¡Error!Marcador no definido.The Modal auxiliary verbs WILL, SHALL, MAY, MIGHT, CAN, COULD, MUST ¡Error!Marcador no definido.WILL and SHALL WILL and SHALL + the infinitive of the verb (shall is rarely used in modern English) are used to form the future: WILL Y SHALL + EL INFINITIVO DEL VERBO (SHALL CASI NO SE USA EN EL INGLES MODERNO) SE USAN PARA FORMAR EL MODO FUTURO: She will go to London next year. ELLA IRA A LONDRES EL SIGUIENTE AÑO They will visit us next August. ELLOS NOS VISITARAN EN AGOSTO PROXIMO Sometimes SHALL can indicate obligation or a promise. In this case 'shall' is usually stressed in the pronunciation of the sentence. ALGUNAS VECES SHALL PUEDE INDICAR OBLIGACION O PROMESA. EN ESTE CASO SHALL SE PRONUNCIA ACENTUADAMENTE EN EL ENUNCUADO. He shall go to school! (obligation) EL DEBE IR A LA ESCUELA. I shall ask him ! (promise) LE PREGUNTARE WILL + infinitive = future : WILL + INFINITIVO = FUTURO Examples: a. Simon will leave for Poland tonight. SIMON SE IRA A POLONIA ESTA NOCHE b. His next trip will be to Australia. SU SIGUIENTE VIAJE SERA A AUSTRALIA c. Lucy will change her job at Easter. LUCY CAMBIARA DE TRABAJO DURANTE PASCUA. 1. MAY expresses : 1.−MAY EXPRESA: a. Permission PERMISO b. Possibility POSIBILIDAD 2. MIGHT expresses : 2.−MIGHT EXPRESA: a. Possibility POSIBILIDAD

MIGHT can replace MAY only when MAY is used to express possibility : MIGHT SOLO PUEDE REEMPLAZAR A MAY SOLO CUANDO SE USA PARA EXPRESAR POSIBILIDAD: 1

It may rain today. PUEDE QUE LLUEVA HOY It might rain today PUEDE QUE LLUEVA HOY MAY and MIGHT used to express possibility never take the negative form. MAY Y MIGHT USADOS PARA EXPRESAR POSIBILIDAD NUNCA TOMAN LA FORMA NEGATIVA Affirmative form: FORMA AFIRMATIVA: She may go to the cinema. ELLA PUEDE IR AL CINE They might go to the cinema. ELLOS PUEDEN IR AL CINE Negative form: FORMA NEGATIVA: She may not go to the cinema. ELLA NO PUEDE IR AL CINE They might not go to the cinema. ELLOS NO PUEDEN IR AL CINE Interrogative form:(N.B. Permission only) FORMA INTERROGATIVA May I go to the cinema? PUEDO IR AL CINE? May I leave now? ME PUEDO IR YA? MAY for PERMISSION MAY PARA PERMISO Examples: a. May I watch television tonight ? Yes, you may. PUEDO VER TELEVISION ESTA NOCHE?SI PUEDES Note : Here 'may' has the same function as 'can. AQUI "MAY" TIENE LA MISMA FUNCION DE "CAN" B.MAY and MIGHT for POSSIBILITY B.MAY Y MIGHT PARA POSIBILIDAD Examples : a. We may go to dinner tonight, I'm not sure. PUEDE QUE VAYAMOS A CENAR ESTA NOCHE. NO ESTOY SEGURO. or b. We might go to dinner tonight, I'm not sure. PUEDE QUE VAYAMOS A CENAR ESTA NOCHE. 2

NO ESTOY SEGURO. CAN and COULD CAN and COULD are used to express : CAN Y COULD SE USAN PARA EXPRESAR: −CAPACITY / CAPABILITY CAPACIDAD −PERMISSION PERMISO −POSSIBILITY. POSIBILIDAD 1. CAN Note: CAN and COULD cannot be used in the future. The future is formed with 'will be able to'. CAN Y COULD NO SE PUEDEN USAR EN FUTURO, PARA ELLO SE UTILIZA "PODRE, O ESTARE EN POSIBILIDAD DE" CAN Present She can speak English. ELLA PUEDE HABLAR INGLES They can swim. ELLOS PUEDEN NADAR Past She could speak English. ELLA PUDO HABLAR INGLES They could swim. ELLOS PUDIERON NADAR Future She will be able to speak English. ELLA PODRA HABLAR INGLES −O− ELLA ESTARA EN POSIBILIDADES DE HABLAR INGLES. They will be able to swim . ELLOS PODRAN NADAR −O− ELLOS ESTARAN EN POSIBILIDAD DE NADAR FORM : Affirmative Present: can (is able to) CAN (PUEDE) Past: could (was able to) COULD (PUDO) Future: will be able to WILL BE ABLE TO (PODRA) Negative cannot (isn't able to) CANNOT (NO PUEDE) could not (wasn't able to) COULD NOT (NO PUDO) will not be able to WILL NOT BE ABLE TO (NO PODRA)

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Affirmative: CAN + infinitive: I can speak French. YO PUEDO HABLAR FRANCES Negative: CAN + not + infinitive They can not (can't, cannot) play tennis. ELLOS NO PUEDEN JUGAR TENNIS Interrogative: CAN or CAN NOT + subject + infinitive Can't she dance? ELLA NO PUEDE BAILAR? Can we come? PODEMOS VENIR? Examples: a. CAPACITY i. Howard can play the guitar. HOWARD PUEDE TOCAR LA GUITARRA iii.He can't understand German. EL NO PUEDE ENTENDER ALEMAN b.PERMISSION i. Can I park my car here? PUEDO ESTACIONAR MI COCHE AQUI? iii.Can I go to the theatre with Michael? PUEDO IR AL TEATRO CON MICHAEL? c.POSSIBILITY i.We can live life with a positive or a negative attitude. PODEMOS VIVIR LA VIDA CON UNA ACTITUD POSITIVA O NEGATIVA. 2.COULD COULD is also the conditional of CAN and is often used in polite forms. COULD ES EL CONDICIONANTE DE "CAN" I SE USA PARA HABLAR CON PROPIEDAD. (FAROL) Could you help me ? PODRIA USTED AYUDARME? A. For polite requests PARA SOLICITUDES FORMALES. Examples: In the conditional form a.Could you tell me the time, please? PODRIA PROPORCIONARME LA HORA POR FAVOR? b.Could I have a coffee, please ? PODRIA TRAERME UN CAFE POR FAVOR? 4

As the past of CAN COMO PASADO DE CAN e. She couldn't come to dinner last night. ELLA NO PUDO VENIR A CENAR ANOCHE. f. They could walk faster when they were younger. ELLOS PODIAN CAMINAR MAS RAPIDO CUANDO ERAN JOVENES. MUST MUST = TO HAVE TO: To express obligation or necessity MUST = TENER QUE (EXPRESA OBLIGACION O NECESIDAD)

Important! IMPORTANTE! a. We only use 'must' in the present. For all other tenses we use 'have to'. SOLO USAMOS MUST EN EL PRESENTE, PARA LOS DEMAS TIEMPOS SE USA HAVE TO b.MUST is used with the infinitive of the verb. MUST SE USA CON LA FORMA INFINITIVA DEL VERBO She must leave immediately. ELLA SE DEBE IR DE INMEDIATO. 1.Present 2.Past 3.Future Affirmative 1. I must go YO DEBO IR. 2. I had to go. YO DEBIA IR 3. I will have to go. YO DEBERE IR. Negative 1. I mustn't go. YO NO DEBO IR. 2. I didn't have to go. YO NO DEBIA IR 3. I won't have to go. YO NO DEBERE IR Interrogative 1. Must I go? DEBO IR? 2. Do I have to go? DEBO IR −O− TENGO QUE IR? 3. Will I have to go? DEBERE IR −O− TENDRE QUE IR? Examples : 5

Present tense: a.I must see her tonight. YO DEBO VERLA ESTA NOCHE b.She must pass her exams. ELLA DEBE APROBAR SUS EXAMENES c.They must leave before 2 p.m. ELLOS SE DEBEN IR ANTES DE LAS 2. Simple Past with 'have to': d.I had to see her last night. YO DEBI VERLA ANOCHE −O− YO TENIA QUE VERLA ANOCHE e.She had to pass her exams. ELLA DEBIO APROBAR SUS EXAMENES −O− ELLA TUVO QUE APROBAR SUS EXAM Future with 'will have to': g.I will have to see her tomorrow. DEBERE VERLA MAÑANA −O− TENDRE QUE VERLA MAÑANA h.She will have to pass her exams. ELLA DEBERA APROBAR SUS EXAMENES −O− ELLA TENDRA QUE APROBAR SUS EXA

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