Diseases Type of Disease

Disease

Causal Agent

Path of Entry

Spread through

Incubation Period

Bacterial Diseases

Typhoid (Enteric Fever)

Salmonella typhi

Gastrointestinal tract

Contaminated food & water

1-4 weeks

● Abdominal pain ● Headache ● Rosy spots on lower abdomen ● Diarrhoea(Green) ● Produce perforations on small intestine(fatal)

● Chloromycetin ● TAB vaccine(TyphoidParatyphoid A & B) ○ Immunity for 3 years

● Proper disposal of food & fluids ● Disinfect water ● Proper cooking of food

Killed

Tuberculosis (Koch’s Disease)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Respiratory Tract

Contaminated air particles

2-10 weeks

● Common Symptoms○ Anorexia(Loss of appetite) ○ Weight loss ○ Night sweats ● Pulmonary Tuberculosis○ Chest pain ○ Persistent cough ○ Sputum containing blood ○ Breathlessness ● Lymph Glands Tuberculosis○ Swelling of lymph nodes

● 6 essential drugs ○ Rifampicin ○ INH ○ Ethambutol ○ Thioacetone ○ Streptomycin ○ Pyrazinamide ● Proper rest, Proper diet, Rehabilitation Surgery

● Isolate & proper rehabilitation of patient ● Avoid crowded places ● Good ventilation, Good nutrition ● BCG vaccine(Bacillus Calmette& Guerin) ○ Discovered by Calmette& Guerin

Weakened

Rabies (Hydrophobia)

Rabies Virus

Skin

Animal Bite(Dog)

10 days- 3 months

● Headache ● Painful contraction of muscles of throat& chest ● Unable to swallow food(liquid) ○ Fear of water(Hydrophobia) ● Severe damages in CNS(Central Nervous

● Clean wound with carbolic soap ● Anti-rabies vaccine

● Vaccinate all pet animals(especially dogs) ● Euthanize rabies infected dogs and monkeys(mercy killing)

Weakened

Viral Diseases

Symptoms

Treatment

Prevention

Vaccine(Contains Weakened/Killed Pathogen)

System) ○ Can cause death

Protozoan Diseases

Polio (Infantile paralysis)

Polio virus (Ribovirus)

Gastrointestinal Tract

Contaminated food& water

AIDS(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Sexual Contact

● Unprotected sexual contact ● Contaminated blood, sharp objects(needles, knife) ● Drug abuse ● Mother to baby(milk)

Malaria

Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium falciparum(Most serious)

Mosquito bite

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7-14 days

● Paralysis of legs ● Inflamation of nervous system ● Stiffening of neck ● Convulsion ● Respiratory centres of brain get damaged ○ Fatal

6 months- 10 years

● ● ● ●

Varies according to species affecting

● ● ● ●

Swollen lymph nodes Sweating Regular fever Secondary/ Oportunistic diseases ○ TB ○ Pneumonia ● Weak immunity ○ fatal Nausea Headache High fever Muscle pain

3 stages● Cold stage○ Chills ○ Shivering ● Hot stage○ High fever ○ Elevated ■ Heart rate ■ Breathing rate ● Sweating stage ○ Profused sweating ○ Normal temperature

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● Oral Polio Vaccine(OPV)

Weakened

● Azidothymidine(AZT) ● Anti-Retroviral Therapy(ART)

● Mandatory blood screening of○ Blood donors ○ Pregnant women ● Use of common blade avoided ● Use condom Practice hygienic sexual habits ● Blood check before transfusion ● Use disposal syringes

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● Quinine ○ Obtained from bark of Cinchona tree

● Use mosquito repellents& mosquito nets ● Kill mosquito larvae by○ Spreading kerosene on stagnant water ○ Larvivorous fishes ■ Trout ■ Gambusia ■ Minnows ● Breeding grounds of mosquitoes(eg. Swamps, ditches) destroyed

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