TRIGGER WARNING HEAVY MENTIONS OF RAPE, DRUGS & MISOGYNY THROUGHOUT WORD COUNT 4083

How preventative design against sexual violence is creating a divided society

UNIT 9 - PHASE 2

ELEANOR ROSS

BAPD STAGE 3

& 18016525

ELEANOR ROSS 18016525 BAPD STAGE 3 UNIT 9 - PHASE 2 CENTRAL SAINT MARTINS

CENTRAL SAINT MARTINS

Distorting the understanding of consent

ASK here are some ways to ask in the heat of the moment. but dont forget talking about it when youre not half naked is always better

Define

1.

How do you define consent? Write it down and keep it in your pocket

Pages: 1-2

OPENING THE CONVERSATION ( 2 )

Pages: 3-4

PREVENTATIVE DESIGN ( 3 ) Pages 5-6

IF ONLY I HAD TEETH DOWN THERE ( 4 )

Pages 7-16

BUT SHE DIDNT SAY NO? ( 5 )

Pages 17-22

CONTENTS

may i___________? touch___________? kiss___________? put my ___________? are you into this? how are you feeling ? what would you like me to do? i think its hot when my partner does ___________ to me what do you like? would you like it if i ___________? where do you see this going? what should i look for if you start to shut down?

CONSENT FORM ( 1 )

AFTERCARE & MINDFULNESS ( 6 ) CLOSING THE CONVERSATION Pages 23-24

CONCLUDING WORDS ( 7 )

Pages 25-26

BIBLIOGRAPHY ( 8 )

Pages: 27-28

IMAGE REFERENCES ( 9 )

Pages: 29

2.

OPENING THE CONVERSATION

The conversation surrounding sexual assault is growing; most prevalent is the #metoo movement which is arguably the most recognised piece of contemporary culture surrounding sexual assault. People are using this newfound momentum to share their experiences bringing to light the unfortunate ‘normalities’ of rape and sexual assault. Growing conversation entails growing research and designs to aid victims of sexual assault; so why is it that the archaic and overused narrative still seems to be rampant? Victim blaming.

3.

You will be taken on a conversation surrounding sexual assault, crime prevention initiatives, sexual assault's impact on already marginalised communities, and how more space in the conversation needs to be made for the understanding of consent. Although sexual assault is experienced across genders these design and text examples are more focused on women, as a one size fits all approach is not the answer. Included in this conversation are real experiences my peers and myself have gone through with men. Welcome to the conversation.

4.

PREVENTATIVE DESIGN

5.

As of recent studies from 2019 it has been found that rape and sexual assault convictions have fallen to a record low in the UK. So why now are the persecutions falling? Have the victims of sexual assault and the justice system finally had enough? ‘Max Hill QC, the director of public prosecutions, said: "It is clear that more needs to be done both to encourage victims to come forward with confidence, and to support them through the criminal justice process so the gap between reports of rape and cases that reach the courts can be closed."’ (1 )Though it seems the issue has been seen, the lack of action and accountability instead accentuates the malpractice in the judicial system. ‘Overall prosecutions which include those that end in an acquittal - also peaked in 2016-17, with 5,190 completed cases - but dropped to 2,102 last year. Harriet Wistrich, founder of the Centre for Women's Justice, said: "Potentially it is sending out a message that rape is de-criminalised, virtually. It is very unlikely that it will ever be prosecuted, particularly in cases where there is intoxication. What does that tell men who are determined to rape? It gives a very worrying message."’(2) Thus, with these alarming statistics in the public knowledge it is not arbitrary to see that society have brought forth their own solutions.

Indubitably prevention techniques did not materialise from thin air, they have been in place for as long as rape has been around. However actual ‘recognised’ Sexual assault prevention is in fact a relatively new field of practice and study, emerging out of the social movements of the late 1960s and 1970s in response to the fact that surprisingly (or unsurprisingly) before 1992, forced sexual activity within marriage wasn’t illegal and only in 2003 was Marital rape, also known as spousal rape, a sexual assault under UK law. After this astonishing revelation these ‘recognised’ sexual assault preventions techniques included: ‘A wide variety of self-defence programs offered to help women learn to recognize danger and how to respond to a potential assault.

These programs ranged from those that developed defensive skills, such as adaptations of traditional martial arts, to controversial reenactments of potential assaultive situations, as well as selfempowerment programs that often combined education, consciousness-raising, and skill building.’(3) While sometimes characterised as prevention programs, these efforts are more correctly understood as rape avoidance strategies. And here lies the main issue. Re-read these prevention techniques. Not once does it include teaching those to NOT rape but instead teaches those to not GET raped, in essence putting responsibility on the victim.

" I though t it was normal to force myself to have s ex to make the m happy " 1:(Shaw, 2021) 2:(Shaw, 2021) 3: (meyer, n.d.)

6.

"If only I had teeth down there" 7.

We have all heard the report ‘but what were they wearing’ or ‘did you see what they were wearing, they were asking for it’. All too often, victim/survivors are asked what they might have done to facilitate or provoke an attack. This philosophy is rooted in the same mentality of victim blaming that preventive sexual assault design does. In expecting people to control their bodies and environments with the help of anti-rape devices, the question of “what were you wearing” could be reframed as “what anti-rape devices were you wearing?”. Rape-axe is an example of the people’s response to taking it upon themselves to protect from those committing sexual assault crimes. ‘It was a patient who prompted me to pursue such a response early in my career. Late one night in 1969, I was tending to a woman who had just survived an attack when she left me with words I would never forget.Shaking in terror with tears running down her face, she said:“If only I had teeth down there.”

"I pledged to her that one day, I would do something to help others in her situation. Now several decades later, I intend to fulfil this promise by transforming her idea into a device designed to give women a stronger chance at escaping sexual assault and bring their attackers to justice." (4) Essentially rape-axe is a female condom. (Figure 1.) A female condom with teeth(‘barbs’). But when penetrated the ‘barbs’ will attach themselves onto the penis and in doing so the rapist pulls the RX device out of the vagina. (Figure 2.) Due to the pain caused by the embedded barbs the rapist will be incapacitated giving a chance for the victim to escape the situation. Penis owners are you squirming in your seats? You should be. Is this the extent to which we have to go to, walking around with literal teeth in our vaginas to feel safe on our walks home, in our relationships, in our work places etc? 4:(Ehlers/Bryant, 2021)

5:Dworkin 1997

Initially the notion behind Rapeaxe is seemingly advantageous in taking back the power for the victims but overwhelmingly, this device is targeted at possible victims (typically women), asking them to assume responsibility for their own safety and management of risk. It is also assuming that every time we leave the house we have to put in our rape-axe; presupposing that we are under constant threat. Are we? Dworkin contends that, due to the threat of rape, “all women live in constant jeopardy, in a virtual state of siege” (5)

8.

It is true that assaults on public transport are undoubtedly an issue but as well it is usually acted out by individuals whom the victim knows well. Which brings the question: When is the time NOT to wear the rape-axe? Surely the assumption that every woman is walking round with teeth in their vaginas should not be the only deterrent to not rape. Preventative technologies and design for sexual assault should (Figure 1.) seek to engage with and prevent perpetration, promote bystander intervention, and challenge the myths, attitudes and underlying structures that facilitate sexual violence. In other words, we need to prevent sexual violence at its source.

lease p o n , o n id " I sa it... but he did belly y m n o s a i w " e m d l o h d l so he cou

(Figure 2.)

9.

A further example of how the narrative of sexual assault is shifting the responsibility to the victims are new designs of things such as ‘Undercover colours. (Figure 3.) Undercover colours acknowledges that they cannot stop sexual assault but they can minimise situations in which sexual assaults can occur.(6) ‘One drop of liquid is all it takes to see if your drink has been spiked with a common date rape drug. A two-line result means your drink is in the clear!’(7) When used properly, Undercover colours detects the most common date rape drugs, including: Flunitrazepam (“Roofies”), Alprazolam (Xanax), Diazepam (Valium), Midazolam (Versed), Oxazepam (Serax) and Temazepam (Restoril).

All these drugs can weaken your resolve and depending on the dosage could knock you out. And however much I would like to believe simple drug tests could minimise the chance of getting sexually assaulted, Wikipedia lists over 100 benzodiazepines like Rohypnol that can knock you out for days; it is just impossible to test or hypothesise what 1 of these 100s of drugs could be used if it is not one of the four being tested. The designer drug explosion means that there’s an entire galaxy of drugs just a molecular tweak away. Rapists watch tv and read the Huffington post. They will know when these things come out and they will adapt accordingly. This is already being proven with the recent arise of people now being injected with these drugs, avoiding spiking drinks entirely.

6:&7(SipChip Drink Spiking Test for Date Rape Drug Detection, 2021)

(Figure3.)

10.

Women are often told they can avoid sexual assault by monitoring how much alcohol they drink on a night out. “Don’t leave your drink unattended” and “drink from bottles instead of cups” are common pieces of advice. However, the idea that a woman is most likely to be assaulted by a stranger while walking alone outside at night or by a stranger in a club or bar ignores the 67% of incidents occurring in private homes, 70% of victims knew the perpetrator personally and 74% had friends or acquaintances nearby at the time of the incident. (8) By focusing on the “unknown” danger from strangers can take away focus from the higher level of sexual violence enacted by acquaintances, friends, dates, and intimate partners - often in private places. Which takes me back to the fundamental flaw of the preventative sexual assault designs: The act of getting assaulted is still being shifted onto the victim and not teaching people to not rape in the first place.

11.

Besides these integral flaws I feel as though design can be used in such a way to educate in ways of prevention. Research indicates that people who go through virtual reality training – as opposed to videos, PowerPoint or in-person seminars retain significantly more information. Workplaces have started using VR technology to educate about workplace harassment and assault: (Figures 4&5.) ‘We want to make it as immersive as possible – because the closer you can get to actual embodiment of the character, the more likely your response will reflect what you would do in a real-life situation’.(9) The training program which is being led and written by survivors, public health experts and technologists have designed for men, women and non-binary people which covers three “modules”: Bystander intervention, identification of sexual harassment and learning to respond to harassment when it happens to you. By recognising communal accountably, it is shifting the previous narrative of victim blaming and observing the complex division of responsibility.

"We’re trying to teach communal accountability. It’s not enough to say: ‘I didn’t sexually harass anyone; my hands are clean,’” “If you see it, speak out."(10)

(Figure 4.)

(Figure 5.)

8:(Aldridge and Winstock, 2021) 9&10(Can VR teach us how to deal with sexual harassment?, 2021)

12.

DIVIDED SOCIETY

"Rape is unquestionably a gendered crime: 91% of rape victims are female, while almost 99% of perpetrators are male" (Greenfield 1997). (11)

13.

In light both of these numbers and of rape’s broader ideological dynamics and social consequences, feminists have long contended that rape harms not only its individual victims, but also women as a class. Here in comes prevention vs reaction. Moving on from preventative design the community of women and non-binary people have reacted to the growing cases of sexual assaults to the degree of separating themselves from the male class.

A global drug survey was carried out in 2019 on 123,800 people. (12) The results found that 19% (14,174 respondents) reported that they had been taken advantage of sexually while intoxicated in their lifetime; 4% (3,252) said that this had happened within the last 12 months. It wasn’t just women who reported being taken advantage of: 8% of male respondents said they had experienced such an incident, and 2% had in the last 12 months.

However, Figures were higher for people identifying as women, nonbinary or as a different gender identity: just over a third of participants from these groups reported being taken advantage of in their lifetime, and around 10% in the last 12 months. Confronted with these results it cannot be too much of a shock that women and non-binary people’s reaction was to separate themselves as a way of expelling the danger with the designs of places such as Club night lick. ( Figure 6.) .

In three years, LICK has gone from being a monthly club night to a fullyfledged venue housed in the Fire & Lightbox Complex under the Vauxhall Arches. But there’s a difference between LICK and other gay venues, like the Royal Vauxhall Tavern, Heaven, or even lesbian bar She. (Figure7.)

" He ca

m & t e over th clea old m e t at nigh rly hat t chos girl h e e whe the n i from dre wrong wb kiss ack ing him

"

(Figure 6.)

( Figure 6.) 11:Greenfield 1997

12:(Aldridge, 2021)

14.

LICK is a womxn and non-binary people-only space- it's not a club for cisgender gay men. ‘With the lack of straight male perving present in other venues, LGBTQ or otherwise, queer women can finally take centre stage here.’ (13) As Dworkin puts it, “rape is not committed by psychopaths or deviants from our social norms—rape is committed by exemplars of our social norms …. Rape is no excess, no aberration, no accident, no mistake—it embodies sexuality as the culture defines it”. (14)

Thus, what initially may seem like an excessive reaction to minimise assault and to create a safe space for women and nonbinary people is starting to seem more and more reasonable. Though from my perspective it is truly disheartening that we have to go to the extreme of which is now even creating a divide within the LGBTQ+ community (as gay cis men are not allowed entry).

" In

a club a guy put his fingers in my vagina "

" My ex guilted me for

not wanting to have sex "

"A

random passersqueez by ed my bum on ce

(Figure 7.)

"

15.

"

ast a p k l a w t n a I c ithout w n e m f o group with t t u b y m covering er " p m u j a r o my bag

13:(Thomas, 2021) 14:Dworkin(1976)

16.

BUT SHE DIDN'T SAY NO?

Negotiating consent can be complex, especially when drugs or alcohol are involved. Research found that 26% of respondents of a recent survey who reported being taken advantage of also said they gave their consent to initiate sexual activity. (15) This suggests, too, that consent is best thought of as a process, rather than a one-off “yes” or “no” response. People must be able to withdraw their consent at any point during a sexual encounter.

"

17.

Women’s sexual consent has in many instances been understood quite expansively, as simply the absence of refusal or resistance. How do you see consent? For me I understood it as if there is an absence of a definite yes then it is a no. Consent in general may be understood as either attitudinal or performative: Attitudinal accounts see consent as a mental state of affirmation or willingness, while performative accounts see it as a certain kind of action or utterance (for instance, saying “yes” or nodding) (Kazan 1998) .(16)

ex) ( y m g in l l after te adnt h i d n ie r f bouy o have t d e t n a w actually your'e o o 'o id a s e sex h a bit d n u o s e m making rapey' "

Also, just because sex is “consensual” does not necessarily mean that it is wanted. The complexities here are that it assumes the participating party to make assumptions on your behalf. It’s worth questioning whether people having sex always feel comfortable or safe saying “no” or withdrawing consent. Even if when a yes is involved it could be a coercive yes, therefore such ’nonviolent coercive pressures should be regarded as rape, either morally or legally, is a matter of some controversy’ (Schulhofer 1998; Burgess-Jackson) (17) It has too often been assumed that a woman’s appearance, attire, status, location, prior sexual history, or relationship to the man in question either function as stand-ins for consent (that is, as “asking for it”) or render her consent irrelevant or unnecessary.

In response women will scrutinize and restrict their own choices: What they wear, where they go and with whom, whether they drink, what “messages” they may be inadvertently sending men etc. All to ensure that they are following the unwritten rules that govern female behaviour and that (supposedly) distinguish the ‘bad girls’ who get raped from the ‘good girls’ who do no.(18) However, this mentality is wrong. No matter what a woman does the threat is still there. What they wear and how they act is not the threat; if someone has left the house willing to assault a woman, they will still act on those urges no matter how we behave. The decision has already been made. The narrative on blame when set upon women also becomes convoluted when intoxicated perpetrators tend to be held less responsible for their actions, while intoxicated victims tend to be held more responsible.

"I

want t o try you before i buy y ou

"

15:(Aldridge and Winstock, 2021)

18:(Whisnant, Rebecca)

16:(Kazan 1998)

17:(Schulhofer 1998; Burgess-Jackson 1996, 91-106).

18.

Deplorable statistics have found that almost one in four young men believed women find it flattering to be persistently pursued, even if they are not interested. This illustrates that there is an obvious misunderstanding of consent and what women ‘like’ within the male population. “We need to do more to teach young men about what consent looks like. Swiping right is not consent, kissing is not consent and saying yes to one sexual act doesn’t give blanket consent to everything,” Dr Powell said.(19) Efforts to teach sexual assault and harassment prevention through games have largely been aimed at university students or as therapeutic tools for victims.

19.

Yet, The University of Chicago team said its early research showed these interventions should be starting at an earlier age. “When we talk about intervening at the college age, we have to seriously consider that we’re perhaps four years or more too late,”(20) said Jennifer Rowley, who oversaw implementation of ‘Bystander’ at four Chicago high schools in the summer of 2017. I was not too surprised to discover that consent in schools is rarely taught and if it is, similar to the preventative design technologies, it more so teaches the victims to protect themselves against the aggressors instead of teaching people not to act in a certain nonconsensual way. ( Figures 8&9.)

“We need to do more to teach young men about what consent looks like."

(Figure 8.)

(Figure 9.)

19:(Taylor, 2019)

20:(Can VR teach us how to deal with sexual harassment?, 2021)

20.

ast l y m h it " consent w asnt always w boyfriend there... "

Jackson Katz describes a Bystander as anyone who is not involved in the dyad of abuse but is embedded in peer culture relationships with people who might be in that situation. The general idea with this approach would be a shift in the normalized responsibility of victims to avoid dangerous situations, to pretty much anyone who can intervene. We are all bystanders.

‘We should not be waiting to be directly affected by tools of the patriarchy, to understand that the urgent need for it to be dismantled’- Jackson Katz (TED talk-'Violence against women is a men’s issue'). (21)

The introduction of ‘Bystander’ (Figure 10.) (experimentally now being taught to ages 14+ in schools) saw to reject the idea that victims of sexual violence and harassment have the sole responsibility to protect themselves. It should not be the same set of people decrying sexual violence all the time. It needs to be all of us.

While students were initially skeptical about Bystander, Rowley said it quickly provided an opportunity for the teenagers to discuss sensitive issues for the first time, such as how they define consent. Rowley said it was also clear these things had been on their minds before. “We saw 14-year-olds who had very formed opinions about sexual violence and harassment and what was appropriate and what wasn’t and who is to blame and who wasn’t,”. (22) These educators complimented lessons taught in the game, which is named after the bystander approach, a method of sexual harassment and assault prevention which gives the community, not just the victims, a role in preventing this behaviour.

(Figure 10.)

"

21.

A man t hat woul dnt stop talk ing to m e said ' with th ose pigta ils you look like a school girl, so i couldnt h elp mys elf'

"

21:(TED talks, n.d.) 22(Can VR teach us how to deal with sexual harassment?, 2021)

22.

CLOSING THE CONVERSATION "

AFTERCARE & MINDFULNESS

"

t to ge m i h g tellin dnt i kept e, he woul off m

23.

From what I have discussed it should be clear to see that you cannot simply design your way out of being assaulted and even if consent workshops are beginning to be put into place regrettably rape culture and sexual assault will always be around and rife. This is where there should be a more in depth focus on aftercare for victims/survivors. The affect that sexual assault can have on a person can be world destroying especially when faced with the fact they may never see justice. This also includes the ramifications of how we recognise categories such as gender, sexuality, race, ability and social class and the affect these have on the way assaults are talked about and understood. For example, those who do not fit the bill of an “ideal victim” may have their experiences of sexual assault discredited by others, further adding to mental distress. Above all, people will reflect on how the effects of alcohol or other drugs may have on their own feelings, and those of others, during sexual activity which in turn they will need professional support to compartmentalise these feelings.

In Laury Rappaports book ‘Mindfulness and the arts therapies’ she explores how untreated trauma can leave one feeling as though their body is an unsafe space which will need a more subtle approach to healing (compared to the more ‘typical’ therapies such as CBT).(23) She sees that mindfulness can be used as a pathway toward embodiment as it can be applied to interdisciplinary somatic psychotherapy. The designer Nieke Helder has recognised this through her tools designed to therapies women recovering from sexual trauma. (Figure 11&12.). According to Helder, current treatment available often focuses on a clinical perspective – putting too much emphasis on physical issues, rather than the psychological aspects of trauma.(24)

Helder worked with medical experts and women in recovery to develop a set of five objects which invite users to discover their own sexual pleasure. The objects encourage women to explore what feels good to them, which in turn, relieves fear and pain, and help them regain a sense of security about their bodies. "If you have a trauma, it can be really difficult to talk about it. But by giving someone an object and making them part of the therapy, it opens a lot of doors for conversation," (25)Helder explains. (Figure 12.)

(Figure 11.)

" I kept thinking i msut have said something to make him think tha t i wanted h im to do that

23:(Rapport, 2014).) 24&25:(Trinidad, 2021))

" 24.

CONCLUDING WORDS

Hampton sees rape as a political practice by which spurious beliefs about gender and sexuality are expressed, inscribed, and enforced via the violation and control of women’s bodies.(26) Hampton claims that “rape as it occurs in our society … is a moral injury to all women … insofar as it is part of a pattern of response of many men toward many women that aims to establish their mastery qua male over a woman qua female …. Rape confirms that women are ‘for’ men: to be used, dominated, treated as objects” (27)

So, will the narrative change? Has your narrative changed? “Rape should be defined as sex by compulsion, of which physical force is one form. Lack of consent is redundant and should not be a separate element of the crime” This approach has the advantage of focusing on what the perpetrator did, rather than on how the victim responded (that is, on whether her behaviour constituted, or could reasonably have been seen by the perpetrator as constituting, consent). (MacKinnon). What is your understanding of consent? Has it changed since the beginning of the conversation?

This paper in itself has been a therapeutic process as I have been able to compartmentalise my own lived experiences and discover new strategies, giving me the confidence to assert my power in society. Through my research and writing process it opened avenues of conversation I had initially not fathomed; for me I believe that Governments and other authorities such as police and schools should promote ethical sexual behaviour, supporting people to negotiate sex and intimacy, even while intoxicated, along with more design and research into after care therapies for the purpose that rape will always be around, and preventative strategies will keep coming about as long as assaulters will find new ways round them. This is what has led me onto my main source of insight for my phase 3. Working with survivors and how to aid them in their recovery back into intimacy with themselves and partners.

How would you define consent now?

Remove your original definition from your pocket.

25.

26&27:(Rapport, 2014).)

Compare

26.

References Aldridge, A. and Winstock, A., 2021. Rape myths like 'stranger danger' challenged by global drug survey. [online] The Conversation. Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021]. Aldridge, A., 2021. Rape myths like 'stranger danger' challenged by global drug survey. [online] Medicalxpress.com. Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021]. Dworkin, A., 1982. Our blood. Prophecies and discourses on sexual politics. London: Women's Pr.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ehlers/Bryant, S., 2021. Rape aXe. [online] Rape aXe. Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021]. Greenfeld, L., 1997. Sex offenses and offenders. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Hampton, J., 1999, “Defining Wrong and Defining Rape”, in A Most Detestable Crime: New Philosophical Essays on Rape, K. Burgess-Jackson (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 118–156. Kazan, P., 1998, “Sexual Assault and the Problem of Consent”, in Violence Against Women: Philosophical Perspectives, S. French, W. Teays and L. Purdy (eds.), Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 27–42. meyer, J., n.d. History of Sexual Assault Awareness and Prevention Efforts. Rapport, L., 2014. Mindfulness and the arts therapies. Jessica Kingsley. Schulhofer, S., 1998. Unwanted sex. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

27.

Shaw, D., 2021. Rape convictions fall to record low in England and Wales. [online] BBC News. Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021]. Taylor, J., 2019. Researchers call for change in young men’s attitudes towards women Bellarine Times. [online] Bellarine Times. Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021]. TED talks, n.d. [video] Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021]. the Guardian. 2021. Can VR teach us how to deal with sexual harassment?. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021]. Thomas, H., 2021. Lick Events: What a Club for Queer Womxn and Non-Binary and Trans Folk Feels Like. [online] Vice.com. Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021]. Trinidad, A., 2021. Nienke Helder designs tools for women recovering from sexual trauma. [online] Dezeen. Available at: [Accessed 18 November 2021]. Undercover Colors. 2021. SipChip Drink Spiking Test for Date Rape Drug Detection. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2021].

28.

Figure 8: 2021. How would I feel. [image] Available at: [Accessed 18 November 2021].

IMAGE REFERENCES

Figure 4,5&10: Ci3’s Game Changer Chicago Design Lab, n.d. Bystander VR game. [image] Available at:

[Accessed 18 November 2021]. Figure 11&12: Helder, N., 2021. Sensory objects. [image] Available at: [Accessed 18 November 2021]. Figure 6:

Figure 9:

Figure 3:

Figure 1&2:

Figure 7:

29.

Lickevents, n.d. Lick events. [image] Available at: [Accessed 18 November 2021]. n.d. Keeping privates private. [image] Available at: [Accessed 18 November 2021]. n.d. SipChip. [image] Available at: [Accessed 18 November 2021]. Rape-Axe, n.d. Rape-aXe. [image] Available at: [Accessed 18 November 2021]. Wade, B., n.d. [image] Available at: [Accessed 18 November 2021].