A. REGULAR VERBS - IMPERFECT The imperfect is one of the 2 types of past tense we learned. For REGULAR verbs the verb endings are: -ar verbs yo
-aba
tú
-abas
él ella Ud. -aba 1 person 1 thing
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
-ábamos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
-aban
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
-íamos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
-ían
-er / -ir verbs yo
-ía
tú
-ías
él ella Ud. -ía 1 person 1 thing
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER FOR ALL VERBS NO MATTER WHAT TENSE: REFLEXIVE VERBS: If a verb ends in the last 2 letters -se
it is a reflexive verb.
Use reflexive pronouns when conjugating a reflexive verb in ANY tense. The reflexive pronoun must MATCH the subject and the verb will be conjugated to match the subject as well. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
me
nos
te se
se
B. IRREGULAR VERBS - IMPERFECT There are only 3 irregular verbs in the imperfect: ser, ir and ver: ser yo
era
tú
eras
él ella Ud. era 1 person 1 thing
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
éramos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
eran
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
íbamos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
iban
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
veíamos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
veían
ir yo
iba
tú
ibas
él ella Ud. iba 1 person 1 thing
ver yo
veía
tú
veías
él ella Ud. veía 1 person 1 thing
C. IRREGULAR VERBS – PRETERITE The preterite has a LOT of irregular verbs. These were divided into several categories in the chapters that we covered. TYPE 1: take the “stem” for the verb and add the correct ending from the chart below Verb decir estar poder poner tener traer venir hacer
(to say/tell) (to be) (to be able to) (to put/set) (to have) (to bring) (to come) (to do/make)
Stem for preterite dijestuvpudpustuvtrajvinhic- (except hizo)
The endings for TYPE 1 VERBS ONLY are: yo
-e
tú
-iste
él ella Ud. -o 1 person 1 thing
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
-imos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
-ieron / -eron* *trajeron, dijeron
TYPE 2: on the bottom row of conjugation the “i” changes to a “y” oír yo
oí
tú
oíste
él ella Ud. 1 person 1 thing
oyó
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
oímos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
oyeron
(continued on next page)
IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS (continued) leer nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
leímos
leyó
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
leyeron
yo
destruí
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
destruimos
tú
destruiste
destruyó
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
destruyeron
yo
creí
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
creímos
tú
creíste ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
creyeron
yo
leí
tú
leíste
él ella Ud. 1 person 1 thing
destruir
él ella Ud. 1 person 1 thing
creer
él ella Ud. 1 person 1 thing
creyó
IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS (continued) TYPE 3 – on the bottom row, the “e” changes to “i” or the “o” changes to “u” examples: e i preferir yo
preferí
tú
preferiste
él ella Ud. 1 person 1 thing
prefirió
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
preferimos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
prefirieron
other verbs that follow this same pattern are: pedir repetir mentir seguir competir servir divertirse yo
me divertí
tú
te divertiste
él ella Ud. 1 person 1 thing
se divirtió
nosotros nosotras nos divertimos ____ y yo
ellos ellas Uds. se 2+ people 2+ things
divirtieron
other verbs that follow this same pattern are:
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
me
nos
te se
se
sentirse despedirse vestirse
IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS (continued)
examples: o u dormir yo
dormí
tú
dormiste
él ella Ud. 1 person 1 thing
durmió
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
dormimos
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
durmieron
other verbs that follow this same pattern are:
examples: reírse and sonreir reírse yo
me reí sonreí
tú
nosotros nosotras ____ y yo
nos reímos sonreímos
te reíste sonreíste
él ella Ud. 1 person 1 thing
se rió sonrió
ellos ellas Uds. 2+ people 2+ things
se rieron sonrieron
morir
C. The IMPERFECT PROGRESSIVE is used to talk about something that was going on in the past for a period of time (sometimes interrupted by another action). PART 1: conjugated form of ESTAR in the imperfect
+
PART 2: PRESENT PARTICIPLE form of verb *remember to watch out for irregular present participles
estaba
estábamos
–ar verbs: drop the –ar and add –ando –er / –ir verbs: drop the –er or –ir and add –iendo
D. The choice between using the preterite and imperfect is based on context and the meaning of the sentence. List 4 reasons or situations where each is used in sentences: PRETERITE is used when... 1. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________ IMPERFECT is used when... 1. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________
había (imperfect) = there was or there were - used when describing a scene in the past hubo (preterite) = there was or there were - used to talk about an even that happened
E. In Spanish, INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS are used to tell to whom or for whom an action is done. (hint: won’t match the subject of sentence) *Look to see if the sentence has an “a __________” phrase to clarify to/for whom the action is/was done.
a mí
=
me
a ti
=
te
a él a ella = a Ud. a 1 person
a nosotros a nosotras = a ____ y a mí
a ellos a ellas a Uds. a 2+ people
le
nos
=
les
F. RECIPROCAL ACTIONS express the idea of “each other.” PART 1: REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
Examples:
+
casarse (to get married) saludarse (to greet) despedirse de (to say goodbye to) abrazarse (to hug)
PART 2: CONJUGATION OF VERB
darse la mano (to shake hands) pelearse (to fight) besarse (to kiss)
PART 1: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS USED WITH RECIPROCAL VERBS nos Use “nos” in front of the verb for 2 or more people including yo
se
Use “se” in front of the verb for 2 or more people (NOT including yo)
PART 2: PRESENT TENSE VERB ENDINGS USED WITH RECIPROCAL VERBS nosotras -amos -------> For verbs ending in –ar, use –amos. nosotros = -emos -------> For verbs ending in –er, use –emos. ___ y yo -imos -------> For verbs ending in –ir, use –imos.
ellos -an -------> For verbs ending in –ar, use –an. ellas = -en -------> For verbs ending in –er or –ir, use –en. 2+ people
G. Verbs that use INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS: These verbs are conjugated NOT for the person in the sentence but for the “thing” or “things” being talked about. An example in English is “My grades are important to me.” In Spanish, you would conjugate the verb “importar” for the word “grades” (present tense would be “importan”) and NOT for the person which is “me.” PART 1: INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN
Examples:
+
PART 2: CONJUGATION OF VERB
aburrir = to bore gustar = to like encantar = to love fascinar = to fascinate molestar = to bother
importar = to matter / be important quedar = to fit parecer = to seem doler = to ache/hurt (oue) interesar = to interest
PART 1: INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN *Look to see if the sentence has an “a __________” phrase to clarify to/for whom. a mí
=
me
a ti
=
te
a él a ella = a Ud. a 1 person
le
a nosotros a nosotras = a ____ y a mí
a ellos a ellas a Uds. a 2+ people
nos
=
les
PART 2: PRESENT TENSE VERB ENDINGS USED WITH THIS TYPE OF VERB
-a -e
-an -en
G. The PRESENT PERFECT is a 2-part verb that is used to express that someone has done something: PART 1: conjugated form of HABER in the present
+
PART 2: PAST PARTICIPLE form of verb * watch out for irregular past participles
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: Use reflexive pronouns when conjugating a reflexive verb in ANY tense. The reflexive pronoun must MATCH the subject and the verb will be conjugated to match the subject as well.