughal kings. Prepare an album by collecting pictures of Mughal emperors and their ruling period

Administration is the process or activity by which a system is run. The Mughal state in India was largely a continuation of Turkish state in various aspects of its legal status, organization of administration and functions.

Historical map of Mughal empire in India

The Mughal empire was the central administrative authority in order to hold the entire power.

Many officers were appointed in different positions of the

administration to govern and rule this entire part of this empire.

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Eminent historians have analyzed the character and nature of Mughal state. It was a combination of Indian and extra Indian elements or more correctly, a Perso – Arabic system in Indian setting.

LEVELS OF MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION

The levels of Mughal administration were divided into many subparts. The different officers were appointed in these governmental departments. The levels the Mughal administration are listed below.

The first Mughal Emperor Babur The Mughal empire ruled almost in every part of modern India. The Mughal empire was the central administrative authority in order to hold the entire power.

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MUGHAL EMPERORS MUGHAL EMPERORS The emperor was the superior and holds supreme

• •

authority of the entire Mughal empire.The order of the emperor was the last and final order in Mughal administration.

Babur – (1526- 1530) Humayun -(1530 –1540) (1555 -

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Akbar – (1556 – 1605) Jahangir-(1605-1627) Shahjahan-(1627 –1658) Aurangazeb-(1658-1707)

Wakil was the Prime Minister of the Mughal dynasty. The Office of the wakil was important in the government of the Mughal empire, first in the ministerial hierarchy and only next to Mughal Emperor. WAZIR

Wazir was also known as diwan, and had both civil and military power. Later, in the era of king Akbar ,he took the financial power of the wakil and handed this power to diwan- i- kul, who was the finance minister. MIR BAKSHI

Mir Bakshi keeps an important role at the central level in the Mughal empire. He looks out the payment, appointment and other works related to the soldiers.

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1556)

FEATURES OF MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION

SADR

Sadr was the head of Judiciary. He supervised the work of judges and religious scholars across the empire. Sadr acted as Chief Qazi before Shah Jahan.

Discuss the important features of central administration of Mughals

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT MUGHAL EMPIRE ❖ For official and matters pertaining to court, Persian language was used by Mughals. ❖ At its peak point, the Mughal empire was the second most largest empire in Indian history after Mauryan empire. ❖ Gunpowder was introduced for the first time in Indian subcontinent by Mughals.

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Blend of religion and politics. Centralized despotism Divine right of kingship. Imported certain foreign elements. Based on military power. Rule of aristocracy. Revenue administration. Council of ministers

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Local administration was a miniature of the central administration. For the convenience of administration the empire was divided into Subahs, Sarkars, Parganas and Villages. During the era of Akbar, he divided the Mughal empire into 12 subahs.

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MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION UNDER AKBAR Akbar paid great attention to the organization of the central and provincial governments . His system of central government was based on the structure of government that had evolved under the Delhi sultanate but the functions of various departments were carefully reorganized .

The administration of Akbar was categorized into 5 main divisions. a. b. c. d. e.

The centralized government. The provincial or state governance The legislative division The military division The financial department

On the outline map of India , mark the extent of Akbar’s empire

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MANSABDARI SYSTEM Akbar organized the nobility as well as his army by means of the mansabdari system . Under this system ,every office was assigned a rank – mansab. Mansabdari was the administrative system implemented by Mughal Emperor Akbar in1571. The word ‘Mansab' means position or rank. There was a dual representation of Mansab: 1. Zat – This indicated the Rank in the administration as well as the salary of the Mansabdar. 2. Sawar – This represented the Cavalry Rank. It denotes the number of horses and cavalrymen maintained by a Mansabdar.

What were the features of Akbar's administration?

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JAGIRDARI SYSTEM Assignment of a piece of land to an individual for the purpose of collection of revenue in lieu of cash salary is an age-old practice in India. In the Delhi Sultanate period such assignments were called Iqtas. The Mughal emperors also implemented this system and the areas assigned were called Jagirs and their holders, Jagirdars. In the time of Akbar, the territory was broadly divided as Khalisa and Jagir.The revenue of Khalisa territory was collected and deposited in The mansabdars who were assigned the revenue of a tract of land (jagir) were known as jagirdars. The jagirdar used to collect the revenue from the tenants or cultivators residing within the tract of land (or jagir) that he had been assigned by the emperor. DIN – I – ILAHI After interacting with people of different religions for many years, Akbar concluded that all religions preach the message of love, respect and peace. He felt that if the common ideals of all religions could be combined to from a new creed, the people of his empire would benefit from it. Therefore he suggested a religious path called “Din-i-ilahi” or Divine monotheism – religion of one God. He also declared himself as the spiritual guide of his subjects. Din-i-Ilahi was a very simple path. It encouraged belief in one God. The practice of worshipping the sun, fire and other sources of light was important element in it.

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MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION

CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION

SADR WAZIR

WAKIL

SUBEDAR

MIR BAKSHI

CHOWDHARI

FAUJDAR SHIQDAR KOTWAL

SUMMARY ➢ The Mughal empire was the central administrative authority where the Emperor was supreme . ➢ The officers of the central administration were Wakil, Wazir, Mir Bakshi, and Sadr. ➢ Local administrative officers include Subedar, Shiqdar, Faujdar, Chowdhari, Kotwal. ➢ The Mughal administration attained strength during the time of Akbar as it is evident from the adoption of Mansabdari system and policies like Din –i- Ilahi .

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