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PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU Publication No. 158

January, 1941

PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE IN STAMPS OF THE AMERICAS

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WASHINGTON, D. C. U. S. A.

DIRECTING COUNCIL OF THE BUREAU

PAN AMERICAN SANITARY

DIRECTOR

DR. HUGH S. CUMMING Surgeon General (Retired), U. S. Public Health Service VICE-DIRECTOR

DR. JOÁO DE BARROS BARRETO Brasil

COUNSELORS

DR. MIGUEL SUSSINI Argentina

DR. ANTONIO PEÑA CHAVARRIA Costa Rica

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

DR. EDWARD C. ERNST United States Public Health Service SECRETARY

DR. ARISTIDES A. MOLL

Editor, Pan American Sanitary Bureau MEMBERS

DR. ATILIO MACCHIAVELLO Chile

DR. LUIS MANUEL DEBAYLE Nicaragua

DR. A. L. BRICEÑO ROSSI Venezuela

DR. DAGOBERTO E. GONZALEZ Peru

DR. MANUEL MARTINEZ BÁEZ Mexico

DR. PEDRO MACHADO Cuba

DR. JUAN ANTONIO MONTALVÁN Ecuador

HONORARY

MEMBERS

DR. JORGE BEJARANO, Honorary President Colombia

DR. CARLOS ENRIQUE PAZ SOLDÁN Peru

DR. JUSTO F. GONZÁLEZ Uruguay

DR. LUIS GAITÁN Guatemala

TRAVELING REPRESENTATIVES

DR. DR. DR. DR. DR.

JOHN D. LONG JOHN R. MURDOCK ANTHONY DONOVAN HENRY HANSON FÉLIX R. BRUNOT United States Public Health Sericie

SANITARY

ENGINEERS

SR. WILLIAM BOAZ SR. EDWARD D. HOPKINS SR. WALTER N. DASHIELL

PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE IN STAMPS OF THE AMERICAS On the following pages appear some of the many American stamps which may be considered directly or indirectly related to medicine and public health. Among the countries which have thus honored their scientists are: Argentina (José Pennal, 1855-1919; public health pioneer); Brazil (Father José Anchieta, 1533-1579, missionary, naturalist, founder of the first hospital in Brazil); Colombia (Francisco José Caldas, 1741-1816, scientist and patriot, and José Fernández Madrid, 1789 1830, physician and statesman); Costa Rica (Jesús Jiménez, 1823-1897, physician, statesman, president); Cuba (Carlos J. Finlay, 1833-1915, who in 1881 enunciated the theory of the transmission of yellow fever by the mosquito; Juan Guiteras,l 1853-1925, noted American and Cuban sanitarian; and Nicolás José Gutiérrez, 1800-1879, founder, in 1840, of the first Cuban medical journal, Repertorio Médico Habanero); Ecuador (Francisco Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo, 1740-1796, pioneer journalist, publisher, librarian, as well as physician and patriot; and José Mejía Lequerica, 1776 [1777 ?]-1813, physician, orator, and patriot); El Salvador (Manuel Enrique Araujo, 1859-1913, physician and president; and Tomás G. Palomo, XIX century, physician and statesman); Dominican Republic (Father Francisco X. Billini, 1832-1890, founder of the insane asylum, and an orphanage); Honduras (Vicente Mejía Colindres, physician-president (1929-1933); and Miguel Paz Baraona, d. 1937, physician-president (1924-29); Mexico (Father Juan de Zumárraga, about 1468-1548, who was the first to institute medical training in Mexico, in his school for Indians); Panama (Manuel Amador Guerrero, first President of the Republic, and a physician, and William Crawford Gorgas, 1854-1920, who eradicated yellow fever from Cuba and Panama; he has also been portrayed on a Canal Zone stamp); United States (Manasseh Cutler, 1742-1823, physician, minister, scientist, who aided in the settlement of the Northwest Territory; Crawford Long, 1815-1878, first physician to use anaesthetics; Walter Reed, 1851-1902, who confirmed Finlay's theory of the transmission of yellow fever by the mosquito and made possible the sanitation of Cuba and Panama) and, finally, Uruguay (Dámaso Antonio Larrafiaga, 1771-1848 [1849 ?], botanist and humanitarian, founder of one of the first charity lotteries.) One might extend the list to include the naturalist Audubon, the botanist Luther Burbank, and Benjamin Franklin, who among his many other activities, was instrumental in the founding of the first hospital in what is now the United States; all of these men have appeared on stamps of that country, as have the medical students, Hamilton and Harrison. Of foreign scientists, Ecuador has honored Charles Darwin, and Cuba and Panama the Curies, discoverers of radium. Additional names which might be mentioned are in Peru Santa Rosa of Lima, 1586-1617, who cared for the sick, and had a "hospital" in her own home, who is coinmemorated on a Peruvian stamp; and in the United States Mark Hopkins, a medical student and educator; Jane Addams, medical student and pioneer social worker, founder of "Hull House"; Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, who developed hearing aids for the deaf. All are honored by recent United States stamps. Several physicians (Freitas, Gouvea, and Azevedo Lima) have been honored on the Tuberculosis seals of Brazil. The role of nutrition in health is everywhere recognized, and in this connection stamps honoring agriculture and national food products are of interest, such as the 1Semi-postal.

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PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU

fruit of Argentina and Uruguay; the coffee of Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti and Venezuela, the banana of Colombia and Costa Rica; the cacao of Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Venezuela; the sugar cane of Argentina, Ecuador, Cuba, El Salvador; the mate and orange of Paraguay; the rice of the United States, and the food-producing industries in general, such as agriculture, fishing, and stock-raising. 2 El Salvador has honored its noted balsam, and Peru displays the cinchona plant in its national coat of arms on a stamp, and also has one showing cotton. Other substances sometimes used in medicino have bcen pictured: gold (Colombia, Ecuador); petroleum (Bolivia, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela); and nitrates (Chile). Child and maternal welfare have been the subject of stamps in Brazil, Colomnbia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru, and (Motherhood) the Dominican Republic and the United States. Athletics and sports have been commemorated by Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Nicaragua, Panama, and the United States, especially in connection with international or national sports assemblies. Red Cross and tuberculosis stamps and seals have been issued by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Paraguay, the Philippines, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Surinam has a Green Cross stamp. Costa Rica, Guatemala and Panama have issued stamps picturing a nurse. Hospital stamps have appeared in Costa Rica (asylum), Guatemala (maternity), El Salvador, Honduras and Peru (children's hospital). Ecuador has issued social security stamps and Peru several for the relief of the unemployed. Charity stamps have appeared in Brazil, Surinam and elsewhere. Peru's Medical School and Institute of Hygiene appear on stamps. Guatemala has the unique distinction of having the beautiful building of its National Department of Health on a stamp. Other stamps which might be mentioned are: mineral waters (Chile); aqueduct (Haiti) and dams (Mexico and Uruguay), calling to mind the importance of water supplies; the Universities of Brazil, Mexico and Peru; Bolivia's Torch of Learning; Brazil's and Mexico's Census, Peru's National History Museum, Surinam's disease campaign, Mexico's malaria control, and the public health stamps of Colombia and Uruguay. The latest, and to some extent the most interesting, series of this type is the one (originally intended for the VIII American Child Welfare Congress scheduled for 1940 and indefinitely postponed) issued by Costa Rica on Pan American Health Day with the overprint "Día Panamericano de la Salud". Many American countries have issued beautiful stamps depicting Indian types and customs, among them the Indian schools and institutes (Bolivia, Guatemala); Indian "chasqui" or mail-runner (Peru); Indians hunting fish (British Guiana) and buffalo (United States); Indian dwellings and other buildings (Mexico, Peru, United States); and many others. 3 Another interesting feature in public health philately is the use of cancellations to emphasize health lessons, such as Cuba's "Finlay freed the world fromn yellow fever" and the cancellations depicting insect pests and urging their extermination (flies, El Salvador, Guatemala; lice, Chile, Guatemala; mosquitoes, El Salvador, Venezuela). 4

While the list might be extended indefinitely, it will serve to show that medicine and public health have not been neglected by the stampmakers of the American Republics. See the article on agricultural stamps by Beatrice Newhall, Bull Pan Amer Union, Mar., 1939. p. 179; Bol. Un. Panam., Mar., 1939, p. 183. 3 Newhall, B.: Indian life in stamps of Pan American countries, Bull. Pan Amer. Union. June 1939, p. 322. 4 Bol. Of. San. Pan., June 1934, p. 662; Feb. 1935, p. 182: AMar. 1935, p. 273; Nov. 1939, p. 1084.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND MIEDICINE IN STAMPS

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CORREOS MEXICO . ~ CENTAVOS'

I.-Personalidades médicas (medical personalities); Penna (Argentina); Anchicta (Brasil); Gorgas (Zona del Canal); Caldas, Madrid (Colombia); Jiménez (Costa Rica); Finlay, Guiteras (Cuba); Espejo, Mejía (Ecuador); Araujo, Palomo (El Salvador); Reed, Cutler, Long (Estados Unidos); Baraona, Mejía Colindres (Honduras); Zumárraga (México); Santa Rosa (Perú); Amador (Panambá); Billini (República Dominicana).

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II.-Alimentos, Drogas e Industrias Afines (Foods, Drugs and Related Industries): Pesca-Fishing (Guayana Inglesa, Chile); Agricultura-Agriculture (Paraguay); Arroz-Rice (Estados Unidos); Agua-Water (Haití); Azúcar-Sugar (Argentina); Banana (Costa Rica); Café-Coffee (Brasil); Cafe y cacao-Coffee and cacao (Ecuador); Mate y naranja-Mate and orange (Paraguay); BálsamoBalsam (El Salvador); Quina-Cinchona (Perú); Petróleo-Oil (Colombia); OroCotton Cotton (Perúi). (Perú).

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III.-Protección Maternoinfantil y Deportes (Child and Maternal Welfare and Sports); Protección infantil-Child welfare (México y Perú); MaternidadMotherhood (Estados Unidos y República Dominicana); Deportes-Sports (Colombia, Ecuador, Estados Unidos, Nicaragua, Panamá).

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IV.-Cruz Roja y Tuberculosis: timbres y sellos (Some Red Cross and Tuberculosis stamps and seals): Cruz Roja-Red Cross (Colombia, Estados Unidos, Guatemala, Venezuela); Tuberculosis (Argentina, Brasil, Cuba, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Estados Unidos); Caridad-Charity (Brasil); Pro Desocupados-For the Unemployed (Perú); Seguro Social del Campesino-Peasant's Social Security (Ecuador).

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V.-Miscelánea: Sanidad-Health (Colombia, Perú, Uruguay): Censo-Census (México); Vivienda obrera-Workers' housing (Bolivia, Perú); Rcestaurante popular-Popular restaurant (Perú); Termas-Hot springs (Chile); Prensa Médica-Medical Press (Cuba); Malaria (México); Pro-Defensa y Salud-Defense and Health (Estados Unidos); Asilo Chapuí-Chapuí Asylum (Costa Rica); Luz eléctrica-Electric light (Estados Unidos); Antorcha de inteligencia-Torch of Knowledge (Bolivia).

PUBLICATIONS OF THE PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU

No. 1.-Prevención de las Enfermedades Transmisibles. 60 páginas. No. 3.-Higiene Pre-natal. 7 páginas. No. 4.-Higiene de la Leche. 10 páginas. No. 5.-Ordenanza Modelo para Leche. 11 páginas. No. 7.-Organización del Servicio de Sanidad Pública de los Estados Unidos. 26 páginas. No. 9.-La Profilaxis del Bocio Endémico. 10 páginas. No. 10.-Higiene de la Infancia. 6 páginas. No. 17.-Conservación de la Vista. 6 páginas. No. 19.-Colecta, Examen e Identificación de las Pulgas Murinas. 11 páginas. No. 22.-El Cuidado de la Sífilis en la Práctica General. 33 páginas. No. 23.--Ieningitis Cerebroespinal Epidémica (Meningocócica). 4 páginas. No. 25.-Amígdalas y Adenoides (Vegetaciones Adenoideas). 6 páginas. No. 26.-Tifoidea: Su Causa y Profilaxia. 4 páginas. No. 2S.-Diagnóstico del Paludismo. 9 páginas. No. 30.-Tratamiento del Paludismo. 4 páginas. No. 36.-Nomenclatura Internacional de las Causas de Muerte. 16 páginas. No. 37.-El Interrogatorio en el Diagnóstico Precoz de la Tuberculosis Pulmonar. 3 páginas. No. 43.-Código Sanitario Panamericano. 23 páginas. No. 45.-La Declaración Obligatoria del Embarazo. 10 páginas. No. 46.-La Difteria enlel Trópico. 15 páginas. No. 47.-Los Censos en Sanidad y en Epidemiología. 13 páginas. No. 48.-Higiene Comunal para el Pre-escolar. 5 páginas. No. 49.-El Diagnóstico de la Fiebre Amarilla. 14 páginas. No. 50.-Acta Final, II Conferencia Panamericana de Directores Nacionales de Sanidad. 16 páginas. No. 51.-Milk. 8 pages. No. 52.-Summary of Proccedings, II Pan American Conference of National Directors of Health. 14 pages. No. 53.-Vacunación Antidiftérica. 8 páginas. No. 55.-A Lucta Anti-Larvaria no Impaludismo. 6 páginas. No. 57.-Diaglióstico Retrospectivo de la Fiebre Amarilla. 6 páginas. No. 58.-El Problema de la Alimentación en el Uruguay. 9 páginas. No. 61.-Immunización Profiláctica de los Recién Nacidos con BCG. 22 páginas. No. 62.-Epidemiología de la Lepra. 5 páginas. No. 65.-La Higiene Mental. 11 páginas. No. 67.-A Desratizacao no Rio de Janeiro. 6 páginas. No. 70.-Diagnóstico de la Tuberculosis. 6 páginas. No. 82.-Narcomania. 46 páginas. No. 88.-Antirratización de los Buques. 40 páginas. No. 90.-Control de las Enfermedades Transmisibles. 70 páginas. No. 94.-Tratamiento del Ofidismo. 11 páginas. No. 96.-Health Suggestions for Travelers in the Americas. 16 pages. No. 97.-Acta Final, Novena Conferencia Sanitaria Panamericana. 20 páginas. No. 98.-El Problema de la Fiebre Amarilla en América. 10 páginas. No. 99.-Profilaxia de la Fiebre Amarilla. 6 páginas. No. 101.-Ninth Pan American Sanitary Conference. 8 pages. No. 102.-El Saneamiento del Suelo. 17 páginas. No. 103.-Report of the Director of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau. 8 pages. No. 105.-Fumigación de Buques con Acido Cianhídrico. 14 páginas. No. 106.-Snake-Bites. 10 pages. No. 107.-Obras Sanitarias de Protección a la Infancia. 47 páginas. No. 108.-Las Repúblicas Americanas ante las Convenciones Internacionales de Sanidad. 5 páginas. No. 109.-La Lucha Antivenérea. 27 páginas. No. 110.-Third Pan American Conference of National Directors of Health-Summary of Proeedings. 10 pages.

No. No. No. No. No. No.

ll.-Venenos Antirrata. 4 páginas. 112.-Tratamiento Anti-Leprotico. 14 páginas. 113.-Pautas de Organización Sanitaria. 12 páginas. 4 11 .- Nomenclatura para Enfermedades Mentales. 28 páginas. 118.-Servivo de Peste. 6 páginas. 121.-Actas de la Tercera Conferencia Panamericana de Directores Nacionales de Sanidad. 396 páginas. No. 125.-Pautas para Abastos de Agua. 16 páginas. No. 126.-Décima Conferencia Sanitaria Panamericana, Acta Final. 20 páginas. No. 127.-Lepra: Epidemiologia-Clasificaci6ón-Tratamiento. 17 páginas. No. 128.-A Classificaáao da Lepra. 5 páginas. No. 129.-Final Act: Tenth Pan American Sanitary Conference. 13 pages. No. 130.-Dixiéme Conference Sanitaire Panaméricaine: Acte Final. 20 pages. No. 131.-X Conferéncia Sanitária Panamericana: Ata Final. 12 páginas. No. 132.-Modelos de Certificados de Defunción, de Nacimiento Viable, y de Defunción Fetal. 4 páginas. No. 133.-Tenth Pan American Sanitary Conference. 14 pages. No. 134.-Los Preventorios en la Lepra. 8 páginas. No. 135.-Proyecto de Escalafón Sanitario. 12 páginas. No. 136.-Actas de la Décima Conferencia Sanitaria Panamericana. 941 páginas. No. 137.-Nomenclatura Internacional de las Causas de Muerte. 25 páginas. No. 138.-La Enfermería Sanitaria. 10 páginas. No. 139.-Mate. 8 pages. No. 140.-Alimentación. 22 páginas. No. 141.-Sociedades e Instituciones Científicas de la América Latina (Scientific Societies and Institutions in Latin America). 50 páginas. No. 142.-Demografía de las Repúblicas Americanas. 16 páginas. No. 143.-Educación Sexual Destinada a los Padres. 9 páginas. No. 144.-Estudio de Ciertas Cuestiones Relativas a las Vitaminas. 14 páginas. No. 145.-Lo que Debemos Saber sobre Cáncer. 6 páginas. No. 146.-A las Madres. 2 páginas. No. 147.-IV Conferencia Panamericana de Directores Nacionales de Sanidad: Acta Final. 9 páginas. No. 148.-The Pan American Sanitary Bureau and ita Cooperative Work in the Improvement of Milk Supplies. 4 pages. No. 149.-Half a Century of Medical and Public Health Progress. 20 pages. No. 150.-Medio Siglo de Adelanto en Medicina y Sanidad. 22 páginas. No. 151.-IV Pan American Conference of National Directors of Health (Final Act). 8 pages. No. 152.-Medical and Public Health Journals of Latin America (Revistas de Medicina y Sanidad de la América Latina). 51 páginas. No. 153.-Annual Report of the Director of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau: 1939-1940. 34 pages. No. 154.-Reacción a la tuberculina. 6 páginas. No. 155.-Informe Anual del Director de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana: 1939-1940. 39 páginas. No. 156.-Pan American Publie Health Quiz. 14 pages. No. 157.-Epitome del Segundo Suplemento (1939) de la Farmacopea E.U. XI. 16 páginas. No. 158.-Public Health and Medicine in Stamps of the Americas. 7 pages.

Adresser toutes les demandes a M. le Directeur de l'Office Sanitaire Panaméricain. Diríjanse todos los pedidos al Director de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana. Todos os pedidos devem ser enderezados ao Diretor da Reparticao Sanitária Panamericana. Address all requests for publications to the Director of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau.

THE

PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU is an independent international public health organization. It was created by the Second International American Conference (1901-1902), organized by the First Pan American Sanitary Conference (1902), and reorganized by the Sixth (1920). It is governed by a Directing Council elected, together with the Director, at each Pan American Sanitary Conference, and supported by annual quotas contributed pro rata by all the American Republics. The Bureau is interested primarily in the prevention of the international spread of communicable diseases, and also in the maintenance and improvement of the health of the people of the 21 American Republics. Under the provisions of the Pan American Sanitary Code (1924), it has become the center of coordination and information in the field of public health, in the American Republics. It also acts as a consulting body at the request of national health authorities, carries on epidemiological and scientific studies, and publishes a monthly Bulletin, as well as other educational material. ·