Name: _______________________________

GCSE Vocabulary AQA GCSE Spanish Higher Tier CONTEXT 5 – HOME AND ENVIRONMENT

N. Jones

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Grade descriptions for GCSE Spanish

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GCSE Vocabulary - AQA GCSE Spanish Higher Tier OPINIONS ¡Qué divertido! ¡Qué (+ adjective)! ¡Qué aburrido! ¡Qué (+ noun)! ¡Qué pasada!

= How much fun! = How (+ adjective)! = How boring! = What a (+ noun)! = What a laugh!

Ojalá Me aburre(n) Me encanta(n) Me fascina(n) Me gusta(n) Me chifla(n) No me gusta(n) Me da(n) igual Me interesa(n) No me interesa(n) nada Me molesta(n) Odio Detesto No aguanto Estoy harto de Me parece que Opino que Estoy de acuerdo No estoy de acuerdo con ¿Qué tal las vacaciones? apetecer Me apetece Me apetece salir

= I hope = it/he/she (they) bores(s) me = I love = it/he/she (they) fascinate(s) me = I like = I like = I do not like = I don’t mind = It (They) interest(s) me = It (They) doesn’t / don’t interest me at all = it (they) annoy me = I hate = I hate = I can’t stand = I am sick of, I am fed up of = I think that = I think that = I agree = I do not agree with = How was the holiday? = to fancy, feel like = I fancy ….., I feel like = I fancy going out, I feel like going out

Yo creo que Yo pienso que es/son ¿Qué crees tú? ¿Qué piensas tú? ¡Qué va! ¿Estás loco/a?

= I think that = I think that = is / are = What do you think? = What do you think? = No way! = Are you mad?

Me gusta(n) Te gusta(n) Le gusta(n) Nos gusta(n) Os gusta(n) Les gusta(n)

= I like (literally = it pleases me) = You like (literally = it pleases you) = He/She likes (literally = it pleases him/her) = We like (literally = it pleases us) = You (plural) like (literally = it pleases you) = They like (literally = it pleases them)

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EXCLAMATIONS ¡Basta! ¡Claro! ¡Cuidado! ¡Ojo! ¡Olé! ¡Qué bien! ¡Qué (+ adjective)! ¡Qué horror! ¡Qué (+ noun)! ¡Qué lástima! ¡Qué pena! ¡Qué va! ¡Socorro! ¿De veras? vale

= That’s enough! = Of course! = Careful! Look out! = Look out! Careful! = Bravo! Well done! = How good! = How (+ adjective)! = How horrible! = what a (+ noun) = What a shame! = What a shame! = No way! = Help! = Really? For real? = ok

HOME - TYPES las afueras una ciudad un pueblo un barrio el centro la costa el campo el monte / las montañas la sierra

= the outskirts = a city = a town = an area = the centre = the coast = the countryside = the mountains = the mountains, mountain range

un apartamento un bloque moderno un bloque antiguo una casa alquilada una casa adosada el castillo un chalet / chalé la dirección un edificio un palacio una granja un piso una planta la planta baja una habitación la vivienda

= a flat, apartment = a modern block = an old block = a rented house = a semi-detached house = the castle = a small house = address = a building = a palace = a farm = a flat / a floor = a floor / a plant = the ground floor = a room = housing

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la primera planta OR el primer piso segundo tercero cuarto quinto sexto séptimo octavo noveno décimo

= the first floor = second = third = fourth = fifth = sixth = seventh = eigth = ninth = tenth

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES mi / mis tu / tus su / sus nuestro/a/os/as vuesto/a/os/as su / sus

= my = your (singular) = his / her = our = your (plural) = their

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS el / la / los / las mío/a/os/as el / la / los / las tuyo/a/os/as el / la / los / las suyo/a/os/as el / la / los / las nuestro/a/os/as el / la / los / las vuestro/a/os/as el / la / los / las suyo/a/os/as

= mine = yours = his / hers = ours = yours (plural) = theirs

CARDINAL POINTS el norte el sur el este el oeste el noroeste el noreste el suroeste el sureste

= the north = the south = the east = the west = the north west = the north east = the south west = the south east

HOME - ROOMS comparto un dormitorio con … mi propio dormitorio el aparcamiento el ascensor el ático el alquiler alquilar alquilado una cancha de tenis el césped una cocina

= a share a bedroom with …. = my own room = the car park / parking = the lift = the attic = the rent = to rent = rented = a tennis court = the lawn = kitchen 5

el comedor cómodo la construcción el cuarto de baño el desván el domicilio el dormitorio la ducha la entrada la escalera el espacio la esquina una habitación el jardín limpio la llave la pared el pasillo el patio pintado una piscina propio e.g. mi propia habitación la puerta el puerto una sala de estar el salón el sótano el suelo una terraza una ventana el vestíbulo

= dining room = comfortable = contruction, building = the bathroom = the attic = home = bedroom = shower = entrance = stairs = space = the corner = a room = the garden = clean = the key = the wall = the corridor = the patio, yard = painted = a swimming pool = own e.g. my own room = the door = the port = a living room = the living room = the basement, cellar = the floor, ground = terrace (outside area for sitting) = a window = the hall

HOME - FURNITURE una alfombra el árbol el armario el aseo la bañera el baño la butaca la calefacción la cama el césped la chimenea la cocina (de gas) la cocina eléctrica la cortina el espejo el estante la estantería

= a rug = the tree = the wardrobe = the toilet = the bath tub = the bathroom / the bath = armchair = the heating = the bed = the lawn = the chimney / the fireplace = the (gas) cooker = the electric cooker = the curtain = the mirror = the shelf = the shelving 6

el estéreo la flor el fregadero el frigorífico el horno la lámpara el lavabo la lavadora el lavaplatos la librería limpio la llave la luz una manta una máquina una mesa el microondas una moqueta los muebles una nevera la papelera las persianas la piscina una planta la puerta el puerto el radiador la silla el sillón el sofa el teléfono (móvil) el televisor

= the stereo = the flower = the sink = the fridge = the oven = the lamp = the washing basin = the washing machine = the dishwasher = bookcase / book shop = clean = the key = the light = a blanket = a machine = a table = microwave = a carpet = furniture = a fridge = a waste paper bin = blinds = the swimming pool = plant = the door = the port = the radiator = the chair = the arm chair = the sofa = (mobile) phone = the TV set, the TV

LOCATION AND DISTANCE a un paso (de) abajo abajo de adelante afuera (de) ahí aislado al final (de) allá allí alrededor (de) aquí arriba arriba de atrás céntrico

= downstairs = under = forward = outside = there = isolated, alone = at the end of = over there = there = around = here = upstairs = above = behind = central 7

en el centro de cerca (de) contra debajo (de) delante (de) dentro (de) a la derecha todo derecho OR todo recto detrás (de) la dirección la distancia por todas partes en las afueras encima (de) enfrente (de) entre el este el sur el norte el oeste el exterior en el fondo fuera (de) el interior a la izquierda un kilómetro al lado de lejos (de) el lugar en el medio (de) un metro un sitio estar situado encontrarse estar a (x) (kilómetros) de estar a (x) minutos de

= in the centre of = near = against = underneath, under = opposite = in, inside = to the right = straight ahead = behind = direction OR address = distance = everywhere = in the outskirts = above, over = infront of = between = the east = the south = the north = the west = the outside = in the background = outside = the inside = to the left = a kilometre = next to, to the side of = far (from) = the place = in the middle (of) = a metre = a place = to be found/situated = to be situated = to be (x) (kilometres) from = to be (x) (minutes) from

TOWN el aparcamiento el apartamento el árbol la arquitectura la avenida el ayuntamiento el banco el barrio la biblioteca el bloque la bolero el bosque

= the car park = the apartment = the tree = the architecture = the avenue = the town hall = the bank = the area, borough = library = the block = the bowling alley = the forest 8

la calle = the street una calle estrecha = a narrow street una cámara de seguridad = a security camera la cancha (de tenis) = the (tennis) court la carretera = the road el castillo = the castle la catedral = the cathedral el centro comercial = the shopping centre un césped = a lawn el cine = the cinema la ciudad = the city el club de jóvenes = the youth club la comisaría = the police station cómodo = comfortable el concierto = the concert la construcción = the construction, building Correos = post office la dirección = address la discoteca = the night club, disco el edificio = the building la entrada = entrance el espacio = the space la esquina = the corner la estación de servicio = the petrol station, service station la estación = the station el estanco = the tobacconists la fábrica = the factory la galería (de arte) = the (art) gallery el garaje = the garage una iglesia Do not confuse with Inglaterra = England / inglés inglesa = English la iglesia católica = the catholic church la industria = the industry una hamburguesería = a hamburger restaurant, fast food restaurant un ladrón = a thief el crimen = crime una heladería = an icecream parlour un lago = a lake una librería = bookcase / book shop un lugar = a place un lugar verde = a green area la mezquita = the mosque el monumento = the monument el museo = the museum la oficina de turismo = the tourist office el parque temático = theme park el parque de atracciones = theme park el parque infantile = playground el patio = the yard, patio la piscina = swimming pool 9

la plaza el polideportivo la provincial el pueblo el puente la puerta el puerto la red de transporte la región el río el ruido ruidoso el semáforo los servicios la sierra el sitio el teatro la taquilla el teatro callejero la tienda la zona una zona peatonal

= square = sports centre = the province = the town = the bridge = the door = the port = the transport network = the region = the river = the noise = noisey = the traffic lights = toilets = the mountain range, the mountains = the space, room = the theatre = ticket office = street theatre = shop = the area = a pedestrian zone

IMPROVEMENTS el barrio necesita … necesitamos … lo que necesitamos es / son … se necesita(n) … hace(n) falta … me gustaría tener más ….

= the area needs … = we need … = what we need is / are … = we need (literally “one needs ..”) = There is a need for … = I would like to have more …

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ADJECTIVES lo bueno de Londres es ….. lo malo de Londres es ….. lo mejor lo peor

= the good thing about London is …. = the bad thing about London is …. = the best thing = the worst thing

aburrido antiguo bonito concurrido contaminado cómodo divertido ecológico feo grave histórico inquietante limpio moderno nuevo peatonal medioambiental peligroso poco sano preocupado propio mi propia habitación recargable una pila recargable residencial ruidoso sencillo seguro sucio tranquilo turístico

= boring, dull = old = pretty = busy = polluted = comfortable = fun = environmentally friendly, ecological = ugly = serious = historic = worrying = clean = modern = new = pedestrianised = environmental = dangerous = unhealthy = worried, concerned = own = my own room = rechargeable = a rechargeable battery = residential = noisy = simple, easy = safe, secure = dirty = quiet = touristy, popular with tourists

-ísimo buenísimo malísimo muy bastante más menos aun más aun menos poco poco interesante un poco

= on the end of an adjective this means “very” = very good = very bad = very = quite = more = less = even more = even less = un-, not = uninteresting, not interesting = a bit 11

un poco más COMPARISON más ….. que …. menos…. que …. tan ….. como ….. tanto/a(s) ….. como …. mejor peor muy bastante demasiado

= a bit more = more … than …. = less ….. than …. = as …… as ….. = as much / many …. as …… = better = worse = very = quite = too / too much

FESTIVALS La Navidad = Christmas La Nochebuena = Christmas Eve la Nochevieja = New Year’s Eve Día de Brujas (31 de octubre) = Hallowe’en el Día de San Patricio (17 de marzo) = Saint Patrick’s Day el Día de San Valentín = Valentine’s Day el Día de los Enamorados = Valentine’s Day (the day of those in love) una quinceañera = the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of Latin America marking the transition from childhood to young womanhood una boda = a wedding la luna de miel = a honeymoon la miel = honey una fiesta un día festivo trajes típicos de la zona un conjunto de figuras el lanzamiento de un cohete construir figuras se arrojan tomates los unos a los otros una canción de despedida vigilar el comportamiento de disfraz una campanada una corrida de toros un torero la plaza de toros una carrera el encierro el maltrato de animales quemar los fuegos artificiales carros la alegría un gorro una gorra procedente de

= a festival / a party = a festival day, bank holiday = typical costumes of the area = a group of figures = the launch of a rocket (firework) = to build fugures = they throw tomatoes at one another = a farewell song = to supervise the behavior of = a costume, fancy dress = a chime (of a bell) = a bullfight = a bullfighter = the bullring = a race = the bullrun = abuse of animals, bad treatment of animals = to burn = fireworks = carts = happiness, joy = a hat = a cap = coming from, originating from 12

en una especie de concursos regalos abrir mis regalos flores banderas dulces pavo champán regalar dar doy tarjetas regalos caramelos

= a kind of, a type of = competitions = presents = to open my presents = flowers = flags = sweets / sweet things = turkey = champagne = to give (a present) = to give = I give = cards = presents = sweets

MUSLIM El Eid ul-Adha (El Ramadán) comemos dátiles romper el ayuno ayunar regalar dar doy regalos orar / rezar llamar a la oración hacer el salat rezar en casa rezo en la mezquita peregrinación

= Eid (Ramadan) = we eat dates = to break the fast = to fast = to give (a present) = to give = I give = presents = to pray = to call to prayer = to perform salah = to pray at home = I pray in the mosque = pilgrimage

CHRISTIAN / CATHOLIC El día de navidad la nochebuena El día de los reyes

= Christmas Day = Christmas Eve = Kings’ Day (6th Jan) – when Spanish children get

their Christmas presents

Pascua Semana Santa ir a la iglesia ir a misa un villancico cantar decorar la casa con un árbol de Navidad un belén un conjunto de figuras luces una comida especial dulces

= Easter = Easter = to go to church = to go to mass = a carol = to sing = to decorate the house with = a Christmas tree = a nativity scene = a group of figures = lights = a special meal = sweets / sweet things 13

pavo champán un pastel regalar dar doy tarjetas regalos caramelos orar / rezar rezar en casa rezo en la iglesia

= turkey = champagne = a cake = to give (a present) = to give = I give = cards = presents = sweets = to pray = to pray at home = I pray in the church

NEGATIVES no = no, not no comprendo = I don’t understand nada = nothing nada me enfada = nothing makes me angry nadie = nobody no one nadie te telefoneó = nobody called you ni . . . ni = neither . . . nor no como ni manzanas ni peras = I eat neither apples nor pears ni siquiera = not even ningún(a/os/as) = not any, none ningunos muchachos sabían hacerlo = None of the boys knew how to do it nunca or jamás = never, not ever nunca fui a España = I never went to Spain ¿Fumabas? ¡Jamás! = Did you used to smoke? Never! tampoco = neither, not either No voy a leer ese libro. = I’m not going to read that book Tampoco voy a comprarlo. = I’m not going to buy it either NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS ahora no creo que no de nada de ningún modo de ninguna manera más que nada más que nunca no cabe duda no es así no es para tanto no hay remedio no importa no obstante no puede ser ¿no te parece? no . . . más que ¿por qué no?

= not now = I don’t believe so = you’re welcome = certainly not = by no means = more than anything = more than ever = there’s no doubt = it’s not so = it’s not such a big deal = it can’t be helped = it doesn’t matter = however = it (that) can’t be = don’t you think so? = no more than = why not? 14

todavía no ya no

= not yet = no longer

NEGATIVE PREFIXES The following prefixes can be attached to meaning or connotation: • Anti • Contra • Des • Dis • In (which becomes im before the letter p) Affirmative English accesible accessible armar to arm capacidad ability cargar to load cómodo comfortable justo fair democrático democratic gustar to be pleasing la paciencia patience poner to put ESSENTIAL VERBS acabar de + infinitive acabar de hacer algo acabo de ver una buena película dar deber estar hacer hacerse hay hay que ir ir a hacer algo irse ocurrir oír pasar poder poner querer quisiera ser soler tener tener lugar tener que volverse

words in Spanish to give them a negative

Negative inaccesible desarmar discapacidad descargar incómodo injusto antidemocrático disgustar la impaciencia contraponer

English inaccessible to disarm disability to unload / to download uncomfortable unfair undemocratic to be displeasing impatience to oppose

= to have just …… = to have just done something = I have just seen a good film = to give = to have to / must = to be = to do / to make = to become = there is / there are = you have to = to go = to go to do something = to go away = to happen, occur = to hear = to happen = to be able = to put = to want / to love = I would like = to be = to usually …. = to have = to take place = to have to = to become 15

VERBS acoger acompañar agotar alojarse apagar alquilar amenazar apagar las luces apagar encender aparcar el coche arreglar arruinar aumentar ayudar bajar bañarse buscar cambiar caminar cazar celebrar coger comenzar compartir conducir conocer consumir construir contaminar continuar cortar cuidar ¡Cuidado! cruzar cumplir años dañar dar a decepcionar decidir desaparecer desenchufar disfrutar ducharse echar la culpa elegir empezar encender encontrarse

= to welcome = to accompany = to exhaust = to stay (to accommodate yourself) = to turn off, to put out = to hire, rent = to threaten = to turn off the lights = to turn off = to turn on = to park the car = to fix / to tidy up = to ruin = to increase = to help = to go down = to have a bath (to bathe oneself) = to look for = to change = to walk = to hunt = to celebrate = to catch. get = to begin = to share = to drive = to know, be acquainted = to consume = to build = to pollute = to continue = to cut = to look after, take care of = Look out! Take care! = to cross = to reach an age = to damage = to look onto = to disappoint = to decide = to disappear = to unplug = to enjoy = to shower (oneself) = to blame = to choose, select = to begin = to put on e.g. the light, tv, etc. = to meet 16

ensuciar entrar escoger enseñar escoger esperar estar en paro estropear evitar funcionar inquietar(se) llegar llevar malgastar matar montar a caballo mostrar mudarse (de casa) pasar pedir pedir ayuda preguntar preguntar por producir proteger proteger por la ley quedarse quejarse reciclar latas recoger reducir regresar reutilizar salvar separar la basura sentarse subir tardar tener suerte tener ganas tengo ganas de salir tener prisa tirar traer transportar usar utilizar venir vivir volver

= to dirty, get dirty = to enter, go in = to choose, select = to show = to choose, select = to wait = to be unemployed = to ruin, spoil = to avoid = to work, function = to worry (yourself) = to arrive = to take / to wear = to waste = to kill = to ride a horse = to show = to move (house) = to spend (time) = to ask for = to ask for help = to ask (a question) = to ask about = to produce = to protect = to protect by law = to stay = to complain = to recycle cans = to pick up, collect = to reduce = to return = to reuse = to save = to separate the rubbish = to sit (yourself) down = to go up = to take time = to be lucky (lit. to have luck) = to feel like … = I feel like going out = to be in a hurry (to have haste) = to throw (away) = to bring = to transport = to use = to use = to come = to live = to return 17

FREQUENCY a diario diariamente cada día a menudo aproximadamente a veces algunas veces ahora ahora mismo al mismo tiempo anoche antes ayer anteayer cada (x) días/ horas casi de momento de nuevo de repente de vez en cuando dentro de (x) (horas) desde desde hace después el día siguiente la semana siguiente el año siguiente durante en ese/este momento en seguida inmediatamente entonces esta noche el fin de semana frecuente generalmente hace (+ time) hoy lento mañana normalmente nunca casi nunca otra vez permanente pocas veces raramente el pasado pasado

= daily = daily = each day = often = approximately, roughly = sometimes = sometimes = now = right now = at the same time = last night = before = yesterday = the day before yesterday = every (x) days = almost = at the moment = again = suddenly = from time to time = in (x) (hours) = from = since = after = the following day = the following week = the following year = during = at that / this moment = immediately = immediately = then = tonight = the weekend = frequent = generally = (time) ago = today = slow = tomorrow = normally = never = almost never = again = permanent = few times, not often = rarely, not often = the past = last 18

el año pasado pasado mañana por año, etc. por fin por lo general generalmente pronto rápido un rato reciente(mente) siempre siguiente el mes siguiente próximo el mes próximo solamente sólo solo/a tiempo mucho tiempo tarde LA tarde temprano todas las (semanas) todavía todos los (días) últimamente una vez dos veces … etc

= last year = the day after tomorrow = per year, etc = at last, finally = generally = generally = soon = fast = a while = recent(ly) = always = next, coming = next month, the coming month = next = next month = only = only = alone (without the accent “solo” means “alone”) = time = a lot of time = late = THE afternoon / evening = early = every (week) = still = every (day) = recently = once (one time) = twice (two times, etc)

NEGATIVES Nunca Ya no Nadie Nada Ni …. ni …. Ningún(o)/a/os/as No tengo ningún dinero No tengo ningunos amigos

= never = no longer = no one, nobody = nothing = neither ….. nor ….. = none, not any = I do not have any money = I do not have any friends

(ningún / ninguna / ningunos / ningunas – this changes to agree with whatever the word describes)

CONJUCNTIONS a pesar de así que aun (si) aunque como cuando en vez de incluso

= despite, inspite of = so = even (if) = although = as / like = when = instead of = even 19

mientras (que) o/u

= while = or

(“o” changes to “u” before a word beginning with “O”/ “HO” e.g. trabajo u ocio = work or pleasure)

pero por eso por lo tanto porque pues si sin embargo tal vez también y/e

= but = because of that, for that reason = therefore = because = so = if =however =perhaps = also = and

(“y” changes to “e” before a word beginning with “i”/“Hi” e.g. Israel e Italia = Israel or Italy)

ya (que)

= since, as

CONNECTIVES además aparte de claro que dado que es decir por un lado/por otro lado por una parte/por otra parte sin duda

= furthermore = apart from = of course = given that = that’s to say, that is = on the one hand / on the other = on the one hand / on the other = without doubt

PREPOSITIONS a con de en hacia hasta para por según sin

= to / at = with = of / from = in / on = towards = until = for / in order to = for / by = according to = without

QUESTIONS WORDS ¿Adónde? ¿Cómo? ¿Cuál(es)? ¿Cuándo? ¿Cuánto? ¿Cuántos …? ¿De dónde? ¿De quién? ¿Dónde? ¿Por dónde? ¿Por qué?

= Where to? = How? = Which? = When? = How much / many? = How much / many? (plural) = From where? Where from? = Who from? From whom? = Where? = = Why? 20

¿Qué? ¿Quién?

= What? = Who?

When you want someone to repeat something, you should say ¿Cómo? rather than ¿Qué? – this is more polite. COMMON QUESTIONS ¿A qué hora? ¿Cuánto cuesta(n)? ¿Cuánto vale(n)? ¿Cuánto es? ¿Cuántos años tiene(s)? ¿De qué color? ¿Dónde está? ¿Para/Por cuánto tiempo? ¿Qué día? ¿Qué fecha? ¿Qué hora es?

= At what time? = How much does it / they cost? = How much does it / they cost? = How much is it? = How old are you? (How many years do you have?) = What colour? = Where is …? = For how long? (For how much time?) = What day? = What date? = What time is it?

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME TIME OF DAY la mañana mañana la tarde tarde la noche la madrugada

= THE morning = tomorrow = the afternoon / evening = late = the night = the early morning, the small hours

THE TIME la hora el horario media hora la medianoche el mediodía es la una son las dos son las tres

= the time / the hour = the timetable = half an hour = midnight = midday = it’s one o’clock = it’s two o’clock = it’s three o’clock

menos/y … menos cuarto un minuto un segundo y cuarto y media

= quarter to / quarter past = quarter to = a minute = a second = quarter past = half past

THE WEATHER el clima el tiempo el pronóstico ¿Qué tiempo hace?

= the climate = the weather = the forecast = What is the weather like? 21

una estación el invierno la primavera el verano el otoño

= a season / a station = the winter = the pspring = the summer = the autumn

llueve nieva Hace calor Hace frío Hace sol Hace buen tiempo Hace mal tiempo Hace viento Hace fresco Hay tormenta Hay nieve Hay lluvia Hay niebla Hay nieve Hay nubes Hay chubascos Hay relámpago Hay trueno Hay temperaturas de … Está despejado El cielo está despejado Está nublado Está nuboso

= it is raining, it rains = it is snowing, it snows = The weather is hot = The weather is cold = The weather is sunny = The weather is good = The weather is bad = It is windy = It is chilly = There is a storm = There is snow = There is rain = There is fog = There is snow = There are clouds = There are showers = There is lightening = There is thunder = There are temperatures of … = It is clear / There are no clouds = the sky is clear = It is cloudy = It is cloudy

Tengo calor Tengo frío

= I am hot (literally it means = I have heat) = I am cold (literally it means = I have cold)

Va a llover Va a nevar Va a helar Va a hacer frío Va a haber tormenta Va a estar nuboso

= it is going to rain = it is going to snow = it is going to freeze = it is going to be cold = there is going to be a storm = it is going to be cloudy

Lloverá Nevará Helará Hará buen tiempo Hará sol Hará calor Hará frío Hará mal tiempo Hará viento

= it will rain = it will snow = it will freeze = It will be nice weather = it will be sunny = it will be hot = it will be cold = it will be bad weather = it will be windy 22

Habrá tormenta Habrá niebla

= there will be a storm = there will be fog

Hacía buen tiempo Hacía sol Hacía calor Hacía frío Hacía mal tiempo Hacía viento

= It was nice weather = it was sunny = it was hot = it was cold = it was bad weather = it was windy

Había tormenta Había niebla

= there was a storm = there was fog

Hay Había Habrá

= there is / there are = there was / there were = there will be

caliente caluroso

= hot (adjective – when describing food / drink) = hot (adjective – when describing weather)

estable el grado helar helado UN helado el hielo húmedo un hurucán una inundación seco la sombra suave temperaturas suaves templado tormentoso helar mojar(se)

= stable = degree (temperature) = to freeze = frozen = an icecream = ice = damp = a hurricane = a flood = dry = the shade = mild = mild temperatures = mild, warm = stormy = to freeze = to get (oneself) wet

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ANIMALS la araña el ave el pájaro la ballena el burro el caballo la cabra el canguro hacer de canguro el conejo el gato el gorila el oso el lince la oveja una paloma el perro el pato el pez el pescado el pavo la gallina el pollo el lobo el ratón la rata la serpiente el toro la tortuga la vaca el zorro

= spider = bird = bird = whale = donkey = horse = goat = kangaroo = to babysit = rabbit = cat = gorilla = bear = lynx (wild cat that lives in Spain) = sheep = a pigeon = dog = duck = fish (alive) = fish (dead + food) = turkey = hen = chicken (dead + food) = wolf = mouse = rat = snake = bull = tortoise / turtle = cow = fox

ENVIRONMENT a pie el accidente el agujero el aire la aldea el alquiler apagar las luces apagar encender un atasco la atmósfera el aumento la basura una bolsa de plástico el calentamiento global una campaña

= by foot, walking = the accident = the hole = the air = the village = the rent = to turn off the lights = to turn off = to turn on = a traffic jam = the atmposphere = the increase = the rubbish = a plastic bag = global warming = campaign 24

la capa de ozono el cartón la caza la caza furtiva cazar los CFCs el combustible (fósil) el consumidor el consumo la contaminación el contenedor cuidar el planeta la culpa el daño el desastre desaparecer la desaparición la desforestación los desechos nucleares el desperdicio la destrucción ecológico el efecto invernadero un envase la electricidad eléctrico la energía la extinción el fuego los gases de escape la gasolina sin plomo grave el grifo un incendio forestal un incendio inquietante una inundación la lluvia ácida una marea negra el medio ambiente medioambiental mundial el mundo la naturaleza el oxígeno el peligro peligroso un petrolero el petróleo el pesticida

= the ozone layer = cardboard = hunting = poaching, illegal hunting = to hunt = CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) = fossil fuel = consumer = consumption = pollution = container = to look after the planet = the blame = the damage = the disaster = to disappear = the disappearance = the deforestation = nuclear waste = the waste = the destruction = environmentally friendly, ecological = the greenhouse effect = a container = electricity = electrical = energy = extinction = the fire = exhaust fumes = unleaded petrol = serious, bad = the tap = a forest fire = a fire = worrying = a flood = acid rain = an oil slick = the enviroment = environmental = world (adjective) = the world = nature = oxigen = the danger = dangerous = oil tanker = petrol = pesticide 25

una pila una pila recargable una placa solar el planeta poco sano preocupado el problema los productos químicos proteger protegido por la ley la protección químico (adj.) recargable reciclable el reciclaje el reciclaje de botellas el reciclaje de cartón el reciclaje de latas el reciclaje de papel el reciclaje de pilas el reciclaje de plástico el reciclaje de vidrio el vidrio OR el cristal reciclar el recurso los residuos orgánicos la selva la sequía el sin plomo un spray subir las temperaturas suben sucio la Tierra tóxico el tráfico el transporte público el uso del transporte público un vehículo una ventaja una desventaja

= a battery = rechargeable battery = a solar panel = the planet = unhealthy = worried, concerned = the problem = chemicals = to protect = protected by law = protection = chemical (adjective) = rechargeable = recyclable = recycling = the recycling of bottles = the recycling of cardboard = the recycling of cans = the recycling of paper = the recycling of batteries = the recycling of plastic = the recycling of glass = glass = to recycle = resource = organic waste = the jungle = the drought = unleaded (petrol) = an aerosol = to go up = the temperatures are going up = dirty = the Earth = toxic = the traffic = public transport = the use of public transport = a vehicle = an advantage = a disadvantage

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ENVIRONMENT (PHRASES) En nuestra ciudad hay … demasiado tráfico mucha contaminación mucha basura muchas fábricas No hay espacios verdes El tráfico causa mucho ruido Mucha gente usa el coche todos los días

= In our city there’s … = too much traffic = a lot of pollution = a lot of rubbish = a lot of factories = There are no green spaces. = The traffic makes a lot of noise. = A lot of people use the car every day.

¿Qué deberíamos hacer para proteger el medio ambiente? = What should we do to protect the environment? Deberíamos … comprar productos verdes consumir menos energía plantar más árboles reciclar papel y vidrio reducir la contaminación usar más el transporte público No deberíamos … malgastar agua tirar basura al suelo

= We should … = buy green products = consume less energy = plant more trees = recycle paper and glass = reduce pollution = use public transport more = We shouldn’t … = waste water = drop litter

27

`ESSENTIAL VERBS SER = TO BE

SER (TO BE)

ESTAR = TO BE

Used with nouns e.g. soy profesor + with adjective to estoy = I am indicate something estás = you are permament está = he/she is

soy = I am eres = you are es = he/she is somos = we are sois = you (plural) are son = they are

ESTAR (TO BE)

estamos = we are

Used with adjectives to estáis = you (plural) are indicate something that is están = they are the result of something or not permanent

DEBER debo = I must debes = you must debe = he/she must debemos = we must debéis = you (plural) must deben = they must IR (to go) voy = I go / I am going vas = you go / you are going va = he/she goes / is going vamos = we go / are going váis = you (plural) go / are going van = they go / are going HACER (to do) hago = I do / I am doing haces = you do / you are doing hace = he/she does / is doing hacemos = we do / are doing hacéis = you (plural) do / are doing hacen = they do / are doing

QUERER (to want) quiero = I want quieres = you want quiere = he/she wants queremos = we want queréis = you (plural) want quieren = they want TENER (to have) tengo = I must tienes = you must tiene = he/she must tenemos = we must tenéis = you (plural) must tienen = they must HACER has two meanings – to do + to make So, HAGO can mean = I do I make

PODER (to be able) puedo = I can puedes = you can puede = he/she can podemos = we can podéis = you (plural) can pueden = they can VENIR (to come) vengo = I come / am coming vienes = you come / are coming viene = he/she comes / is coming venimos = we come / are coming venís = you (plural) come / are coming vienen = they come / are coming HACER (to make) hago = I make / I am making haces = you make / you are making hace = he/she makes / is making hacemos = we make / are making hacéis = you (plural) make / are making hacen = they make / are making

SUBJECT PRONOUNS I You (singular) He/she We You (Plural) They

yo tú él / ella nosotros Vosotros Ellos / ellas

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TENSES IN SPANISH THE PRESENT TENSE (TO DAY WHAT YOU “DO” OR WHAT YOU “ARE DOING”) MEANING Hablo may be translated as follows: I speak OR I am speaking FORMATION OF THE PRESENT TENSE Regular verbs – three types = -AR, -ER, -IR (A) –AR type e.g. HABLAR = To speak Remove the –AR and add the endings

I You (singular) He / She We You (plural) They

STEM habl habl habl habl habl habl

ENDINGS o as a amos áis an

(B) –ER type e.g. VENDER = To sell Remove the –ER and add the endings

I You (singular) He / She We You (plural) They

STEM

ENDINGS

vend vend vend vend vend vend

o es e emos éis en

(C) –IR type e.g. VIVIR = To live Remove the –IR and add the endings

I You (singular) He / She We You (plural) They

STEM viv viv viv viv viv viv

ENDINGS o es e imos ís en

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IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSE SER = TO BE soy = I am eres = you are es = he/she is somos = we are sois = you (plural) are son = they are

SER (TO BE)

DAR (to give) doy = I give / I am giving das = you give / you are giving da = he/she gives / he/she is giving damos = we give/ we are giving dáis = you (plural) give / you are giving dan = they give / they are giving IR (to go) voy = I go / I am going vas = you go / you are going va = he/she goes / is going vamos = we go / are going váis = you (plural) go / are going van = they go / are going HACER (to do) hago = I do / I am doing haces = you do / you are doing hace = he/she does / is doing hacemos = we do / are doing hacéis = you (plural) do / are doing hacen = they do / are doing PONER (to put) pongo = I put / I am putting pones = you put / are putting pone = he/she puts / is putting ponemos = we put / are putting ponéis = you (plural) put / are putting ponen = they put / are putting DECIR (to say) digo = I say / I am saying dices = you say / are saying dice = he/she says / is saying decimos = we say / are saying decís = you (plural) say / are saying dicen = they say / are saying

QUERER (to want) quiero = I want quieres = you want quiere = he/she wants queremos = we want queréis = you (plural) want quieren = they want TENER (to have) tengo = I must tienes = you must tiene = he/she must tenemos = we must tenéis = you (plural) must tienen = they must HACER has two meanings – to do + to make So, HAGO can mean = I do I make

Used with nouns e.g. soy profesor + with adjective to indicate something permament

ESTAR (TO BE) Used with adjectives to indicate something that is the result of something or not permanent

IMPORTANT The verbs HACER, PONER, CONOCER and DAR are only irregular in the first person singular i.e. the “I” (yo) form of the verb. SABER (to know) [to know facts] sé = I know sabes = you know sabe = he/she knows sabemos = we know sabéis = you (plural) know saben = they know

ESTAR = TO BE estoy = I am estás = you are está = he/she is estamos = we are estáis = you (plural) are están = they are

PODER (to be able) puedo = I can puedes = you can puede = he/she can podemos = we can podéis = you (plural) can pueden = they can VENIR (to come) vengo = I come / am coming vienes = you come / are coming viene = he/she comes / is coming venimos = we come / are coming venís = you (plural) come / are coming vienen = they come / are coming HACER (to make) hago = I make / I am making haces = you make / you are making hace = he/she makes / is making hacemos = we make / are making hacéis = you (plural) make / are making hacen = they make / are making SALIR (to go out) salgo = I go out / I am going out sales = you go out / are going out sale = he/she goes out / is going out salimos = we go out / are going out salís = you (plural) go out/are going out salen = they go out / are going out CONOCER (to know) [to know people/places] conozco = I know conoces = you know conoce = he/she knows conocemos = we know conocéis = you (plural) know conocen = they know

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TWENTY VERBS THAT ARE IRREGULAR IN THE PRESENT TENSE Caber To fit in

Caer To fall

Dar To give

Decir To say

Estar To be

Quepo Cabes Cabe Cabemos Cabéis Caben

Caigo Caes Cae Caemos Caéis Caen

Doy Das Da Damos Dais Dan

Digo Dices Dice Decimos Decís Dicen

Estoy Estás Está Estamos Estáis Están

Haber To have

Hacer To do / make

Ir To go

Oír To hear

Poder To be able

He Has Ha Hemos Habéis Han

Hago Haces Hace Hacemos Hacéis Hacen

Voy Vas Va Vamos Vais Van

Oigo Oyes Oye Oímos Oís Oyen

Puedo Puedes Puede Podemos Podéis Pueden

Poner To put

Querer To want / like

Saber To know

Salir To go out

Ser To be

Pongo Pones Pone Ponemos Ponéis Ponen

Quiero Quieres Quiere Queremos Queréis Quieren

Sé Sabes Sabe Sabemos Sabéis saben

Salgo Sales Sale Salimos Saís Salen

Soy Eres Es Somos Sois Son

Tener To have / hold

Traer To bring

Valer To be worth

Venir To come

Ver To see

Tengo Tienes Tiene Tenemos Tenéis Tienen

Traigo Traes Trae Traemos Traéis Traen

Valgo Vales Vale Valemos Valéis Valen

Vengo Vienes Viene Venimos Venís Vienen

Veo Ves Ve Vemos Veis ven

N.B. Haber – to have – is used to form Compound Tenses. Compounds also apply e.g. decir = predecir = to predict tener = retener = to retain hacer = deshacer = to unmake traer = distraer = to distract poner = suponer = to suppose venir = convenir = to agree salir = sobresalir = to exceed 31

SER / ESTAR – TWO VERBS IN SPANISH FOR “TO BE”

USES OF SER Ser is used to classify and identify permanent or lasting attributes. If the general rule isn´t specific enough for you, think of the acronym DOCTOR, which stands for Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, and Relationship. 1. DESCRIPTION For description, think of what you would say if someone asked you "What´s he like?" These are the essential qualities that define a person and probably won´t change. They can be a name or a physical description. Yo soy Raúl. (I am Raúl.) Yo soy alta, morena, y delgada. (I am tall, dark-skinned, and thin.) 2. OCCUPATION Occupations are seen as life-long careers in Spanish and are therefore seen as more "permanent". Soy profesor del español. (I am a Spanish teacher.) Ellos son estudiantes. (They are students.) Notice that the indefinite articles un, una, unos, and unas are omitted when describing an occupation after the verb ser. 3. CHARACTERISTIC Characteristics are personality descriptions of a person. These would probably be the second thing you say to "What´s he like?" Amalia es inteligente, atrevida, y amable. (Amalia is intelligente, daring, and friendly.) Mi esposo es romántico y cariñoso. (My husband is romantic and caring.) 4. TIME Time includes days, dates, and hours. For hours, use es for one o´clock and son for all other hours. Hoy es miércoles. (Today is Wednesday.) Hoy es mi cumpleaños. (Today is my birthday.) Ahora es la una y media. (Right now it´s one thirty.) 32

Son las cinco y veintecinco. (It´s five twenty five.) 5. ORIGIN As the place a person is from or the material something is made from is not going to change we use SER for origin. Celia es de España. (Celia is from Spain.) Adela es peruana. (Adela is Peruvian.) Mi anillo es de oro. (My ring is gold.) 6. RELATIONSHIP Even after someone dies or someone breaks up, relationships are described using SER. Religion is a Relationship. Also, since religion is considered a relationship with a higher power, religions are also described using ser. Lynne es mi madre. (Lynne is my mother.) Marcos es mi ex-novio. (Marcos is my ex-boyfriend.) Andrés es católico. (Andrés is Catholic.) USES OF ESTAR Estar is used to indicate temporary states and locations If the general rule isn´t specific enough for you, think of the acronym PLACE, which stands for Position, Location, Action, Condition, and Emotion. 1. POSITION Position is the physical position or posture a person or thing is in. Mi abuela está sentada. (My grandmother is sitting down/seated.) 2. LOCATION The location of someone or something describes where it is permanently, temporarily, actually, or conceptually. El baño está a la derecha de la sala. (The bathroom is to the right of the living room.) Estamos en el café ahora y estarémos en el cine en 20 minutos. (We are at the café right now and we will be at the movie theatre in 20 minutes.) Mi abuelo está en la luna. (My grandfather is out of it/lost.) EXCEPTION FOR PARTIES This is a big one: The location of an event or party is described using SER. Not ESTAR! La fiesta es en mi casa. (The party is at my house.) 3. ACTION Estar is used to describe an ongoing action using the present progressive tense. Estoy lavando los platos sucios. (I am washing the dirty dishes.) Estamos leyendo los periódicos. (We are reading the newspapers.) Mi bisabuelo está muerto. (My great-grandfather is dead.) Death is Ongoing Action In Spanish, death is seen as an ongoing action, not a permanent state, thus you use the verb estar and not ser. 4. CONDITION Physical and mental conditions are described using ESTAR. Estoy tan cansada esta mañana. (I am so tired this morning.) Mis niños están enfermos hoy. (My children are sick today.) Mi madre está un poca loca. (My mother is (acting) a little crazy.) 5. EMOTION How a person is feeling at a certain moment is described using ESTAR. Estoy triste. (I am sad.) Ella está contenta porque recibió unas flores de su novio. (She is happy because she received some flowers from her boyfriend.) 33

MEANING CHANGES WITH SER AND ESTAR There are some words that can be used with both ser and estar, but take on different meanings depending on the verb. Below you will find a chart with both forms and their meanings in English. SAME ADJECTIVE, DIFFERENT MEANING SER ser aburrido to be boring ser bueno to be good ser cansado to be a tiring person ser grave to be serious ser listo to be clever ser malo to be bad ser orgulloso to be conceited or vain ser moreno to be dark-skinned ser pálido to be pale skinned ser pesado to be heavy ser rico to be rich ser seguro to be safe ser verde to be green ser viejo to be old ser vivo to be sharp

ESTAR estar aburrido estar bueno estar cansado estar grave estar listo estar malo estar orgulloso estar moreno estar pálido estar pesado estar rico estar seguro estar verde estar viejo estar vivo

to be bored to be tasty/attractive to be tired to be seriously ill to be ready to be ill to be proud to be tanned to be pale to be tiresome to be tasty to be certain to be unripe to look old to be alive

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THE PRESENT CONTINOUS MEANING The present continous in Spanish shows what is happening right now. En este momento yo estoy habando por teléfono. At the moment I am talking on the phone. FORMATION OF THE PRESENT CONTINOUS The present progressive is most often formed by taking the present tense of the verb ESTAR [to be] (estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están) and adding the gerund (i.e. the Spanish equivalent to “–ing” in English] expressing the action or event that is occurring: ESTAR = TO BE estoy = I am estás = you are está = he/she is estamos = we are estáis = you (plural) are están = they are

+

___ando (AR verbs) ___iendo (ER + IR verbs) e.g. hablando (talking) comiendo (eating) discutiendo (discussing)

The gerund is created by removing the AR, ER + IR from the infinitive and adding the endings: -AR e.g. hablar [to speak] -ER e.g. correr [to run] -IR e.g. discutir [to discuss]

-

hablando (speaking) corriendo (running) discutiendo (discussing)

For example: Están preparando la comida = They are preparing the meal

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REFLEXIVE VERBS LEVANTARSE LAVARSE CEPILLARSE PEINARSE LLAMARSE

also –IRSE and –ERSE but less common

LEVANTARSE (to get yourself up) Me levanto = I get (myself) up Te levantas = you get (yourself) up Se levanta = he/she gets (him/herself) up Nos levantamos = we get (ourselves) up Os levantáis = you (plural) get (yourselves) up Se levantan = they get (themselves) up P.ej.  llamarse  lavarse  peinarse

me llamo os laváis te peinas

(I am called) (you’re washing (yourself)) (you’re brushing your hair)

Here is a list of commonly used reflexive verbs: acostarse (o→ue) afeitarse bañarse casarse (con alguien) cepillarse despertarse (e→ie) desvestirse (e→i) dormirse (o→ue) ducharse enfermarse enojarse irse lavarse levantarse llamarse mirarse peinarse ponerse ponerse la ropa preocuparse (por) probarse (o→ue) quitarse secarse sentarse (e→ie) sentirse (e→ie) verse vestirse (e→ie)

…… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……

to go to bed to shave to have a bath to get married; to marry (someone) to brush oneself to wake up to undress oneself to fall asleep to take a shower to get sick to get angry, mad to go away to wash oneself to stand up, get up to call oneself to look at oneself to comb one’s hair to become to put on clothing to worry about to try on (clothing) to take off, remove (clothing) to dry oneself to sit down, seat oneself to feel (emotionally, physically) to see oneself to get dressed 36

FUTURE TENSE (TO SAY WHAT YOU “WILL” DO) MEANING Hablaré is translated as follows: I will speak FORMATION OF THE FUTURE TENSE The future tense in Spanish i.e. saying what you will do is created by taking the infinitive i.e. the verb ending in either –AR, -ER or –IR. You then add the following endings to indicate I, you, he/she, we, you, they: I You (singular) He/she We You (Plural) They

-é -ás -á -emos (only one with no accent) -éis -án

For example: hablar (to talk)+ -é = I will talk vivir (to live) + -é = I will live comer (to eat) + -é = I will eat A small group of verbs do not use the infinitive for the future tense. Instead they have a slightly modified stem. These have to be learnt: VERB decir hacer poder poner querer saber salir tener venir

MEANING To say To do / To make To be able To put To want To know To go out To have To come

FUTURE STEM dir_ har_ podr_ pondr_ querr_ sabr_ saldr_ tendr_ vendr_

The verb endings are the same as for regular verbs. The only irregularity is in the stem.

37

THE CONDITIONAL (TO SAY WHAT YOU “WOULD”DO) MEANING The conditional is used to express uncertainty and in English you say “would”: Me gustaria vivir en España I would like to live in Spain A – regular verbs Formación: Verbo en el infinitivo con AR, ER o IR (the whole verb with the infinitive bit!) Añade: + PERSONAL PRONOUNS

-AR

Yo Tú Él/Ella/Usted Nosotros/as Vosotros/as Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

-ER

-IR

…ía …ías …ía …íamos …íais …ían

e.g. I would sing: He would play: You would go: They would live:

cantaría jugaría iríais vivirían

B – irregular verbs in the conditional The conditional has the same irregular verbs as the future. You add the conditional endings to the irregular stem: A small group of verbs do not use the infinitive for the future tense. Instead they have a slightly modified stem. These have to be learnt: VERB decir hacer poder poner querer saber salir tener venir

MEANING To say To do / To make To be able To put To want To know To go out To have To come

FUTURE STEM dir_ har_ podr_ pondr_ querr_ sabr_ saldr_ tendr_ vendr_

The verb endings are the same as for regular verbs. The only irregularity is in the stem.

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THE PERFECT TENSE (TO SAY WHAT YOU “HAVE DONE”) MEANING: (Yo) he hablado may be translated as follows: I have spoken It describes what you HAVE DONE in the past. Example: He terminado mis deberes I have finished my homework. REGULAR VERBS Formation: The auxiliary HABER in the present tense + verb in the past participle (the –ed form!). The past participle is formed by removing the verb ending (-AR, -ER, -IR) and adding –ado for –AR verbs and –ido for –ER and –IR verbs. PERSONAL PRONOUNS Yo Tú Él/Ella/Usted Nosotros/as Vosotros/as Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Examples:

HABER presente he has ha hemos habéis han

I have sung she has drank you have lived they have gone

VERB STEM

he cantado ha bebido habéis vivido han ido

-AR

-ER

-IR

-ado

-ido

-ido

*to go = ir, remove –ir add -ido

IRREGULAR VERBS Some verbs have an irregular past participle. Here is a list of the most common ones and they must be learnt off by heart… abrir… cubrir… decir… describir… descubrir… devolver… escribir… hacer… morir… poner… romper… ver… volver…

abierto cubierto dicho descrito descubierto devuelto escrito hecho muerto puesto roto visto vuelto

opened covered said, told described discovered returned written made died, dead put, placed broken seen returned

Note: Compound words based on these roots typically show these same irregularities: Por ejemplo: componer > compuesto deshacer > deshecho oponer > opuesto suponer > supuesto prever > previsto

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THE PRETERITE TENSE (TO SAY WHAT YOU “DID”) MEANING (Yo) hablé may be translated as follows: I spoke It describes what you did in the past. Example: Ayer, Juan se levantó, salió a la calle y después compró un periódico. (Yesterday, John got up, went out, then he bought a newspaper) FORMATION OF THE PRETERITE TENSE Regular verbs – three types = -AR, -ER, -IR (A) -AR type e.g. HABLAR = to speak Remove the –AR and add the endings

I You (singular) He/she We You (Plural) They

STEM HABL HABL HABL HABL HABL HABL

ENDINGS é aste ó amos asteis aron

(C) -IR type e.g. VIVIR = to live Remove the –IR and add the endings which are exactly the same endings as for –ER verbs. I You (singular) He/she We You (Plural) They

STEM VIV VIV VIV VIV VIV VIV

ENDINGS é aste ó amos asteis aron

(B) -ER type e.g. VENDER = to sell Remove the –ER and add the endings

I You (singular) He/she We You (Plural) They

STEM VEND VEND VEND VEND VEND VEND

ENDINGS í iste ió imos isteis ieron

There are a number of irregular verbs in the preterite tense. The most common of these are: SER (TO BE) IR (TO GO) ESTAR (TO BE) HACER (TO MAKE/DO) fui (I was) fui (I went) estuve (I was) hice (I did / made) fuiste fuiste estuviste hiciste fue fue estuvo hizo fuimos fuimos estuvimos hicimos fuisteis fuisteis estuvisteis hicisteis fueron fueron estuvieron hicieron DECIR (TO SAY) dije (I said) dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron

VER (TO SEE) vi (I saw) viste vio vimos visteis vieron

DAR (TO GIVE) di (I gave) diste dio dimos disteis dieron

TENER (TO HAVE) tuve (I had) tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron 40

THE IMPERFECT TENSE (TO SAY WHAT YOU “WERE/WAS DOING” + “USED TO DO”)

A MEANINGS 1.Recognition 1. WAS / WERE -ING – While I was / we were working at the factory 2. USED TO – Every day I used to visit my uncle 3. WOULD (when WOULD = USED TO) – Every morning I would visit my uncle 2.Examples of the Imperfect 1. Description of state – llevaba un pantaloon azul = He was wearing blue trousers 2. Repetition or Habit – Todos los días se levantaba a las ocho, y después tomaba una ducha = Every day he used to get up at eight and then he would take a shower 3. Simultaneous, incompleted actions – Mientras yo hablaba él leía un libro = Whilst I was speaking he was reading a book. 4. Continuous background : Comíamos

Cuando ellos llegaron

We were eating

When they arrived

Mientras actuaba Mientras esperábamos

Se cayó al suelo He fell down Nos habló

While we waiting

He spoke to us

CONTINUOUS BACKGROUND

INTERRUPTED BY A SUDDEN ACTION OR EVENT – THE PRETERITE

While he was acting

B. FORMATION OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE 1. Regular – according to the infinitive ending. Remove the –ar, add the –aba series of endings Remove the –er or –ir, add the ía series of endings Hablar – AR Hablaba Hablabas Hablaba Hablábamos Hablabais Hablaban

Vender - ER Vendía Vendías Vendía Vendíamos Vendíais Vendían

THE 3 IRREGULAR IMPERFECTS IR To go iba ibas iba ibamos ibais iban

SER to be era eras era éramos erais eran

VER to see veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían

Vivir - IR Vivía Vivías Vivía Vivíamos Vivíais Vivían

Note: this formation procedure applies to radical and spelling changing verbs, and to all but 3 irregular verbs: Dar Daba Estar Estaba Pensar Pensaba Llegar Llegaba Poder Podía Volver Volvía Coger Cogía Haber Había Decir Decía Oír Oía Pedir Pedía

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