The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

A Research Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Course Practical Research 1

By Amores, Samantha Nicole Bitoon, Angelica Gonzales, Kianah Audrey Halamanan, Khrizyle Kate Linantud, Mikaela Masangkay, Mary Lois Masinas, Chloe Dylan Jay Pangilinan, Krizel Ugalde, Leann Chelsyraen

Technological Institute of the Philippines Quezon City 938, Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City Senior High School Department May 2022

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The study’s completion would not have been possible without the assistance and support of the following individuals. We like to express our sincere appreciation to these significant people who became our backbone throughout the process of creating this research.

First, the researchers like to show our gratitude and recognition to the researchers’ research adviser, MS. ROMANIA CHRISTINE RUIZ, for guiding the researchers in conducting this case study; with her assistance and guidance, the researchers are able to come up and finish this research case study.

Second, the researchers would like to thank our Almighty Father for helping us pass through all the difficulties that we have experienced and for being there with us from the conception of this case study until the completion of the researchers’ case study.

Third, the researchers like to give their sincerest gratitude to the participants for this research case study. Without their participation and immense patience with the questions being inquired to them, this case study would not be complete.

Fourth, the researchers would like to extend their special thanks to their classmates and friends, especially in 11STEMA3, for lending their ears to the researchers’ rants and supporting them throughout the case study.

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study

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1.2 Statement of The Problem

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1.3 Significance of The Study

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1.4 Scope and Delimitation of The Study

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 2.1 Review of Related Literature

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2.1.1 Exemplifying Birth Control

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2.1.2 Sex Education and Contraceptive Use of Female Adolescents and Teenagers

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2.1.3 Women’s Perception about Contraceptive Use

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2.1.4 Barriers to Contraceptives

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2.1.5 Teenage Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries

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2.1.6 Sex Education in the Philippines

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2.1.7 Discernments of Sex Education

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2.1.8 Debunking Birth Control Myths

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2.2 Synthesis

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2.3 Theoretical Framework

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2.4 Conceptual Framework

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study 2.5 Research Paradigm

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2.6 Definition of Terms

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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design

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3.2 Source of Data

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3.2.1 Primary

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3.2.1.1 Participants

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3.2.1.2 Description of the Population

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3.2.1.3 Settings

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3.2.1.4 Sampling Technique

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3.2.2 Secondary

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3.3 Data Instrument

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3.4 Data Gathering Procedure

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3.5 Data Treatment

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3.6 Limitations

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CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.1 General Themes

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4.1.1 Environment Influences the Perception of Contraceptives

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4.1.2 Effectiveness of Birth Control

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4.1.3 The Role of Research and Lessons Taught About Contraceptives

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion

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5.2 Recommendation

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Bibliography

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Appendices Appendix A. Evidence of Interviews

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Appendix B. Curriculum Vita

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study In the Ebers Papyrus, various formulas and remedies were in records through a compendium of Egyptian Medical Texts way back in 1550 BCE (Malcolm Potts, 2020). According to Britannica (2020), Ancient Romans don’t only utilize linen or animal intestines as condoms, but they also used the muscles of their slain combatants occasionally. However, it is more likely that the term comes from the Latin word conduc, meaning receptacle. According to Britannica (2020), The Italian anatomist Gabriel Fallopius published the first description in 1564. The early condoms were manufactured from animal intestines and primarily intended to prevent disease transmission through sexual contact. When Charles Goodyear found the vulcanization of rubber technique in 1839, he ushered in a revolution using contraception and transportation. Thus, condoms became a popular method of birth control in the second part of the nineteenth century.1 Birth Control, also known as contraception, is a designated method widely used by women to prevent pregnancy. Birth Control methods work in various ways. First is the use of condoms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges that prevent sperm cells from having contact with the egg cells of a woman. Second, the use of Birth Control pills, patches, shots, vaginal rings, and emergency contraceptive pills prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs that will lead to fertilization. 2 Third, the IUDs or Intrauterine devices implanted into the woman’s uterus will last for several years as it prohibits sperm cells from reaching and fertilizing eggs. Lastly, Sterilization, this method of birth

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Potts, M. (2020, May 1). Birth control - History of birth control. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/birth-control/History-of-birth-control 2 Birth Control. (n.d.). WebMD. https://medlineplus.gov/birthcontrol.html?fbclid=IwAR1F4eQfX_d-iLT6FF6ES0HUIlr7lWtX9KfBAK7XSnfbNPPfTWcgu7iXWc

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study control, is permanent, as it precludes a woman from getting pregnant or having the capacity to impregnate someone.2 Contraception aids in the prevention of unwanted pregnancies and transmission of infections during sexual activity. Teenagers should learn what contraceptives are about; thus, they have the information they need to make safe and healthy decisions. Although the number of high school-aged adolescents who have sex has decreased over the last decade, 57 percent are sexually active by the 12th grade, according to an article by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Throughout the last 85 years, access to contraception has become the most essential economic asset for women. According to studies, one-third of the income growth made by women since the 1960s is a clear indication of their access to contraception. Newborns, regardless of whether intentional or accidental, are costly. Women who are unable to determine when to own children neglect out on physical labor and have a marked decline in earning potential. Women can now attain more advanced educational attainment than in the past, thanks to the use of pills. Associated with better educational outcomes are directly linked to increased levels of potential incomes. Women who could postpone motherhood have even more time and opportunity to further their academic achievement, with more time to earn graduate degrees. Having access to the pill before turning 21 is the most valuable factor in allowing women to continue their education if they enlisted.

Birth Control. (n.d.). WebMD. https://medlineplus.gov/birthcontrol.html?fbclid=IwAR1F4eQfX_d-iLT6FF6ES0HUIlr7lWtX9KfBAK7XSnfbNPPfTWcgu7iXWc 2

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Statement of the Problem Teenagers' and Young Adults' knowledge about Birth Control is slim. Their perceptions of Birth Control affect their understanding of the procedure. The researchers hope to learn more about how the Young Adults’ and Teenagers' educational backgrounds impact their views on birth control. The researchers ought to answer the following questions: 1) How does having differences in educational background influence the perception of Teenagers about using Birth Control in the Philippines? 2) How does educational background influence the perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in the Usage of Birth Control? 3)

What is the perception of Teenagers and Young Adult towards the Usage of Birth Control?

Significance of the Study The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of educational background on young adults and teenagers. The research will be beneficial to the community, specifically the young adults and teenagers who have different perceptions about the usage of Birth Control. This study will benefit the following sector: For teenagers, this study may benefit teenagers in using contraceptive methods to avoid unintended pregnancies. Contraceptive education seeks to equip teenagers with the essential knowledge needed to make informed decisions about contraception. Young Adults, this study may help Young Adults further understand the Influence of having an Educational Background on their perceptions about the usage of Birth Control. These will help 3

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Young Adults realize that a lack of Educational Background could hinder them from seeing Birth Control as a protection for unwanted pregnancies and contracting diseases due to its misconception. Furthermore, the findings in the study could help them know that there is a difference in perception due to differences in Educational Background about Birth Control. Healthcare Workers, this study was conducted to assess provider knowledge on contraception since healthcare providers are the main contributors to women's contraceptive usage. It was also beneficial to investigate the relationship between healthcare personnel outreach and the intention to use contraception. Health Organizations, may be able to use the results obtained from the perspective of teenagers and young adults in using birth control. Thus, they know how to approach and educate them since they will be able to learn the view, they will know which aspect of birth control has a misconception about and will use those misconceptions to cater to the general public and help them understand. For Low Socioeconomic, this study may benefit those who are in the low socioeconomic status since they lack education; it will enlighten them in knowing their situation and will most likely require the courage to learn some basic facts about birth control. Since they are in the lower society, their knowledge about birth control as a safe, simple, and convenient way to prevent pregnancy will help them not to think of earning money for their babies, and they may reduce the population. Since Birth control has played a vital role in the advancement of women in the workplace, it may allow those in the lower society to invest in their careers and plan for their futures. For the community, the findings of this study may help educate the public about the influence of educational background on the perception of young adults and teenagers towards the usage of birth control. The findings may also help bring awareness to the community about the 4

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study different educational backgrounds of teenagers regarding the use of birth control, as it will expand their understanding of the use of birth control. Future Researchers, this study covers information regarding the influence of the educational background of teenagers and young adults on their perception of using birth control. Thus, the result of this study can be used for future discussions that can help future researchers who will be pursuing similar topics to this study. This study may serve as an information source to produce new research and analysis.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study focuses on the Influence of Educational Background on the perception of Selected Young Adults and Teenagers about the usage of Birth Control. This study was limited to selected Female Young Adults and Teenagers in the Philippines, particularly from ages 16 to 23. This study was conducted through an online interview via Google Meet less than 30 minutes of inquiry. The researchers have gathered data and information from the selected female Young Adults and Teenagers who met the following requirements: The Young Adult or Teenager already had sexual intercourse and had either used or never used any protection or birth control, and the young adult or teenager already has knowledge regarding birth control. Lastly, the researchers were only limited to studying

issues concerning this research in the Philippines.

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the related literature and research studies following different websites, articles, books, and journals thoroughly searched by the researchers that would help in strengthening/developing the case study conducted. This chapter also contains the synthesis of birth control and its perception, a theoretical and conceptual framework to fully understand the research conducted, including the definition of terms that would help comprehend the following terms present in the study.

Exemplifying Birth Control Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Gregory Pincus, and John Rock developed the first birth control tablets in the 1950s. It was not until the 1960s that the pills became accessible. In the mid-1960s, the landmark Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut removed the prohibition on contraception for married couples. With the removal of contraceptive restrictions, many scientific and medical discoveries about fertility, family planning, and birth control became more widely available (Birth control throughout history, n.d). As birth control becomes more accessible and popular among teenagers and young adults, they use it for protection from getting unwanted pregnancies and protects them from infections during sexual activity. According to Heggie (2019), when a single sperm enters an egg, a spark of new life is produced. More than 200 million pregnancies occur worldwide, with approximately 40 percent unwanted pregnancies. With the proliferation and evolution of different methods of birth control, there are 12 types: Permanent birth control, IUD (Non-hormonal/Hormonal), Implant (Hormonal), Shot (Hormonal), Vaginal ring 6

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study (Hormonal), Patch (Hormonal), Emergency contraception (Non-hormonal/Hormonal), Spermicide, Fertility Awareness/Natural Family Planning (Non-hormonal), Withdrawal/Pull-out Method (Nonhormonal), and the two most common type which are Pill (Hormonal), and condoms (non-hormonal). A wide variety of methods can lessen the number of unwanted pregnancies happening each year.

Pregnancy and childbirth are associated with increased morbidity and death. Contraceptives have health hazards, but they also have significant non-contraceptive health advantages. Oral contraceptives, for example, do not just prevent pregnancy but also lower the incidence of endometrial and ovarian cancer, as well as ectopic pregnancies and acute pelvic inflammatory illness. On the other hand, Oral contraceptives increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. While intrauterine devices (IUDs), which are small contraceptive devices inserted into the uterus (womb) to prevent pregnancy, are an effective method of contraception; however, they increase the risk of infection in some high-risk individuals. Barrier contraception is less efficient than other forms of contraception. But it protects against sexually transmitted diseases such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (Contraceptive benefits, and risk, n.d). With distinct advantages and disadvantages of different methods of contraceptives, the user’s choice will be based solely on personal

preference.

Sex Education and Contraceptive use of Female Adolescents and Teenagers

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study "Sex education and contraceptive use of adolescent and young adult females in the United States: an analysis of the National Survey of Family Growth 2011–2017." Cheedalla, A., Moreau, C., & Burke, A. E. (2020). Between 2011 and 2017, researchers compared trends in comprehensive sex education and their relationship to contraceptive use at first intercourse and the latest contraceptive use among women aged 15–24 in the United States. According to the National Survey of Family Growth, analyses included females ages 15–24 from 2011 to 2017. In 2011–2013, 2013–2015, and 2015–2017, percentages of women receiving comprehensive sex education were 35%, 40%, and 34%, respectively, among 5445 respondents. Furthermore, those who reported comprehensive sex education before first sex were less likely to report first sexual intercourse before the age of 15 (aOR 0.55; 95 percent CI: 0.40–0.74) and nonvolitional first intercourse (aOR 0.42, 95 percent CI: 0.26– 0.72) than those who did not. According to researchers, those who had received comprehensive sex education were more likely to have used any (aOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.18–2.25) and very effective (aOR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.04–1.75) contraception during their first intercourse. Comprehensive sex education had no effect on current contraceptive use (aOR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.63–1.21). Thus, thorough sex education was associated with an increased likelihood of some form of contraception use during the first sexual activity but not with present-day modern contraception use. Furthermore, the researchers performed a descriptive analysis to evaluate trends in the prevalence of abstinence education over three time periods. They also looked at issues contributing to comprehensive sex education over three-time periods after checking for interactions collected from the survey.11

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Cheedalla, A., Moreau, C., & Burke, A. E. (2020). Sex education and contraceptive use of adolescent and young adult females in the United States: an analysis of the National Survey of Family Growth 2011–2017. Contraception: X, 2, 100048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conx.2020.100048

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Women’s Perception about Contraceptive use Women's perception about contraceptive use benefits towards empowerment: A phenomenological study in Southern Ethiopia, Alano, A., & Hanson, L. (2018). The study showed that amidst the abundance of information available on the benefits of contraceptive use and the factors that influence service uptake, there seems to be little indication of disclosing rural women's personal experiences. According to the reported personal lives of rural women, their livelihoods improved significantly in various ways after they started using contraception. The advantages incorporate more energy, time, and social communication. Contraception consumption enabled women to postpone unplanned pregnancies and childbirths and carry out a range of incomegenerating activities that won’t only increase family earnings but provide an opportunity to mobilize resources for various expenses without relying on welfare benefits from their spouses. With that said, the study concludes that forms of contraception use, which are a normal part of a person’s life, have resulted in extraordinary possibilities and accomplishments. The ability to manage reproduction and procreation has freed the woman’s life from the fear and entanglement of unexpected and unintended pregnancies. Furthermore, using contraception has several advantages in society by enhancing people’s condition and instilling a sense of accomplishment. Raising awareness about the benefits of using contraception can improve our community and develop our nation. According to the findings in 2019 (Biggs Ph.D. et al.,), methods need to be determined to capitalize on the learning lessons about current users' lives and broaden their outstanding success and perceptions of nonuser counterparts.12

Biggs, M. A., Kimport, K., Mays, A., Kaller, S., & Berglas, N. F. (2019). Young Women’s Perspectives About the Contraceptive Counseling Received During Their Emergency Contraception Visit. Women’s Health Issues, 29(2), 170– 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.09.004 12

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Barriers to contraceptives There are many barriers that impact a woman’s access to contraception in rural sub-Saharan Africa, such as financial constraints, supply shortages, stigma, and misconceptions, Potasse & Yaya (2021).13 One of the primary reasons women do not use contraceptives is the lack of financial resources. Furthermore, the effect of social norms that disagree with premarital sex and the use of contraceptives restricts women’s capacity to utilize the use of contraceptives. Teenagers and Young Adults are less likely to use contraceptive methods. 13 According to Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health (n.d.), teenagers lack adequate knowledge about pregnancy prevention. Onethird of male and female teens report that they did not receive formal education regarding birth control, and two-thirds of males and one-half of females did not talk to their parents about contraceptives before age 18. With statistics presented, it shows that knowledge about contraceptives plays an important role when it comes to teenagers' choice about whether to use them or not. Different health effects are also a factor in why women choose not to use contraceptives.15 Parks (2019) stated that modern contraceptives contain hormones that can cause specific side effects in some women; these may include: breast tenderness, headaches, weight gain, lack of regular menstrual bleeding, nausea, or/and loss of bone density with continued use over many years. These possible side effects are usually the source of various misconceptions. 14

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Potasse, M. A., & Yaya, S. (2021). Understanding perceived access barriers to contraception through an African feminist lens: a qualitative study in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10315-9 14 Parks, J (2019, January 24). Myths Misconceptions Still Discourage Use of Family Planning. https://www.prb.org/resources/myths-misconceptions-still-discourage-use-of-family-planning/ 15 Weiss DC, Harper CC, Speidel JJ, Raine TR. (2008, April 16). Should Teens Be Denied Equal Access to Emergency Contraception? How Common Is Sexual Activity among Teens? https://intranet.bixbycenter.ucsf.edu/publications/files/TeensDenied_2008.pdf

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study These misconceptions result in women not using any contraceptives as they are afraid of the potential impact on their bodies.14

Teenage Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries In developing countries, 20,000 females under the age of eighteen get pregnant, and complications related to pregnancy and childbirth are the primary cause of death among adolescent girls aged 15 to 19. Half of these pregnancies are unwanted and caused by the lack of reproduction health education, child marriage, sexual assault, and a lack of educational opportunities. Education is essential for halting this dangerous global trend. According to studies (Borgen, 2017), one of the most effective methods to reduce teen pregnancy is to promote female literacy, which increases contraception use and allows girls to understand sex education resources. According to Teen Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries (2017), girls with a high level of education are five times less likely to become pregnant, and educated girls are less likely to enter underage marriages and have healthy future pregnancies. 16

Unfortunately, sex education is not widespread enough in developing countries to prevent teen pregnancy through elementary school instructional programs. Cultural beliefs and religious shame sometimes hinder schools from providing sufficient sex education, and pregnant girls are forbidden from attending school as "bad omens." Marginalized and often pushed out of their homes, pregnant teenagers have little resources and end up living in poverty. 16

Parks, J (2019, January 24). Myths Misconceptions Still Discourage Use of Family Planning. https://www.prb.org/resources/myths-misconceptions-still-discourage-use-of-family-planning/ 16 Huang, I. (2017, September 20). Teen Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries. BORGEN; BORGEN. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/teen-pregnancy-and-education/ 14

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study In terms of educational resources for teen moms, developing countries differ from the United States. In South Africa, young mothers who want to return to school must return to the school where they dropped out, and counseling is rarely available. Girls struggle with isolation and bullying since they are unable to avoid social marginalization by enrolling in a new school or a school specialized for adolescent moms. Teachers are typically unyielding when it comes to missed classes due to a baby's illness, and there are few administrative structures or training programs to assist teen moms. 16

However, every additional year of schooling a female receives results in a 10-20% boost in her salary and a 2% reduction in the child death rate. Returning to school after pregnancy is essential for the adolescent woman and her kid to have a better life. Higher institutional support within schools, cultural programs targeting stigmas surrounding teen parenthood, and schools specifically for teen moms that all aid girls in returning to school after pregnancy and childbirth. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) collaborates with governments in inferior countries to help adolescent girls return to school and avoid unplanned pregnancies in the future. UNFPA promotes safe spaces for girls to learn about sexual and reproductive health by empowering young women who are teen moms to lead training and counseling sessions. Mentorship and home visits assist girls in returning to school and provide literacy and financial skills training. 16

Girls who cannot attend school due to a lack of transportation, cultural hurdles, or poverty must not go unnoticed. Mentorship programs and trips to health facilities can provide them with reproductive health education. 16

Huang, I. (2017, September 20). Teen Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries. BORGEN; BORGEN. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/teen-pregnancy-and-education/ 16

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study UNFPA health workers teach girls who attend health facilities about the need for contraception and family planning together with providing the resources to assist them in looking for work. Enhancement of girls' reproductive health and safety is made possible through community outreach workshops led by health workers and district leaders. Rural residents often receive less information on family planning, and these outreach events broadcasted through door-to-door advertising can help prevent teen pregnancy and enhance maternal health. 16

Young girls should have access to information that will enable them to make informed and safe decisions about their bodies. In order to decrease unwanted teenage pregnancy, inferior countries must encourage education, both in schools and outside of them. 16

Sex Education in the Philippines In the Philippines, the Department of Education (DepEd) has begun rolling out a Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) in the K to 12 Curriculum Guide, starting with regions 1, 7, and 11 —these are the areas with the highest prevalence of teen pregnancy, according to the reports of CNN Philippines (2021). However, lesson plans are insufficient, and the government has recognized this by seeking to connect classroom lessons to practical reproductive health interventions in community facilities. President Rodrigo Duterte enacted Executive Order (EO) 141, which prioritizes the implementation of measures addressing adolescent pregnancies in the country and mobilizes government entities to act. 17 The restrictions in response to Covid-19 led to the slow

Huang, I. (2017, September 20). Teen Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries. BORGEN; BORGEN. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/teen-pregnancy-and-education/ 17 Joven, J. (2021, November 5). Do we actually have sex ed in Philippine schools? CNN. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/Education/2021/11/5/sex-education-philippine-schools.html 16

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study pace of the Department of Education's transition from traditional to online education, and the implementation of this order helps up. Moreover, the implementation is being rolled out a decade late, and because of this, the implementation on the ground needs to be revisited along with the partners’ roles and locations. Because of the issues circulating in the execution of Executive Order 141, Dr. Melgar cited four steps that the government should take to improve to carry out sex education here in the Philippines. First, ensure that the country’s sexuality education framework goes beyond abstinence and includes access to condoms and contraceptives. Second, de-stigmatize young people’s sexual activity and use of condoms and contraceptives. Third, provide a budget for protective services to people who are sexually active, including condoms and contraceptives, as without this service, this executive order would be meaningless and self-defeating. 17

Advocates here in the Philippines point out that the current government curriculum is subject to conservative ideals. Instead, they would like to see the positive sexuality framework used, which is a method that teaches sex as a natural and healthy part of life rather than something to be ashamed of (CNN Philippines, 2021). 17

The norm change is critical in terms of how young people should view their sexual and romantic lives and not be finite by the concept of courting, dating, and marriage stated by Jona Turalde, the vice-chairperson of the SheDecides Guiding Group and member of the International Planned Parenthood Federation Nominations and Governance Committee (Julienne Joven, 2021). 17

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Joven, J. (2021, November 5). Do we actually have sex ed in Philippine schools? CNN. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/Education/2021/11/5/sex-education-philippine-schools.html

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study This is a very essential example because the curriculum that is proposed by DepEd still focuses on "Filipino Values," and messaging is still heteronormative rather than improving young Filipinos' education so that they can make the best-informed decisions regarding their reproductive lives.17

Discernments of Sex Education The purpose of this study is to complement school sex education by covering students' current sexual attitudes, behaviors, and opinions. Although classroom sex education is vital, the majority of what we know about sex is not taught in school. (2019) Sex education programs have begun to have more goals, such as acquiring skills in decision making, communication, relationships, parenting, and coping skills. It must be an integral part of the learning process, beginning in childhood to adulthood and its lifelong learning process. Teenage pregnancies are strongly associated with social deprivation and low educational aspirations. Be that as it may, as the significance of abilities has been recognized, sex education programs are progressively emphasizing empowering youthful individuals to think for themselves and make educated choices about their issues and sexual issues. It is this kind of language that has worried many conservative commentators and legislators, given what is seen as the growing liberalization of sex education in schools. Children must be mindful of the exposure in the media, school, and sex education to enlighten them about sexually transmitted diseases and birth controls. Everyone's knowledge and understanding of sex education, whether adults, youth, or adolescents, are changing. Two opposing aspects affect human psychology and

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Joven, J. (2021, November 5). Do we actually have sex ed in Philippine schools? CNN. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/Education/2021/11/5/sex-education-philippine-schools.html

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study morality. With the help of sex education, it can help girls’ education and provide women with additional possibilities to engage fully in society.18

Debunking Common Birth Control Myths Many fallacies exist about the safety and efficacy of birth control. These myths can cause unnecessary worry in certain people, preventing them from using the appropriate birth control for them. This Medical News Today (2020) cited ten common misconceptions about birth control and revealed the facts about this matter.

First, the only option in birth control methods is the hormonal one. But in reality, hormonal birth control is just one of numerous options available. Some people prefer not to utilize or are unable to use hormonal techniques; therefore, they have several options. Such as the copper intrauterine device (IUD) is considered 99% more effective than the pill that most women commonly use. 19

Second, taking birth control pills causes cancer. Taking birth control pills decreases the risk of endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and colorectal cancer. Although a study conducted in 2010, Medical News Today (2020) stated that it somehow increases the risk of getting cancer, primarily breast and cervical cancer. But that does not mean that taking birth control pills would cause various kinds of cancer. There is just some kind of cancer, but other than that, it lowers the risk of having variants of cancer. 19

Reiss, M. (2019, August 30). A brief history of sex education. A Brief History of Sex Education. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/healthstudies/brief-historysexeducation?fbclid=IwAR1coY50YbYPdtMX1TB5YQayQd0hlT4_hpRV4vVMhJ1 No2lxJZen18PwC9c 19 Villines, Z. (2020, February 11). Debunking common birth control myths. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-myths 18

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Third, the lifestyle method or natural method of birth control does not work at all. Some people believe that this type of method is ineffective. The truth be told, the natural approach to birth control is extremely complicated to execute correctly. 19 There are times when you will perform it in the wrong way making it seem ineffective. Fertility awareness is one example of natural birth control— if done correctly, it will be effective. It entails a person keeping track of their body temperature, watching daily changes in cervical mucus, and knowing when their period is due. Breastfeeding can also be effective as a natural method of birth control. However, the newborn must be breastfed for the first six months, given few or no other foods, and not yet have had a period. Any extended period without breastfeeding will dramatically enhance the chances of becoming pregnant. Ovulation will restart if the baby drinks formula or eats other foods, and a period will follow. 19 Fourth, taking birth control will prevent you from getting STIs. Indeed, condoms and other barrier methods do not block all STIs, and there is no safe way to have intercourse with someone who has an STI. STIs cannot be stopped by any method of birth control that does not create a barrier between people's bodies. STIs can still transfer from one partner to the other, during sex, despite hormonal birth control, permanent sterilization, fertility awareness, IUDs, and other techniques. 19 Fifth, the hormonal type of birth control causes abortions. Another common misconception: birth control cannot cause abortion. Because the function of all kinds of hormonal birth control is to suppress ovulation, suppressing ovulation would prevent implantation, and without implantation, there is no pregnancy or the beginning of new human life. 19

Villines, Z. (2020, February 11). Debunking common birth control myths. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-myths 19

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Sixth, factually, numerous studies have found that either birth control doesn`t gain weight or it only adds a few pounds to the female who is using hormonal contraceptives (Villines, 2020). Same with the study conducted in 2016, wherein they found little or no evidence of weight gain (Villines, 2020). 19 Seventh, after using hormonal birth control, such as IUDs, the pill, the patch, or the implant, it can take a couple of months for a woman`s monthly cycle to return to normal. Moreover, a study published in 2011 compared the pregnancy rates after using various types of hormonal birth control. It has been said that (Medical News Today, 2020) pregnancy rates are similar between the users who have used birth control and those who have never taken or used it. Fertility problems with birth control do not imply that birth control is the cause of infertility. 19 Eighth, older people do not need to use birth control as the chances of conceiving are low. In reality, an older person cannot get pregnant if she is going through a process of menopause and lacks a period for 12 consecutive months. 19 Ninth, Emergency contraceptives are like abortion. Taking the emergency pill is different from the process of having an abortion. Abortion is a procedure that terminates a pregnancy that has already begun. Due to unplanned pregnancies, emergency contraception may decrease the need for abortion soon. Emergency contraception will never be the cause of abortion as it prevents a woman from being pregnant and not killing the child who is already in the mother’s womb. 19

Villines, Z. (2020, February 11). Debunking common birth control myths. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-myths 19

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Lastly, the hormonal type of birth control can lead to blood clots and stroke (Villines, 2020). Hormonal birth control has various side effects, but these side effects do not affect everyone. Some people have clear underlying risks that make them more susceptible to birth control problems (Villines, 2020). For example, if a person is smoking and has cardiovascular disease, there is an increased risk of blood clots and stroke if that person takes hormonal contraception. 19 Obese people, especially those who suffer from specific types of migraines should consult a doctor about their risk of blood clots and stroke, before taking any hormonal birth control, as their doctor would prescribe estrogen-free birth control or suggest a non-hormonal alternative for these women to avoid any blood clots and stroke that might happen soon. 19 Synthesis There are various kinds of studies and literature that the researchers used to further illustrate the point of this research and the purpose why this study is being conducted; among the topics covered in The Barriers to contraceptives discusses the lack of adequate knowledge and formal education that could affect the teenager’s choice in using Birth Control. Teenage Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries demonstrates the importance of female literacy in preventing future young female students from being isolated in schools. Sex Education in the Philippines analyzes the situation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education here in the Philippines. Discernments of Sex Education wherein, it illustrates how sex education must be an essential part of the learning procedure from the youth to adolescence, as well as the lifelong learning procedure. Debunking

Villines, Z. (2020, February 11). Debunking common birth control myths. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-myths 19

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Common Birth Control Myths, wherein it discussed the misconceptions that are circulating about birth control. Based on the cited literature, due to the lack of inadequate knowledge on birth control among young adults and teenagers, many of them face pregnancy at such an early age, some of them died while conceiving their children, some of them needs to stop going to school due to the feeling that they are being isolated or discriminated, and some of them even have misconceptions about birth control. The National Survey of the Family Growth (2020) 11, pointed out that despite the comprehensive sex education, it does not affect the use of contraceptives. Sex education orients teenagers and young adults about their sexuality, the methods of safe intercourse, and managing their sexual health. Teenagers and young adults who had thorough sex education will most likely use some form of contraception and not the present-day contraception.11 According to Abraham Alano and Lori Harrison (2018), despite all the available information about the benefits of contraceptive use, it is still not that available to women in rural places. But those who had used contraceptives said that it improved their way of life and became more manageable to avoid not being able to feed and provide for their family. Being able to manage reproduction cannot only save the woman’s life but also positively affect the economic status of our society and lessen poverty.12 Despite the advantages of the use of contraceptives, there are still barriers, especially for those women who live in rural places. Potasse & Yaya (2021) mentioned that the reason women tend not Cheedalla, A., Moreau, C., & Burke, A. E. (2020). Sex education and contraceptive use of adolescent and young adult females in the United States: an analysis of the National Survey of Family Growth 2011–2017. Contraception: X, 2, 100048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conx.2020.100048 12 Biggs, M. A., Kimport, K., Mays, A., Kaller, S., & Berglas, N. F. (2019). Young Women’s Perspectives About the Contraceptive Counseling Received During Their Emergency Contraception Visit. Women’s Health Issues, 29(2), 170– 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.09.004 11

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study to use contraceptives is because they cannot afford them, and there are wrong conceptions about them.13 According to Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health (2008, as cited by Linantud M, 2022), is that there are a lot of teenagers who lack or did not receive any formal education about the concepts of birth control.15 Parks (2019) pointed out that modern contraceptives cause certain side effects that cause the majority of women to choose not to use any. 14 In developing countries, many females had unwanted pregnancies due to the said reasons: lack of education, lack of knowledge about contraceptives’ use, early marriage, and sexual assault. Promoting comprehensive female literacy can reduce teenage pregnancy. There are also barriers to the promotion of female literacy, and that is because of cultural and religious beliefs. In some countries, there is a lack of resources to develop dedicated programs to mentor teenage mothers, causing them to struggle with embarrassment and bullying.16 In the Philippines, the Department of Education (DepEd) has begun to give out lessons to places with a possible high population of teenage pregnancies, but these lessons are not enough, so they added these lessons to the classroom lesson to give awareness about the practical reproductive health. Dr. Melgar cited steps that the government should improve to establish the implementation of proper sex education, which are the following: the country’s sexuality education

Potasse, M. A., & Yaya, S. (2021). Understanding perceived access barriers to contraception through an African feminist lens: a qualitative study in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10315-9 13

Parks, J (2019, January 24). Myths Misconceptions Still Discourage Use of Family Planning. https://www.prb.org/resources/myths-misconceptions-still-discourage-use-of-family-planning/ 16 Huang, I. (2017, September 20). Teen Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries. BORGEN; BORGEN. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/teen-pregnancy-and-education/ 14

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study framework, removing associations of shame in the young people’s mindset,

17and

being open-

minded on the concepts of the use of contraceptives, and provide enough funds or budget in the purchase of protective services. Jona Turalde, Vice-Chairperson of the She Decides Guiding Group and Member of the International Planned Parenthood Federation's Nominations and Governance Committee (Julienne Joven, 2021), pointed out that changing the view of young people on the concept of sexual and romantic lives is not just limited to courting, dating, and marriage. On top of that, DepEd still focuses on Filipino values to improve the young Filipino’s decisions about reproductive health.17 A study that is conducted by The Open University (2019) stated that complements school sex education by covering students’ current sexual attitudes, behaviors, and opinions. Nevertheless, as the significance of abilities has been recognized, sex education programs are continuously emphasizing empowering young people to think for themselves and make educated choices about their issues and sexual issues. Children must be mindful of their exposure to media, school, and sex education.18 According to “Medical News Today” (2020), there are ten common misconceptions about the safety and efficacy of birth control. Having these misconceptions could lead to different perspectives of everyone, especially the young adults and teenagers who mostly use contraceptive

Joven, J. (2021, November 5). Do we actually have sex ed in Philippine schools? CNN. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/Education/2021/11/5/sex-education-philippine-schools.html 17

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Reiss, M. (2019, August 30). A brief history of sex education. A Brief History of Sex Education. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/healthstudies/brief-historysexeducation?fbclid=IwAR1coY50YbYPdtMX1TB5YQayQd0hlT4_hpRV4vVMhJ1 No2lxJZen18PwC9c

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study methods. This “Medical News Today” cited the ten common misconceptions about birth control and the facts lying behind those myths. First, the only option in birth control methods is the hormonal ones when, in fact, copper intrauterine devices exist. As stated by Villines (2020) that these copper intrauterine devices are 99% more effective than the pills that most women commonly use. Second birth control pills can cause cancer. Truth be told, using birth control lowers the risk of getting cancer, especially endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and colorectal cancer. Third, the lifestyle method or natural method does not work in preventing unwanted pregnancy, when, in fact, natural methods are extremely hard to execute correctly which is a great tendency that the procedure most couples are doing is incorrect. Fourth, taking birth control pills would prevent you from getting STIs is a false one. There is no safe sex in intercourse; according to Borgen Magazine (2020), STIs can still transfer during sex despite, hormonal birth control, permanent sterilization, fertility awareness, IUDs, and other techniques. Fifth, the hormonal type of birth control is the cause of abortion. Truth be told, birth control can never cause abortion, as birth control only suppresses ovulation— in repressing ovulation, it would prevent implantation. Due to it, it is impossible for young adults and teenagers to get pregnant (Villines, 2020). Sixth, birth control causes weight gain. Females can only gain a few pounds of weight, especially if that female is using hormonal birth control, which is proven by a study conducted back in 2016 (Villines, 2020). Seventh, taking hormonal birth control is the cause of infertility. 19 It is compared that pregnancy rates are similar among the one who use birth control and those who do not use birth control, according to a study conducted back in 2011 (Medical News Today, 2020). But one thing for sure is that it will take a few months for a woman's menstrual cycle to return to normal one after the

Villines, Z. (2020, February 11). Debunking common birth control myths. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-myths 19

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study use of hormonal birth control, and there is no evidence that would prove that hormonal birth control affects fertility over the long term. 19 Eighth, older people do not need to use birth control as the chances of conceiving are low. Truth be told, an older person cannot get pregnant if she is going through a process of menopause and lacks a period for 12 consecutive months. Ninth, Emergency contraception is like abortion. Truth be told, emergency contraception will never be the cause of abortion, abortion terminates the child who is already present in the mother’s womb, and emergency contraceptive prevents women from getting a woman pregnant. Tenth, the hormonal type of birth control causes blood clots and strokes. Hormonal birth control has various side effects, but these side effects do not affect everyone. Just like people who have cardiovascular disease, intake of birth control to a woman who has a cardiovascular disease could increase the risk of having blood clots and stroke. That is why it is recommended that obese people should consult their doctor, as they would know what kind of estrogen-free birth control or non-hormonal alternative they would prescribe to their patients to avoid the possible blood clots and stroke that might happen to these women in the future (Villines, 2020). 19 In accordance with the various literature found by the researchers through websites, articles, and journals, the researchers had discerned that no study conducted the same research that the examination is all about. Based on the related materials, no study has been found— to study on the same topic except for the literature that caters to its parts. Many researchers studied the Discernment on Sex Education, Barriers to Contraceptive, Teenage Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries, and Sex Education in the Philippines. These studies together have contributed to

Villines, Z. (2020, February 11). Debunking common birth control myths. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-myths 19

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study explaining thoroughly and giving supporting knowledge and understanding of the central factor of the research conducted. Theoretical Framework The theories that would suffice for the research study regarding birth control are the theory of Jack Mezirow and Callista Lorraine, which are the theories of Transformative Learning theory and the Adaptation theory. Jack Mezirow defines Transformative Learning Theory as the idea of acquiring new information and critically reflecting on it, where learners assess their previous thoughts and understandings to transform their entire worldview of something (What is Transformative Learning Theory, 2020). The principle behind transformative learning, also known as transformation learning, is that learners can modify their thinking based on the new information they get. In simple terms, Mezirow's theory tells us that our worldview about something would change the more we learn, the more we discover the things that would help us in grasping new concepts and ideas. This type of learning experience requires a fundamental shift in our perceptions— learners begin to question what they previously knew or believed and examine things from a new perspective, making room for innovative ideas and knowledge. Moreover, Jack Mezirow states that meaning schemes or meaning structures are other crucial components in transformative theory (What Is the Transformative Learning Theory, 2020). 20

What Is The Transformative Learning Theory. (2020). Western Governors University. https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-transformative-learning-theory2007.html 20

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Perspectives and meaning schemes are the two fundamental parts of meaning structures that set the states of our expectations. The concepts. Beliefs, judgments, and feelings that shape an interpretation of information are referred to as meaning structure.

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Self-reflection, self-directed

learning, and critical theory help students grasp the meaning of the structure. Through these, students can question their assumptions to see if what they believed as a youngster still holds the truth now that they are adults. As a result, students have a deeper understanding of themselves and their learning.20 The study of Sister Callista Roy’s— Adaptation Theory, considers the concept of a framework in terms of a person. Roy views the individual from a holistic view. Individual pieces work together to make a complete being. Moreover, being living systems, people are constantly interacting with their surroundings. An exchange of information and influence happens between the person and the environment. This theory defines the process in which a person takes intentional decisions to cope with his or her circumstances. Roy defines the environment as all the surroundings and circumstances that influence a person's development, reaction, and understanding. According to Roy's adaptation theory, there are four main modes: Physiological Physical (fundamental requirements and necessities for the body); Self-Concept, Group Identity (beliefs and feelings); Role Function (societal perspective); and Interdependence (personal relation). 21 Therefore, the environment, circumstances, and influences may change the adaptation and perception of young adults and teenagers in using birth control.

What Is The Transformative Learning Theory. (2020). Western Governors University. https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-transformative-learning-theory2007.html 21 Gonzalo, A. (2019, June 11). Sister Callista Roy - Adaptation Model of Nursing Nurseslabs. Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/sister-callista-roys-adaptation-model/ 20

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Conceptual Framework The theories that the researchers used such as Transformative Learning Theory and Adaptative Theory are combined to create a synergy with both theories to further explain the study.

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework on The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers: A Case Study

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Research Paradigm The conceptual framework (Figure 1) shows that the research subjects chosen in this case study are female Filipino teenagers and young adults who use and do not use birth control during sexual intercourse, as well as those who have knowledge regarding birth control. It does not matter whether what they know is right or wrong. The research subjects will go under 30 minutes or an hour of a semi-structured interview, and everything said during the interview will undergo the process of discourse analysis and thematic analysis. This is connected to the theoretical framework of the study because it emanated from it. The concepts presented in the conceptual framework are carefully associated with the Transformative learning theory and the Adaptation theory. Jack Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory (2020) focuses on education and learning of the concept that learners may modify their thinking depending on new knowledge. As things change, they discover the need to look at things from a fresh viewpoint to get new knowledge about them. This theory aims to help researchers to understand female Filipino teenagers and young adults that change in their perceptions regarding what they learned, whether it may be the right knowledge or wrong knowledge that female Filipino teenagers and young adults get from social media or school by analyzing the gathered data. Thus, it will help in determine the impact of having knowledge regarding the use of birth control on female Filipino teenagers and young adults. Furthermore, the second theory, according to Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Theory, conceptualized that a person's growth is determined by their surroundings and circumstances, which shape their behavior, actions, and knowledge. The person's stimulant affects one of the theory's Four Adaptive Modes, which finally leads to the coping process influencing their behavior.

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Lastly, the theories presented in the conceptual framework (Figure 1) would help the researchers understand the variable of this study which is the impact of educational background on the perception of teenagers and young adults in using birth control. This conceptual framework presents the aspects the researchers have selected to become the basis of the study, showing the impact of having knowledge regarding birth control on one's perception. Definition of Terms For a better understanding of birth control and its perception by young adults and teenagers here in the Philippines, the following terms are present in this study: Adolescence – This is a stage of adolescent life that lasts from 10 to 19 years of life. It is an evident developmental stage and a crucial moment in laying the foundation for good health. Adolescence develops quickly in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development. (Adolescent Health, n.d.) Barriers - Personal barriers in life are roadblocks to personal, professional, spiritual, or social advancement. Psychological or emotional barriers can exist. (McQuerrey, 2019) Contraception – is a contraceptive device or medication that stops a woman from becoming pregnant. Some contraceptives work by blocking ovulation, which prevents pregnancy. Debunk – Identify falsehoods or emptiness (of myths, ideas, or beliefs). Discernments - the ability to grasp and comprehend what is difficult to understand.

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Emergency Contraceptive – It refers to the techniques of contraception that can be used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse. These should be used within 5, but the sooner they are used, the more effective it is. (World Health Organization: WHO, 2018) Heteronormative – It is assumed that everyone is straight. The assumption is that romantic and sexual relationships often occur between men and women. The default sexual preference is heterosexuality, which is assumed to be the only usual or natural form of expressing sexuality and interest. (Resnick, 2022) Modern Contraception - Modern contraceptive methods involve the usage of oral contraceptive pills, implants, injectables, contraceptive patches, vaginal rings, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and lactational. Perception – In the world, it is a sensory experience. It entails recognizing environmental cues as well as acting in response to those stimuli. (Kendra Cherry, 2019) Sex Education – Sexual education in schools that encourages knowledge about sexual relations and fertilization. Teenage Pregnancy - is when a female under the age of 20 becomes pregnant. It refers to adolescent boys and girls between the age of 15 and 19. It can, however, include girls as young as ten years old. It is also known as adolescent pregnancy or teen pregnancy (Taylor, 2020). Young Adult – Age of acclimating to new life patterns and duties like husband, parent, and breadwinner.

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This section presents a succinct overview of methods utilized and continued in the study is presented. This section describes the research design and source of data. Including the information of each participant, the research method used, the setting where the case study was conducted, the research instrument, the entire process of data gathering, and most importantly, the sampling technique used in conducting this research. This chapter also discusses the limitations that the researchers have experienced together with data treatment.

A. Research Design

This study utilizes a qualitative case study approach, as it analyzed the female teenagers' and young adults' perceptions regarding birth control. A Case study is defined as “the study of particularity and complexity of a single case, coming to understand its activity within the important circumstances” (Stake, 1995, as cited by Harrison et al., 2017). It is a method that needs an intensive analysis of an individual unit (as a person or community) as it stresses the relation of developmental factors to its environment (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2009, p-103).

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Meriam (2009) also

characterizes a case study as particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic, which highlights the purpose and qualitative nature of case study research, as it focuses on a specific individual and its motivation

Harrison, H., Birks, M., Franklin, R., & Mills, J. (2017). Case Study Research: Foundations and Methodological Orientations. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.1.2655 22

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study to understand and describe the findings conducted through an investigation.22 These studies by (Stake, 1995) and (Meriam, 2009) will be used as a guide to focus on a particular aspect: the impact of educational background on the perceptions of Filipino teenagers and young adults regarding the usage of Birth Control. The researchers wanted to know how these variables and how it will impact the female teenagers' and young adults' public views.

B. Source of Data B.1 Primary

B.1.a Participants The participants are female teenagers and young adults from Antipolo City, Marikina City, and Quezon City. One to two (1-2) representatives from Antipolo City, Marikina City, and Quezon City that suited the criteria set by the researchers, were chosen.

B.1.b Description of the Population The study’s target group in the analysis is Filipino Female teenagers and Young Adults, who are under the age bracket of 15 to 25 years old, that had sexual intercourse with and without protection. Furthermore, the selected 15 to 25 years old participants already have knowledge regarding what birth control is and whether it is correct or incorrect. The researchers opted not to

Harrison, H., Birks, M., Franklin, R., & Mills, J. (2017). Case Study Research: Foundations and Methodological Orientations. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.1.2655 22

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study include the participants’ identities to observe confidentiality and protect them from harm. The table below contains information on the chosen participants.

Participants

Age

Gender

Location

Participant 1

19

Female

Antipolo City

Participant 2

17

Female

Quezon City

Participant 3

16

Female

Quezon City

Participant 4

23

Female

Malabon City

Table 1: Description of Population

B.1.c Setting Due to the current situation, researchers are not able to specifically go to the place of the participants residence in Quezon City, Antipolo City and Malabon City. The collecting of data and gathering of participants was by the done by the researchers in the participants’ respective social media platforms and Google meet, with technological help from platforms that enable instant messaging to proceed in the data collection process.

B.1.d Sampling Technique For this study, the sampling technique used was purposeful sampling. This technique allows the researchers to get in-depth and detailed information about the 33

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study perception of selected teenagers and young adults about birth control and how educational background influences it. The researchers generated a criterion that each participant must meet for the study. The researchers chose different female individuals between the age of 15 to 25 who reside in the Philippines. The researchers utilized purposeful sampling wherein they set criteria for qualifications that the participants must meet who will take part in the study.

B.2 Secondary Data This study has utilized secondary sources such as websites, articles, books, and journals that are consistent and potentially beneficial for the research. The gathered data in this study helped recognize the Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines. These sources help the research by collecting all related data for the research, assisting researchers in learning more about the topic discussed, and supporting them in providing significant use of the information gathered for the study.

C. Data Instrument To gather the important data needed for this case study, the research instrument utilized for this case study is a semi-structured interview done via Google Meet. The participants’ interview questions are universal and are formed through brainstorming to know what questions should be used to have fair answers from the participants consequently and is in line with the case study’s research question. The researchers asked a set of follow-up questions to get more explicit data from the participants. The researchers reviewed the interview questions carefully to avoid offending the 34

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study participants. To attain the needed data for this study, the researchers conducted individual interviews with the informants. The researchers transcribed the recorded interview to have the complete information from the participants.

D. Data Gathering Procedure The sequence in which the researchers gathered the data is all covered in this section. Throughout the research, it stated here the specific and general problems answered by the findings in the study. The researchers conducted a semi-structured interview to gather the necessary information for the case study, The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers on Using Birth Control in the Philippines. The participants of this case study were interviewed individually to have an accurate response regarding their perceptions, thoughts, and opinions about birth control. Since the type of the conducted interview used a semi-structured interview, the researchers asked a set of follow-up questions to gather explicit data that would help the researchers to understand the participants’ responses regarding the female teenagers’ and young adults’ perceptions of birth control. The in-depth interview would be recorded with the utmost confidentiality so that the researchers would have an accurate conclusion and information gathered through the online interview via Google Meet. The researchers allowed the participants to respond freely so that they could briefly explain their responses.

E. Data Treatment The researchers analyzed the data gathered from the participants’ recorded in-depth interviews and will take notes through the recording. The data handling was based on discourse analysis and thematic analysis to examine or deconstruct the underlying meanings of the participants’ responses 35

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study and analyze each participant’s answers. The participants would undergo a 30 minute to 1-hour semistructured interview. The data gathered could aid the researchers in understanding better the perspective of the participants regarding the said topic. The researchers would treat the participants’ identities with the utmost confidentiality. The researchers should study the responses seriously so they can produce a comprehensive conclusion.

F. Limitations There were several limitations found while conducting this study. First, since we are in a crisis, one of its limitations is the pandemic, which has made our situation challenging. Due to this, all the participants are associated with the researchers. This situation hinders the researchers from discovering other people who have similar situations as the participants chosen in this case study. Second, the case study's sample size is relatively small, consisting of four informants. Thru this, it will affect the credibility and objectivity of the case study as the participants do not represent the whole female teenagers and young adults in the cities of Antipolo, Marikina, and Quezon. Third, since the interview would be held online via Google Meet, there are some technicalities that the researchers and the participants encountered, which makes the process of interrogation longer than planned, which is a 30 minute to 1-hour of inquiry. Also, due to some technicalities, the researchers have a problem understanding or grasping the response of the participants, which could end up some misunderstandings and misconceptions, which will affect the construction of the conclusion in the next chapter. CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study This chapter aims to provide and discuss the collected, interpreted, and analyzed data from the chosen female teenagers and young adults using the case study approach. An in-depth, semistructured interview with sets of predetermined questionnaires was used to systematically gather the needed information to answer the research’s objectives regarding the influence of their knowledge or education background on the perception of young adults and teenagers regarding the usage of birth control. This chapter will also present the general themes that were constructed from coding the collected data from the participants. The responses of the participants from the conducted interviews were transcribed. The verbatim answers of the informants are presented below: 1) How does having differences in educational background influence the perception of Teenagers about using Birth Control in the Philippines? Based on the interview conducted, Participants 1, 2, 3, and 4 have shown differences when it comes to their knowledge regarding birth control. Due to these differences in educational backgrounds from the answers of the participants, we can bluntly see the influence or the effects on the participant's perceptions when it comes to birth control.

Participant 1 has said that she attended seminars and webinars about contraceptives and their importance. She knew a few forms of birth control, such as condoms, pills, IUDs, birth control patches, birth control shots, vasectomy, and the traditional calendar method. The participant added that there is a stigma when it comes to sex education, making the information about safe sex limited. Moreover, Participant 1 believes that researching before indulging in sexual intercourse is a requirement because when you have enough knowledge or research, you apply what is suitable for you and will have self-awareness, especially for the safety of both you and your partner. There are 37

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study also some factors that influenced the participants' decision to use birth control: social pressure, her responsibilities, and the main reason is to avoid the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease for her own safety. In addition to that, Participant 1 has also mentioned that, “’Pag meron kang information about something, you will apply it sa buhay mo. Without any knowledge about sex education and importance of birth control, I believe na buntis na ako siguro ngayon without that information.” The statement mentioned above connects with the definition of applied knowledge given by Jane Gilbert (2005,159-160). She argues that applied knowledge is practical knowledge produced by putting academic knowledge into practice. It's gained through experience, by trying things out until they work into real-life situations. Through the definition given by Jane Gilbert in her book Catching the Knowledge Wave (2005), its seen that everything that participant 1 has searched for or learned through attending seminars and webinars was helpful and applied in her life— that’s why she has said that without having knowledge regarding birth control and its effect, uses, and importance, maybe she would already get pregnant. Participant 2 stated that having a proper education on whether to use or not use birth control is helpful because it gives more knowledge about whether it is really safe or not. She also claimed that she hardly knew birth control, just the basics, such as condoms, pills, and injections to avoid pregnancies. She has never attended a class or seminars about birth control or contraceptives, but she is planning to participate in the future to enhance her knowledge about it. Participant 2 also mentioned that her friends become the main factor as to why she is using birth control right now, “I think yung nag-influence sa’kin is yung mga friends ko, because they always tell some stories about

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study their experiences, and I can’t help but be curious kaya siguro na subukan ko siya, kasi nacucurious ako.” Participant 2 also mentioned that she does this before indulging in any sexual activities with her partner, “Yes, I did my research before engaging in sexual interaction para mas safe before makipag-interact with someone”. The circumstance of Participant 2 is similar to the theory discussed in this case study in Chapter 2, which is the Adaptation Theory by Sister Callista Roy (2021). Her stimuli in her environment which cause one of the theory's Four Adaptive Modes; in her case is the Interdependence. These connections of Participant 2 with her friends led her to adapt to that environment. All of her friends are indulging in sexual activities due to their experiences. Participant 2 mentioned that she involves herself with sexual activities that her friends are doing but, of course, with the guidance of what she has searched on the internet.

It is seen in Participant 2 that even though she has only a little knowledge regarding birth control, it didn’t become a hindrance for her not to use birth control as a mode of protection against unwanted pregnancy, especially that Participant 2 is still a minor. Participant 3 explains that since she did not attend a class that discusses birth control, she conducted her own research for her self-awareness. She believes that by doing research, a person could avoid getting pregnant or having some health issues or diseases, especially if it is the person’s first time indulging in sexual activities or intercourse.

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Participant 3 also mentioned that if she is going to rate herself with the current knowledge, she has right now regarding birth control, it would be 7 out of 10. This explains how the participant still tries to use birth control pills to test if the information she gets in her research is correct or not due to the fact that she is not still knowledgeable enough regarding the said matter and almost became a victim of misconception regarding birth control. “Kapag uminom ka daw ng birth control lalaki yung breast mo, pero ako naman nung nag-try, ‘di naman. Same din sa friends ko na nag-try ganun din yung nangyari.” Due to the experience, Participant 3 has neither concluded that what the article has said is not wrong nor right because everyone has different conditions and different reactions of the body when it comes to taking birth control pills.

Based on the correlated extracts above, its seen that even though she doesn’t have any engagement in sexual activities with her partner, the fact that she wanted to try birth control pills on herself in order to know and verify if using it will have the same effects on her body based on her researched info, regarding breast enlargement when taking birth control pills. Participant 4 stated that in this current generation, having proper education about birth control is needed because some teenagers today engage in early pregnancy, especially those who do not have enough knowledge on using birth control. In addition to that Participant 4 stated that: “Katulad ko, I have sexual intercourse with my partner without using the birth control, but may alam ako sa birth control kasi napag-aralan namin ito sa high schol, but not totally the deeper way kung paano mo siya pag-aaralan at iilan lang yung napag-araalan namin na uri ng birth control.” Even with the current knowledge of participant 4, she rated herself on a scale of 9 out of 10. It has not been the reason for her to use birth control when

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study having sexual intercourse, as she mentions that she only indulges with one man, and that is her current live-in partner.

Moreover, the participant’s aunt has said that when a person takes pills, it will make you gain weight or become fat, but after trying birth control pills, the effects that she experienced are not similar to what the aunt of the participant has said. She stated: ”Hindi ako hiyang, nag-dry yung skin ko.” After this experience, she has never taken any contraceptives when indulging in sexual activities or sexual intercourse with her live-in partner.

Based from the correlated extracts above, Participants 1, 2, 3, and 4 have shown differences when it comes to their knowledge regarding birth control. It is clear that these differences in knowledge perceptions may also vary. These differences in perceptions happens because there is a limitation to what the participants know. Female teenagers and young adults cannot just perceived things that is way out of their league— they cannot just say anything without prior knowledge regarding the matter. Notice how Participants 1, 2, 3, and 4 perception is just a basis of their knowledge or experience. They view things based on their understanding— based on pieces of information they get from the internet, seminar, or even webinars. In addition to that, the past negative perceptions Participants 1 and 3 have, are based on the little amount of knowledge they have. How could Participant 1 and 3 see birth control in a positive perspective if the information they got is only a few or small? It’s impossible for a person to perceive things that are outside of their knowledge. Due to this, having educational background is essential because this is the sole reason why many people see things from a partial point of view. Having sex education or prior knowledge about sex and birth control wouldn’t give other female teenagers and young adults reason for them 41

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study to perceive the usage of birth control as filthy or nuisance. It could be one of the solutions to the illsociety that view people that use birth control as pokpok.

2) How does educational background influence the perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in the Usage of Birth Control? Educational background about a specific topic plays a vital role in someone’s perception; through their education, some people tend to have negative and positive perceptions. And based on the conducted semi-interview, it is shown that some of the participants have negative and positive perceptions regarding the usage of birth control or birth control in general. Even though there are some negative perceptions the participants have in their minds, do not mean that they aren’t able to change their old perspective about a specific topic. Participant 1 has said that their educational background regarding birth control has widened her perspective regarding that matter. As she believed that before when a person uses birth control, that person might be pokpok, but because of her educational background, her mindset regarding birth control has changed. That birth control is beneficial, and she has become more responsible and becomes more aware of her actions than ever before. In addition to that, Participant 1 also mentioned that, “Because of the educational background mas smarter ang naging decision-making process natin. I believe na without this education, I wouldn’t have any idea what are the consequences and the risk of engaging in sexual intercourse without protection.” The situation of Participant 1 is justified by the theory presented in this case study in Chapter 2, which is the transformative learning theory by Jack Mezirow (2020). Correlated to the extracts 42

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study above, it is clear that there is a shift in participant 1 perception due to the new knowledge that she had acquired from doing some research on the internet and from attending seminars and webinars. Participant 2 claimed that, based on the current knowledge she has from her own conducted research— she claims that her perception regarding birth control is, “Mas safe siya, kasi, for me, yung condoms or mga birth controls, kasi na-avoid niya yung mga unwanted pregnancy parang mas kampante ako gumamit noon, since ayaw ko pa mabuntis.” The perception in her mind regarding birth control as a safe method in avoiding unwanted pregnancy has become her main reason in using birth control when having sexual intercourse with her partner.

Participant 2 also stated that she and her partner use condoms to prevent pregnancy since they are minors. Her educational research assisted her in deciding whether to use or not to use birth control, and she stated that the first thing that comes to her mind about birth control is “protection”. Participant 3 stated that: “When I was younger and less informed, I have the tendency to regard things with malice even if I saw it was perfectly acceptable, but now that I have more information about things, I can finally comprehend the concept of sex and birth control.” In addition to that, Participant 3 mentions that currently, her overall perspective on birth control is that it is incredibly beneficial because it has numerous benefits, particularly in terms of health, such as treating PCOS, preventing pregnancies, and claiming that their sexual lives can be creative.

Participant 3 also adds that the first thing that comes to her mind when you hear the word birth control is: inner peace and safety. Moreover, she also reported that birth control is essential due to the fact that it helps us not have an unwanted pregnancy and treat PCOS (a cyst in the ovary). 43

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study The situation of Participant 3 is justified by the theory presented in this case study in Chapter 2, which is the transformative learning theory by Jack Mezirow (2020). Correlated to the extracts above, it is clear that there is a shift in Participant 3 perception due to the new knowledge that she had acquired from doing some research. At first, if she regards things with malice due to the little information she has when she's still young, as her knowledge keeps growing due to Participant 3 conducting research, she can finally comprehend the actual context of birth control and sex.

Participant 4 has mentioned that she thinks that birth control is hiyangan, based on the experience she had from taking birth control pills while indulging in sexual intercourse with her livein partner. It has been told that she receives some side effects of it: “Yung unang take ko nun ay tumamlay ako, nag-ano yung tiyan ko, sinikmura ako, ‘tas yung skin ko nag-dry,” because of this she never uses pills even when they are having sexual intercourse with her partner. The next thing that she is planning to do is an implant, but because of her experience, it has been halted as she still needs to verify if putting implants will make her gain weight because of the information she got while doing some research. In addition to this, Participant 4 stated that the first thing she think about when she hears the word birth control is that: “Ang una talaga pumasok sa isip ko is yung condom kasi usually yung ang pinaka common na ginagamit, and the word na birth control which is kinokontrol niya nga yung maagang pagbubuntis ng isang babae not only the teenagers but the young adults also,” Even with the prior knowledge of birth control and its types, it is still not the reason for the participant to use birth control as she mentioned that: “kasi alam ko naman malinis siya malinis ako I’m not worried na magkasakit ako kasi unang-una isa lang nakitalik ko, ako lang din nakatalik niya, kaya di ako

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study gumamit nun. As nakipagtalik na isang lalaki is ‘di ako gumamit ng any protection kasi hindi siya ano sa pakiramadam, parang ayaw ko na siya gamitin.” Due to the experience, she had when she took birth control pills, it has been noticed that whenever the participant searched for something related to birth control, she still needs to verify it personally, if it is true or not. As she has also mentioned that she have encountered misconceptions regarding condoms and pills: “Meron na, sa pills ‘saka sa condoms, kapag ginamit ng isang lalaki mabubutas daw yung condom, madali daw siya mabutas, and sabi naman sa napanood ko, hindi siya ganun kadali mabutas kasi masyado siyang matibay, and yung sa pills, kapag nag-pills ka naman, kapag gumamit ka mabubuntis ka pa rin daw, yun pala may proper way ng pag-inom nun na 1-2 weeks, pagka-inom mo nun, bawal muna kayo mag-sexual intercourse ng partner mo kasi may tendency na mabuntis ka. Kapag nagtuloy-tuloy na paggamit na, yun pwede na kayo mag-sexual intercourse na hindi na nagangamba. Pero sa iba meron ilan-ilan siguro nabubuntis pa rin kahit gumagamit ng birth control, meron kasi ako na napanood na, using birth control 99% and yung 1% is yung baby pero sabi naman sa video ng doctor, ‘di ganun kadali mabuntis kapag gumamit ka ng birth control, lalo na yung implant and yung injectable.”

From the correlated extracts above, the situation participant 4 situation can be justified by the theory of David Kolb, which is the Experiential Learning Theory in which it is a learning by doing. It focuses on the idea that the best way to learn things is by actually having experiences. Those experiences stick out in your mind and help you retain information and remember facts (2020). In this definition given by David Kolb, it could be justified as to why Participant 4 says that birth control is hiyangan which she gets from her experience in taking birth control pills and not because she has already known that birth control is really hiyangan based from the information that she has got in the 45

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study internet. Due to her experience, she had an idea that the effects a woman could receive after taking birth control vary depending on how your body would react to the pills.

Based from the correlated extracts above, Participants 1, 3 and 4 have shown changes when it comes to their perceptions about the usage of birth control. It is clear that these actions shown by Participants 1 and 4 can be justified using the Transformative Learning Theory and Experiential Learning Theory. In Participant 1 it is seen that there is a shift of perception due to the new acquired knowledge obtain by doing research and attending seminars and webinars. The participant’s former knowledge regarding women who use birth control is labeled as pokpok which is because of the lack of knowledge regarding the matter. Currently, as the participant engages herself more about birth control, the participants’ perception started to widen by conducting more research and attending seminars or webinars. From this timeline given by the participant, it is widely visible that there is a shift of negative to positive perception as currently, Participant 1 believes that birth control is a protection. Nevertheless, if Participant 1 change in perception happens through engaging herself more in the information circulating or surrounding about birth control, Participant 4 shift in perception happens through the experience she has when taking birth control pills. Through this, Participant 4 actions can be justified by Experiential Learning Theory. As Participant 4 learn that birth control pills are hiyangan through the experience she had when taking birth control pills, she came up with the idea not because she had already found it in the internet but because she experienced side effects that contradicted to what supposedly should happen. A research study in Mexico City could also justify the experience Participant 4 is experiencing. The research study conducted mentioned that out of 392 adolescent females ages 16-17 from lower and intermediate lower socioeconomic status found that simply attending a sex education course did not affect the onset or continuance of sexual

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study engagement, contraceptive usage, or sexual behavior in general. (Pick de Weiss et al., 1991 as cited by Amores S. 2022). On the other hand, Participant 3 situation is likely similar to the experience of participant 1, in which Participant 1 former knowledge about birth control is that she is more likely to treat everything with malice, even though birth control is widely accepted, which is caused by the lack of knowledge regarding the said matter, that’s why Participant 3 acts like this. But as she engages herself more with the information circulating or surrounding birth control, her idea about birth control changes to birth control that helps prevent unwanted pregnancy and treat PCOS. Through the timeline given by Participant 3, it is visible that there is a shift from negative to positive perceptions regarding the usage of birth control.

On the other hand, Participant 2 has shown that based on her current knowledge, it is clear that her perception about the usage of birth control is a positive one and is a safe method of avoiding unwanted pregnancies.

Furthermore, it significantly seen in Participants 1, 2, 3 and 4 how knowledge influence their perception regarding the usage of birth control. You could see Participant 1 is using birth control because of the current knowledge she has, as birth control is a protective method that avoids unwanted pregnancies. In Participant 2, she mentioned she is using birth control because of the current knowledge she has that birth control is a safe method in avoiding unwanted pregnancies and added to the fact that Participant 2 is still a minor. Participant 3, although she doesn’t have any engagement in sexual activities, still tries using it to verify if the claims on the internet are facts or not. In addition, she mentioned that if she will engage soon in sexual activity, she will likely use birth control in order to avoid unwanted pregnancies. In Participant 4, she will not be using birth control

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study pill due to the side effects she has experienced that contradicted the expected result. This Pazol K, Zapata LB, Tregear SJ, Mautone-Smith N, Gavin LE research study about the impact of contraceptive education and contraceptive knowledge to decision making (2015) has a connection to the experience of Participants 1, 2, 3 and 4 had in their research study. It mentioned that the impact of information on the selection and correct and consistent use of contraception demonstrates the relevance of contraceptive education. A better understanding of contraceptive effectiveness is linked to higher adoption rates for long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), which have extremely low failure rates even when used as directed. Inadequate contraception knowledge, on the other hand, is linked to inaccurate views of the risk and side effects of contraceptive usage, inappropriate or inconsistent use, and method discontinuation. Despite the importance of education, disparities in contraceptive knowledge have been identified on a regular basis. The research of Pazol K, Zapata LB, Tregear SJ, Mautone-Smith N, and Gavin LE justified that this phenomenon occurs only on Participant 1, 2, 3 and 4 when in fact, many teenagers and young adults could experience or are already experiencing it right now, but due to lack of information, and knowledge about birth control, mostly the young adults and teenagers would less likely to notice what they know are different from the actual context of birth control.

3) What is the perception of Teenagers and Young Adults towards the Usage of Birth Control?

People have the tendency to have different points of view or perceptions regarding a social issue, depending on the knowledge they have or gathered. And based on the conducted interview held, there are some similarities when it comes to the Participants' 1, 2 and 3 answers regarding their perceptions about using birth as teenagers and young adults. 48

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Participant 1 states that: “I see birth control, of course, as a protection as you know, ang term sakanya is contraceptives, it's to protect or to prevent, and there are a lot of options to choose from that will suit from the individual, but as I have said you have to research about it first, if possible, consult a professional to avoid any problems or complications.” Participant 1 also mentioned the possible perception of teenagers and young adults in general. She stated that there are various reasons why teenagers and young adults use birth control as it helps to affiliate PCOS, prevent any complications and diseases, and lastly, avoid the chance of being pregnant.

In addition to that Participant 1 also mentions that: “We have to remove the stigma around it, about sex, it being a scene because it is a natural thing, it is a physical activity, but we have to be careful.” Participant 2 said that her overview of birth control is: “Beneficial, as it helps me to avoid pregnancy kasi ‘di pa ako ready mabuntis, at the same time, harmful kasi may mga side effects, kasi sa pill may mga side effects yun and injectables, but for me, it is more beneficial than harmful.” For her, she sees birth control as a protection because she again mentioned that she doesn’t want to get pregnant yet, especially at this time wherein teenage pregnancy is prevalent. Lastly, she noted that all the information taught to her is helpful because it imparts her more knowledge about it and for her to think or decide carefully before having sexual intercourse with someone.

In addition, Participant 2 also mentioned the possible perception of teenagers in general that teenagers like her think birth control is a safe method of avoiding unwanted pregnancy. That is one of the reasons why teenagers nowadays use birth control as they feel a sense of comfortability while 49

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study using it since they wouldn’t be worried about getting pregnant because it is a safe method to avoid unwanted pregnancy.

Participant 3 reports that her perception regarding birth control is: “I only see birth control as protection, it is only dangerous when the use of pills is overconsume, which ends up being overdosed, and the use of birth control is a protective method of males and females when having sexual intercourse, either barrier methods or contraceptives, the use of barrier methods which is the male condom is a protective method for male not to risk getting their partner pregnant or protect themselves and their partner from acquiring STDs”. Moreover, Participant 3 also added that birth control has a lot of advantages when it comes to health. First, you will have inner peace that will prevent you from having anxiety, especially if you and your partner do not want any occurrence of pregnancy. Second, birth control can treat PCOS.

In addition to that Participant 3, mentions the possible perception of teenagers and young adults in general, she mentioned that: “Most likely minors kapag sinabing birth control, naiisip agad nila na bad siya kasi na-lilink at natatabunan siya ng thought na sex imbes na safe sex or safety. Malaki din impact ng religion sa mga nagiging perception ng mga teenagers and young adults, since yung culture nila. For example, Christian ang religion, sa Christian masama makipagtalik hangga’t ‘di ka pa adult at ‘di mo pa asawa yung partner mo, naiiba ang perception, dahil kapag alam nilang gumamit ka ng birth control, especially your friends and relatives, maaari nilang maisip na sexually active ka, dahil dun nawawala yung totoong context ng birth control. Lastly, for me ang widely view ng mga teenagers and young adults regarding sa birth control are widely acceptable and respected.”

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Through the correlated extracts mentioned above, it says that it is not only the safety, the effects, or even risks Filipino woman reasons out when being asked about their perception of using birth control, but religion could also be another reason as to why there are differences in the perception of teenagers and young adults, regarding the usage of birth control.

Participant 4 stated that she sees birth control on a 50/50 scale. It is either beneficial or harmful to the user. She emphasized that birth control is not damaging in a way that you will get hurt but based on her experience, it did not do good to her because of its side effects on her skin that she experienced. To some, it is beneficial, and for her, she said that using birth control is hiyangan. When she took birth control pills, she lost weight, so she stopped using birth control to gain weight and for her physique to go back to the way it was. In addition, she said that since she hasn’t tried implants and other methods. She can also say that it is beneficial when she has already tried it. In addition to that Participant 4 also mentioned the possible perception of teenagers and young adults in general, she stated that: “I think yung mga teenager na maaga nagkakaanak is yung mga walang knowledge sa birth control and yung mga young adults na talagang may alam na, yun yung talagang ginagamit nila kasi alam nila yung factor ng pagamit ng birth control pero sa mga teenagers natin na maagang nagkakaroon ng anak which is wala silang knowledge yung yung part na di nila alam kung paaoo gamitin.” Participant 4 mentioned that birth control is a protection rather than a dangerous method, especially for women who are responsible for giving birth. She personally thinks that men can use birth control methods because it will serve as a protection for men and for women not to get pregnant

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study quickly when they have sexual intercourse. Besides, she said that it is unfair if only women are the ones who are using birth control methods.

Based from the correlated extracts above, the perceptions of Participants 2, 3, and 4 can be justified by the study of female teenagers in Tshwane District, South Africa. Based on the research study, the findings from female teenagers in the Tshwane District felt about contraception use are positive perceptions, negative perceptions, ignorance, and blaming. Some teenagers who have a positive perspective have said that pills can prevent unwanted pregnancy and for themselves and their partner to prevent having diseases like STDs or HIV. On the contrary, if theirs positive, of course, there is a chance of having negative perspectives. Some teenagers in Tshwane District have said that teenagers do not use contraceptives because they think it will make them gain weight or become fat, and there’s a possibility that taking birth control pills can change the way you look. One of the teenagers also said that some teenagers see birth control as nothing, that’s why they do not use it. Because of these negative perceptions perceived by the teenagers in Tshwane District, they do not engage in using birth control methods, revealing their ignorance on contraceptive use. One of them stated that even though they were taught about in school, in the clinic, in communities, or even at the comfort of their homes, they still don’t want to use birth control. In addition to that, one of the female teenagers stated that what is the use of protection if there is still a tendency for her to get pregnant. Furthermore, since teaching female teenagers in Tshwane District about the use of contraceptives was ignored, some female teenagers started blaming nurses’ behavior as a reason for failure to use contraceptives. This developed into a firm grip, which female teenagers described as: Nurses are rude, as nurses ask this particular female teenager a personal question like, “why do you have sex or why are you sleeping with someone?”. One female teenager also describes those

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study nurses are harsh on them as they ask you about sex related stuff instead of giving them an advice (Tabane NS, Peu MD., 2015). Based on the research study, you can see some resemblances to the response of participants 1, 2, 3, and 4, especially on the positive perspective. Although expected that most teenagers and young adults would have the same perspective regarding the usage birth control since that is the main objective or goal of why birth control or contraceptives are created in the first place. Even with similarities in positive perspective, this is where differences of view come from a negative outlook. Notice the negative perspective of the case of the influence of educational background to the perception of young adults and teenagers in using birth control in the Philippines— participant 4’s viewpoint contradicts the research study of the perception of female teenagers in Tshwane District in South Africa. Participant 4 mentions that birth control does not make you gain weight. It is not effective for Participant 4. But one of the female teenagers in Tshwane District mentions that taking birth control can make you gain weight and even change the way you look. From this point of view, it is seen that this is where differences of perspective occur and if a female teenagers and young adults lacks information or knowledge about birth control, it could influence how teenagers or young adults see birth control.

General Themes Three themes emerged from the interpretation of the participants’ responses to the conducted interviews have surfaced that the researchers have deemed worthy of mention and are listed below:

1) ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE THE PERCEPTION OF CONTRACEPTIVES Educational programs can assist raise awareness of available contraceptive techniques, allowing people to make better-educated decisions and utilize contraception more successfully. Though others' negative mindsets might influence how others perceive them, others label it "filthy" suggesting they are involved in active sex. That is why being responsible for obtaining an educational 53

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study background can enhance knowledge of contraceptives. Even online information can provide basic apprehension about it rather than relying on the environment or surroundings by labeling contraceptives as filthy. Using contraceptives is safer and cleaner rather than not using contraceptives at all.

In addition to that, environmental influence is one of the factors as to why females in today’s generation have different perceptions regarding birth control, whether it may be positive or negative. Moreover, teenagers and young adults depend too much on their environments like families and friends, instead of seeking help or consulting a professional OBY-GNE or doctors regarding how to use birth control and its effects on a person’s body. Your surroundings cannot guarantee you the correct information and proper perspective. Your surroundings can be the cause of your misconceptions which would lead to either positive or majorly negative viewpoints which would affect your decision to use birth control. In connection, a research study about the Impact of Contraceptive Education on Contraceptive knowledge and decision-making (Pazol, Zapata, Tregear, et al., 2015) has reported that having inadequate knowledge of contraception can be associated with incorrect perceptions of the risks and side effects of contraceptive use. Incorrect and inconsistent use of contraceptives and method discontinuation can also happen. Having Educational programs would have avoided this phenomenon and boosted the number of females who use contraceptive in order to prevent early pregnancy and diseases that can be transmitted while having sexual intercourse with someone based from the information they get from professionals. 2) EFFECTIVENESS OF BIRTH CONTROL In today’s society, birth control usage has become a part of the lives of teenagers and young adults while engaging in sexual intercourse. Teenagers and young adults explained that using birth 54

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study control was protection against having early pregnancy at their age. Various birth control methods are available, many of which are hormone-based and some of which are not. Each type's effectiveness varies according to the limits imposed on typical usages. Certain forms of birth control may be better suited to an individual than others. (Nall, 2022).

For thousands of years, people have used birth control. There are numerous safe and effective birth control techniques available today. A person's preferred birth control technique, like other contraceptives, will be more effective if a person uses it consistently and appropriately. Meaning that if a person wants a high level of birth control effectiveness, a person must always use it and make sure to use it correctly. Using birth control means you are aware of the consequences of not using one when engaging in sexual intercourse. Teenagers and Young adults explained that they have been engaging in sexual intercourse and using birth control and reported that they have not been pregnant. The current participants stated that if they did not use birth control, they would have been pregnant by now.

3) THE ROLE OF RESEARCH AND LESSONS TAUGHT IN USING BIRTH CONTROL Researching about specific topic/s is driven by curiosity. Many teenagers and young adults take the time to immerse themselves in discovering things that they need and want to know. Having the proper knowledge and being taught the appropriate information about birth control can completely change the way teenagers and young adults perceive it and use it. The participants see education and lessons about birth control are the keys for teenagers and young adults to make careful decisions about using contraception and how they will effectively use these methods. Since contraception has been discussed in schools, they all have a basic understanding of it. As they 55

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study researched contraception and what they believed was best for them, they were able to understand it more. Before engaging in sexual activity, the majority of them conducted contraception research. They claim that understanding something before doing anything is crucial. Researching something beforehand exposes you to other ideas and viewpoints. It also helps to develop discernment and analytical abilities. Curiosity is rewarded in the study process. When you're determined to learn, your comprehension always progresses. Nevertheless, the majority of teenagers and young adults had a deep understanding and awareness in contraception. Female Teenagers and Young adults asserted high knowledge because most of them conducted research prior to having sexual intercourse. The influence of information on contraception choices and proper and consistent use demonstrates the relevance of contraceptive education. When choosing a technique, many women say that contraceptive efficacy is one of the most crucial factors to consider. A better understanding of contraceptive efficacy is linked to higher adoption rates for long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), which have extremely low failure rates even when used as directed. Contraceptive education strives to provide customers with the essential knowledge they need to make educated decisions about contraception and utilize the contraceptive methods they've chosen effectively. Despite the significance of education, there were several reports of contraceptive knowledge gaps. The lack of research indicating an influence on our secondary objectives is likely due to the fact that educational interventions are to impact short-term outcomes like knowledge. Wherein effective counseling treatments are expected to address issues connected to behavioral changes. The goal of this systematic review was to figure out which components of educational interventions best enhance comprehension and informed decision-making when it comes to method selection and proper and ongoing method usage (Pazol, Zapata, Tregear, et al., 2015)

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION Having educational background regarding birth control that would avoid the possibility of having different perceptions perceived by female Teenagers and Young Adults in using birth control. In this study, the researchers have concluded that: CONCLUSIONS 1. Using birth control has been part of teenagers and young adults when it comes to engaging in sexual intercourse. Both think that using birth control benefits them in avoiding teenage pregnancy. Birth control provides protection for both teenagers and young adults. 2. The overall goal of sex education is to educate kids about themes such as sex, sexuality, and body development. This study also indicates addressing challenges such as

57

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study overcrowding, lack of knowledge in sex education, high rates of teen pregnancy, and the spread of HIV/STDs. 3. Sex education is one of the most significant concerns that the Philippines has encountered over the years. It is widely seen as the best method to solve the issue, as its purpose is to educate Filipinos on how to have safe sex in order to avoid unwanted pregnancies. 4. Contraceptive information and expertise assist in protecting teens and young adults from becoming pregnant and contracting illnesses during sexual activity. It is critical that teenagers and young adults understand contraception so that they will be able to make safe and healthy decisions when engaging in sexual intercourse with their partners. 5. Having an educational background regarding birth control plays a vital role in the perceptions of young adults and teenagers. Through this, a person would have a negative perception or a positive perception depending on the current knowledge a person has. 6. Nowadays, teenagers’ and young adults' knowledge regarding birth control is very limited. This phenomenon is concerning as young adults nowadays easily conclude everything even though there is a limitation in knowledge regarding birth control. 7. The impact of having awareness on contraceptive choices and correct and consistent use of contraceptives demonstrates the relevance of contraceptive education. 8. Educational background aids teenagers and young adults in knowing what are facts and not in the information they get and search. Not having enough and proper understanding of birth control can lead to improper and inconsistent use. 9. Curiosity plays a vital role in how teenagers discover conceptions about birth control. With the question teenagers have in mind, they tend to conduct research or learn it by experiencing it.

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. With or without professional education about contraceptives or birth controls, young adults and teenagers should only trust reliable sites or sources of information made by professionals in order to avoid misconceptions that would lead to different types of perceptions and eventually might undertake the actual context of birth control. 2. Female teenagers and young adults should have enough background or knowledge and experience about birth control before concluding if using birth control is harmful or beneficial. 3. Teenagers and Young adults should attend seminars that focus on discussing birth control and its effects to further expand their knowledge about it. 4. Anyone, including minors, should be permitted to listen to the conversation about sex education and freely raise questions if they so desire. 5. Both male and female teenagers and young adults should be open-minded about this topic and not take for granted the lessons about it. 6. Teenagers must learn how to spot fraudulent sources of information when conducting background checks so that they can avoid receiving incorrect information. 7. Teenagers and Young adults should see their doctors and inquire about what method of birth control they should use during sexual encounters. Seeing their doctors can also help provide information about that method of birth control and if it is safe for them to use or if there would be some side effects that they would encounter if they used this type of method. 8. Society must erase the stigma pokpok associated with female teenagers and young adults who use birth control, especially the teenagers and young adults who lack knowledge about 59

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study safe sex, could possibly believe that it can become the reason why they shouldn’t use birth control. 9. Teenagers should seek advice from professional OBY-GNE or doctors regarding birth control and not rely on their environment (families, society, peers, and friends) that could possibly undertake the actual context of birth control which would lead to inappropriate use of contraceptives and incorrect perceptions regarding the said matter.

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Pazol, K., Zapata, L. B., Tregear, S. J., Mautone-Smith, N., & Gavin, L. E. (2015). Impact of Contraceptive Education on Contraceptive Knowledge and Decision Making. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(2), S46–S56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.031

Kumar, A., Jain, A. K., Ram, F., Acharya, R., Shukla, A., Mozumdar, A., & Saggurti, N. (2020). Health workers’ outreach and intention to use contraceptives among married women in India. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09061-1 “Contraception

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Potasse, M. A., & Yaya, S. (2021). Understanding perceived access barriers to contraception through an African feminist lens: a qualitative study in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10315-9 Parks, J (2019, January 24). Myths Misconceptions Still Discourage Use of Family Planning. https://www.prb.org/resources/myths-misconceptions-still-discourage-use-of-family-planning/ Weiss DC, Harper CC, Speidel JJ, Raine TR. (2008, April 16). Should Teens Be Denied Equal Access to Emergency Contraception? How Common Is Sexual Activity among Teens? https://intranet.bixbycenter.ucsf.edu/publications/files/TeensDenied_2008.pdf Huang, I. (2017, September 20). Teen Pregnancy and Education in Developing Countries. BORGEN; BORGEN. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/teen-pregnancy-and-education/ Joven, J. (2021, November 5). Do we actually have sex ed in Philippine schools? CNN. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/Education/2021/11/5/sex-education-philippineschools.html Reiss, M. (2019, August 30). A brief history of sex education. A Brief History of Sex Education. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/healthstudies/brief-historysexeducation?fbclid=IwAR1coY50YbYPdtMX1TB5YQayQd0hlT4_hpRV4vVMhJ1 No2lxJZen18PwC9c Villines, Z. (2020, February 11). Debunking common birth control myths. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-myths

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Taylor, R. B. (2020, July 8). Teen Pregnancy: Medical Risks and Realities. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/baby/teen-pregnancy-medical-risksandrealities#:~:text=Teenage%20pregnancy%20is%20when%20a Harrison, H., Birks, M., Franklin, R., & Mills, J. (2017). Case Study Research: Foundations and Methodological Orientations. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.1.2655

Tabane, N. S., & Peu, M. D. (2015). Perceptions of female teenagers in the Tshwane District on the use of contraceptives in South Africa. Curationis, 38(2). https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v38i2.1528

Pick de Weiss, S., Diaz Loving, R., Andrade Palos, P., & David, H. P. (1991). Effect of Sex Education on the Sexual and Contraceptive Practices of Female Teenagers in Mexico City. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 3(2), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1300/j056v03n02_06

Nall, R. (2022, April 3). Can you get pregnant while on the pill: 5 ways it can happen. Www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322799

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APPENDICES Appendix A. Evidences of Interview

DOCUMENTATION 1.1 – Participant 1 of The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young

Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

DOCUMENTATION 1.2 – Participant 2 of The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young

Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

DOCUMENTATION 1.3 – Participant 3 of The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young

Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

DOCUMENTATION 1.4 – Participant 4 of The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young

Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Appendix B. Curriculum Vitae

Samantha Nicole M. Amores Full Name: Samantha Nicole M. Amores Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: LT2 B80 Olive St. Alley 1 SSS Village Concepcion Dos, Marikina City Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0956-441-2260 To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the OBJECTIVE To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd)

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • • • •

Malungkay Barks as Handmade Paper Solar Bottle Bulb Soda Can Battery The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • • • • •

Good Communication Skills (English and Filipino) Straightforward Creative Intimidating Family-oriented • Honest

LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIES • Treasurer Music Enrichment Club Mother of Divine Providence School 2019 – 2020

• Treasurer ICPMM – St. Cecilia’s Choir Immaculate Concepcion Parish 2018 – present

SEMINAR/S AND TRAINING/S • • • • •

BBS-1 (Basic Bible Seminar), at Immaculate Concepcion Parish BBS-2 (Basic Bible Seminar), at Immaculate Concepcion Parish Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Seminar, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2018 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Seminar, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2019 Inhinyera Day Seminar, in Technological Institute of the Philippines 2021 • PPCRV – VAD (Volunteer’s Assistance Desk) and Poll watcher Training, at Immaculate Concepcion Parish 2022

EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS

• Recipient of With Distinction Grade 7 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Mother of Divine

Providence School • Recipient of With Distinction Grade 8 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Mother of Divine Providence School • Recipient of With Distinction Grade 9 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Mother of Divine Providence School 68

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study • Choir member of Marikina Chambers Chorale • Winner in Pagsulat ng Sanaysay, in Mother of Divine Providence School, 2017 • Winner in English Literacy Month - Essay Writing Contest, in Mother of Divine Providence School • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

2017 2ND place Cheer Dance Competition, at Mother of Divine Providence School, 2017 3rd Place in Pagsulat ng Sanaysay, in Mother of Divine Providence School 2018 Top 10 Finalist in English Literacy Month – Logo Making Contest, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2018 Top 10 Finalist in English Literacy Month - Logo Making Contest, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2018 Representative of Immaculate Concepcion Parish Music Ministry in Flores De Mayo, at Immaculate Concepcion Parish 2018 Participated in School Night 2018 as MDPS Chorale, at St. Gabriel Parish Marikina Finalist and Winner 6th Place in Pagsulat ng Sanaysay, in 9th National Youth Leadership Assembly and Talent Fair Baguio City, 2019 Participated in Folk Dance Competition, in the 9th National Youth Leadership Assembly and Talent Fair Baguio City 2019 Participated in Sabayang Pagbigkas, in the 9th National Youth Leadership Assembly and Talent Fair Baguio City 2019 Champion in Women’s Volleyball Intramurals, in Mother of Divine Providence School 2019 1st Place Cheer Dance Competition, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2019 Participated in Pagsulat ng Sanaysay, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2019 Participated in English Literacy Month - Podcast, as scriptwriter and DJ, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2019 Winner in English Literacy Month - Debate, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2019 4th place Nutrition Month - Cooking Contest, at Mother of Divine Providence School 2019 Choir member of MDPS (Mother of Divine Providence School) Chorale, 2017-2020 Recipient of High Honors Grade 11 Academic Excellence Awardee 1st Semestral, in Technological Institute of the Philippines Poll watcher Volunteer in Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV), in 2022 elections Current Youth Member at Vicariate of Immaculate Concepcion Parish, 2019 - present Current Choir Member of Immaculate Concepcion Music Ministry - St. Cecilia’s Choir at Immaculate Concepcion Parish, 2013 - present

OTHER SKILLS • • • • • • • •

Skilled in Video Editing (Capcut) Technical skills in Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Excel Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Excel literate Ability to work under pressure Basic Knowledge about HTML Basic Knowledge about CSS Basic Knowledge about JavaScript Basic Foreign Language (Italian) 69

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Angelica S. Bitoon Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: 92 5th St. Bitoon Circle Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0908-988-5938

OBJECTIVE

To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd)

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • DIY Battery Operated Switch Fan • 3in1 Quarantkit • The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • Energetic • Creative Imagination • Motivated to work hard

EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS

• • • • • • • •

Responsorial Psalms Church Singer and Choir Member, in Immaculate Mother School Joined 2016 First Musical Christmas Play, in Immaculate Mother School 2016 Buwan ng Wika Singing Contest Finalist and 1st Place, in Immaculate Mother School Grade 10 Academic Excellence Awardee, in National College of Business and Arts Participated in JHS Dance Form since Grade 7 to 9, National College of Business and Arts Grade 9 Representative, Kundiman 1st Place, in National College of Business and Arts Performed Battle of the Bands in school from 2017 to 2019, in National College of Business and Arts Recipient of with High Honors Grade 11 Academic Excellence Awardee 1st semestral, in Technological Institute of the Philippines

OTHER SKILLS • Freehand Sketching and Drawing • Basic video filming and editing • Band music director

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Kianah Audrey O. Gonzales Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: 0489 Gondola Street San Francisco Village Muzon Taytay, Rizal Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0935-310-1799

OBJECTIVE

To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and 72

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd) •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • Creative • Imaginative • Works Hard EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS • Recipient of Rank 2 Grade 8 Academic Excellence Awardee at National College of Business and

Arts • Recipient of Rank 3 Grade 9 Academic Excellence Awardee at National College of Business and Arts • Recipient of Rank 1 Grade 10 Academic Excellence Awardee at National College of Business and Arts • 3rd place Academic Quiz Bee at National College of Business and Arts • Recipient of with High Honors Grade 11 Academic Excellence Awardee 1st semestral, in Technological Institute of the Philippines • Video Editing OTHER SKILLS

• Video Editing • Drawing • Designing at Canva

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Khrizyle Kate G. Halamanan Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: blk 3 lot 52 Heraldville Subd. Brgy. San Isidro Angono, Rizal Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0939-965-7763

To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the OBJECTIVE To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd) 74

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • Easy to Memorize • Friendly • Family-oriented LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIES • President SSC – St. John's Wort Montessori School

SEMINAR/S AND TRAINING/S • Volley Ball Trainings Present

EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS

• Recipient of With Honors Grade 7 Academic Excellence Awardee, in St. John's Wort Montessori School • Recipient of With Honors Grade 8 Academic Excellence Awardee, in St. John's Wort Montessori School

• Recipient of With Honors Grade 9 Academic Excellence Awardee, in St. John's Wort Montessori School

• Recipient of With Honors Grade 10 Academic Excellence Awardee, in St. John's Wort Montessori • • • • •

School Winner of Miss VCS in Romblon Champion in TAPRISA Women’s Volleyball Student Teacher in a Bible Study Participant in RIPSA Women’s Volleyball Recipient of with High Honors Grade 11 Academic Excellence Awardee 1st semestral, in Technological Institute of the Philippines

OTHER SKILLS • Basic knowledge about playing badminton

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Mikaela G. Linantud Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: Phase 4 Monterey Hills subdivision barangay Silangan San Mateo Rizal Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0968-693-7959

OBJECTIVE

To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and 76

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd) •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • Goal oriented • Enthusiastic • Resilient • Desire to succeed EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS • • • • • • •

Recipient of Merit awardee grade 8, apec schools Recipient of Merit awardee grade 10, apec schools 1st place jingle competition, buwan ng wika (2019) 1st place dance contest during sportfest (2019) 1st place Sabayang Pagbigkas, buwan ng wika (2018) Part of Lifelabs fair in Apec schools (2019) Recipient of With High Honors Grade 11 1st Semestral in Technological Institute of the Philippines

• Video Editing OTHER SKILLS • Basic HTML • Journalism (news writing) • Skilled in using Microsoft Word and PowerPoint

Mary Lois M. Masangkay Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: #32 J.Perez Street Project 4, Quezon City Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0942-051-3416

OBJECTIVE

To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and

77

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd) •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • • • • •

Wired Bottle Lamp Motor Bottle Mini Car DIY Cardboard 3D floor plan DIY Cardboard Organizer The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • • • • • • • • • •

Creative Detail-oriented Goal-oriented Good Communication Skills (English and Filipino) Good at Memorizing Hardworking Realistic Resilient Optimistic Organized

EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIESENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS

• President

Dance Club J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy 2016-2017

• Junior High Classroom Vice President J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy 2018-2019

• Junior High Classroom Communication Officer J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy 2019-2020

• L-path (Light path) Leader

Radiance of Christ Ministries International 2020-present 78

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study • Encounter Guide Batch 1 Camarines Sur Mission Radiance of Christ Ministries International 2019

SEMINAR/S AND TRAINING/S • • • • • • • • • • •

Summer Leadership Training Seminar, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2016 Dance Boot Camp, in Radiance of Christ Ministries International (RCMI), 2019 Encounter Batch 27, in Radiance of Christ Ministries International (RCMI), 2019 Inhinyera Gender and Development Orientation, in Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), 2021 Oplan Hello Conference, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2019 Values Instruction Class, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2019 Love Feast: In love ka na ba? Paano mo nasabi?, in Radiance of Christ Ministries International, 2019 F.I.R.E Convergence, in Radiance of Christ Ministries International, 2022 Life In Christ (L.I.C), in Radiance of Christ Ministries International, 2019 Cell Pastors Training (C.P.T), in Radiance of Christ Ministries International, 2020 Digital Ministry Workshop, in Radiance of Christ Ministries Internationa, 2021-present

EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS

• Recipient of With Honors Grade 7 Academic Excellence Awardee, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, SY. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

2017-2018 Participated in Dance Club, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2017-2018 3rd place in Bible Quiz Bee, at J.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2018 Participated in Practical Music Class (PMC) by Zion Praise Music Incorporation Recital at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy Seed Dome as Electric Guitarist 2018 Participated in Table Tennis Singles during the Intramurals, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2018 Participated in Girls Basketball Game during the Intramurals, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2018 1st place in Sayaw at Awit, Buwan ng Wika, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy Seed Dome, 2017 Recipient of With Honors Grade 8 Academic Excellence Awardee, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, SY. 2018-2019 Readers of the Month Award for the month of September, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2018 Certificate of Completion of Values Instruction Class, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2019 2nd place Tugtog, Sayaw, at Awit, Buwan ng Wika, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy Seed Dome, 2018 Participated in Balagtasan during the Buwan ng Wika, at J.C.S.G.O Chritian Academy, 2018 Participated in English Communication Jingle Making Competition, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2018 Participated in Scrabble Competition during the Intramurals, at J.C.S.G.O Chritian Academy, 2019 Participated in Girls Basketball Game during the Intramurals, at J.C.S.G.O Chritian Academy, 2019 Recipient of With Honors Grade 9 Academic Excellence Awardee, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, SY. 2019-2020 Participated in Speaker’s Guild Club, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2019-2020 79

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study • 3rd place in Science Extemporaneous Speech, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2019 • 2nd place in Bible Quiz Bee, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2020 • Recipient of With Honors Grade 10 Academic Excellence Awardee, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy,

SY. 2020-2021 • 1st place Zumba Making Competition during the Nutrition Month, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy Seed Dome, 2019 • Champion in Tugtog, Sayaw at Awit during the Buwan ng Wika, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy Seed Dome, 2019 • Participated in English Speech Choir, at J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy Seed Dome, 2019 • Participated in Radiance of Christ Ministries International Church Camarines Sur Evangelism and Medical Mission, 2018 • Participated in Radiance of Christ Ministries International Church Camarines Sur Encounter, Evangelism, and Medical Mission Church Camarines Sur Mission, 2019 • Recipient of High Honors Grade 11 Academic Excellence Awardee 1st Semestral, in Technological Institute of the Philippines, 2021 • Current member and Designer and Content Maker of Digital Ministry… in Radiance of Christ Ministries International, 2021 • Current member and leader of JAM (Jesus and Music), in Radiance of Christ Ministries International, 2016-present • Current member of RCMI Youth, in Radiance of Christ Ministries International, 2019-present • Junior High School Chapel Service MC, at J.C.S.G.O Seed Dome, in J.C.S.G.O Christian Academy, 2020

• Video Editing OTHER SKILLS • • • • • • • •

Freehand drawing Freehand painting Basic HTML, CSS, Javascript Ms Word, Excel, Powerpoint Canva Design Basic Video filming and editing Hobbyist Photograper Basic Korean

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Chloe Dylan Jay M. Masinas Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: #51 Corona St., Village East Exec. Homes, Cainta, Rizal Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0921-***-4433

OBJECTIVE

To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and 81

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd) •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • Does the Uses of social media Raise or Bring Down the Self-Esteem of One Person? • A Comparative Study on the Effects of Rice Water and Coconut Water as a Possible Alternative Fertilizer in Farming • The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • Optimistic • Creative

• Hard-working

SEMINAR/S AND TRAINING/S • Dance Workshop, at dance studio avenue 2019 • Dance Bootcamp, at dance studio avenue 2019 • Gymnastics, at Faith Christian School 2017- 2019 EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS • • • • • • • • • •

Best in Bible 2016-2017 Championship Cheer Dance Competition in Faith Christian School 2017 Majorette Band Member in Faith Christian School 2018-2020 Certificate of Participation Musical Recital in Faith Christian School 2018 1st Place Folklore Dance in Faith Christian School 2019 Top 10 among all Grade 10 in Mathscore 2020-2021 Recipient of With Honors Grade 7 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Faith Christian School Recipient of With Honors Grade 8 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Faith Christian School Recipient of With Honors Grade 9 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Faith Christian School Recipient of With Honors Grade 10 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Faith Christian School

• Video Editing OTHER SKILLS • Painting • Basic HTML, CSS, JavaScript • Editing

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

Krizel M. Pangilinan Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: Blk 29 Lot 11 Alecon Homes Llano Caloocan City Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0945-857-4271

OBJECTIVE

To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and 83

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd) •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • Potato light bulb • Lemon volcano • The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • Quick learner • Innovative • enthusiastic EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS • • • •

3rd place in MathGaling (2018), at 2nd place in Festival dance 2nd place (2017), at Choir member in sacred heart of Jesus 4th place in Slogan making contest 4th place (2018), at

• Video Editing OTHER SKILLS • Basic editing • Basic Photography

Leann Chelsyraen A. Ugalde Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) School and School Year: Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.) Quezon City S.Y. 2021-2022 Address: Blk 17 Lot 40 Narra Ave. Palmera Woodlands, Brgy.Cupang, Antipolo City Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Number: 0995-775-7020

OBJECTIVE

To establish a career in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the courses taken under the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), as prescribed by the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd)

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The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study •

DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED / RESEARCH • Does the Uses of social media Raise or Bring Down the Self-Esteem of One Person? • A Comparative Study on the Effects of Rice Water and Coconut Water as a Possible Alternative Fertilizer in Farming • The Influence of Educational Background on the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ATTITUDE • Energetic • Hardworking • Creative LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIES • Student Council Vice President

Precious Heritage Christian School 2017 - 2018

• Junior High School Class President - Grade 7 Precious Heritage Christian School 2017 - 2018

SEMINAR/S AND TRAINING/S • Grace Christian College’s Leadership seminar in 2017

EXTRA /CO-CURRICULAR ENGAGEMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AWARDS AND VOLUNTEER WORKS

• Finalist and Winner 7th Place at MTAP Math Challenge Competitions, in Precious Heritage Christian • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

School Participated at MTAP Math Challenge Competitions, in Precious Heritage Christian School 2018 Participated at MTAP Math Challenge Competitions, in Precious Heritage Christian School 2019 Participated in News Writing Competition, at Precious Heritage Christian School 2018 Participated at Inter-school folk dance Competition, in Precious Heritage Christian School 2017 Participated at Inter-school folk dance Competition, in Precious Heritage Christian School 2018 Participated at Inter-school folk dance Competition, in Precious Heritage Christian School 2019 Choir member in Precious Heritage Christian School, 2015 -2019 Drum and Lyre Band Member in Precious Heritage Christian School, 2015 - 2019 Recipient of Leadership Awardee, in Precious Heritage Christian School Recipient of Rank 2 Grade 7 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Precious Heritage Christian School Recipient of Rank 3 Grade 8 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Precious Heritage Christian School Recipient of Rank 3 Grade 9 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Precious Heritage Christian School Recipient of With Honors Grade 10 Academic Excellence Awardee, in Precious Heritage Christian School Recipient of with Honors Grade 11 Academic Excellence Awardee 1st semestral, in Technological Institute of the Philippines

• Video Editing OTHER SKILLS 85

The Influence of Educational Background to the Perception of Young Adults and Teenagers in Using Birth Control in the Philippines: A Case Study • Skilled in doing Calligraphy text • Basic Knowledge in Volleyball

Honor Pledge: “I accept my responsibility for my role in ensuring the integrity of the work submitted by the group in which I participated”

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