ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
Ɂɚɳɢɳɚɣɬɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ! Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ
© 2005 PHYSIOMED Elektromedizin AG, Schnaittach-Laipersdorf, Germany Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2005, 1-ɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ....................................................................................................................7 ȼɂȾɕ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ ............................................................................................................................... 7 ɅȺɁȿɊɕ: ɉɊɈɒɅɈȿ ɂ ɇȺɋɌɈəɓȿȿ ............................................................................................ 7 ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈȿ ɂɁɅɍɑȿɇɂȿ ................................................................................................................. 7 Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ........................................................................................................................7 Ƚɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ .............................................................................................8 ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɕ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈɃ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɂ ........................................................................ 9 Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ .....................................................................................................................10 Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ............................................................................................................12 ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ................................................ 14 ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ............................................................................14 Ɉɱɚɝɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ...........................................................................................................................15 Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ....................................................................................................................17 ȼɕȻɈɊ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ Ʌȿɑȿɇɂə (ȾɈɁɂɊɈȼɄȺ)....................................................................... 23 ɉɊɈɌɂȼɈɉɈɄȺɁȺɇɂə.................................................................................................................. 26 ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ................................................................................................................... 28 Ⱥɯɢɥɥɨɞɢɧɢɹ ...................................................................................................................................28 ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ .......................................................................................................28 Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɫɬɟɨɚɪɬɪɨɡ .......................................................................................................29 ɉɪɨɥɟɠɧɢ......................................................................................................................................... 29 ȼɵɜɢɯɢ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ .................................................................................................................................29 ɉɥɟɱɟ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɷɩɢɤɨɧɞɢɥɢɬ ..........................................................................................................30 Ɏɢɛɪɨɦɢɚɥɝɢɢ .................................................................................................................................30 Ɍɟɧɞɢɧɨɡ ..........................................................................................................................................31 ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ...........................................................................................................31 Ʌɸɦɛɚɥɝɢɹ .......................................................................................................................................32 Ɇɢɨɝɟɥɟɡ (ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ) .....................................................................................................32 ɉɥɟɱɟ-ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɚɪɬɪɢɬ ......................................................................................................32
5
Ɏɚɧɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɢ ............................................................................................................................ 33 ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɵ ɦɵɲɰɵ-ɪɨɬɚɬɨɪɚ ............................................................................................ 33 Ⱥɧɤɢɥɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɧɞɢɥɢɬ (ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ Ȼɟɯɬɟɪɟɜɚ) ..................................................................... 34 ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ Ɂɭɞɟɤɚ ............................................................................................................................. 34 Ɍɟɧɞɢɧɢɬ ......................................................................................................................................... 34 Ɍɟɧɞɨɜɚɝɢɧɢɬ .................................................................................................................................. 35 ɒɟɣɧɵɣ (ɰɟɪɜɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ) ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ ................................................................................................ 35 ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ ................................................................................................................................. 37 ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ .................................................................................................................. 39 ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ............................................................................................................................... 41 Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ.......................................................................................................................... 41
6
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈȿ ɂɁɅɍɑȿɇɂȿ
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɗɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ȼɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ).
ȼɂȾɕ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ Ʌɚɡɟɪɵ - ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ 20 ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ (ɫɜɵɲɟ 30 ȼɬ) ɢ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ (ɞɨ 500 ɦȼɬ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ.
ɅȺɁȿɊɕ: ɉɊɈɒɅɈȿ ɂ ɇȺɋɌɈəɓȿȿ ȼ 1917 ɗɃɇɒɌȿɃɇ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ "ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ“, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɥɟɝ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ. ȼ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɥɟɬ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɛɢɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ. ɉɨɤɚ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɬɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɢ, ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɞɟɪɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɫ 60-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɛɢɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ. ɋ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 80-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɥɚɡɟɪ) ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɨɱɚɝɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɨɱɚɝɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ ("ɥɚɡɟɪɨɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɚ“ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ) ɩɪɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (BRINGMANN 2002, 14ɫɬɪ.).
ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈȿ ɂɁɅɍɑȿɇɂȿ Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɋɥɨɜɨ «ɥɚɡɟɪ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ „Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ «ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ». Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɥɚɡɟɪɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
7
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈȿ ɂɁɅɍɑȿɇɂȿ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ "ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɜɟɬɚ" ɬɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ:
Ɇɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ: Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ; Ʉɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ: Ɇɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ) ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ).
Ʉɨɥɥɢɦɚɰɢɹ: ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɢɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɹ ɥɭɱɚ (ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ) ɧɢɡɤɚɹ.
ɗɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɭɱ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ (BRINGMANN 2002, 19; LOW/ REED 2002, 356ɫɬɪ.; RODRɇGUEZ MARTɇN 2000, 564ɫɬɪ.).
Ƚɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ Ƚɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ: ɚɬɨɦɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ), ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ "ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ" ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬ ɹɞɪɚ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ ɚɬɨɦɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ "ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ" (ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ), ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɥɚɡɟɪɚɯ, ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ (ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ).
ȼɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ (ɢɡ: STEUERNAGEL1997, 113)
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɵ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ "ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ" ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɟɟ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
8
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɕ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈɃ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɂ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɧɚɤɚɱɤɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚɤɚɱɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɚ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ STEUERNAGEL1997, 113)
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɲɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɡɟɪɚɯ: "ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪ“, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɤɚɥ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚɤɚɱɤɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɡɟɪɤɚɥ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɥɭɱɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɟ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɬɨɧɨɜ (ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ).
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɕ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈɃ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɂ ɗɮɮɟɤɬ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɮɨɬɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɚɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɮɨɬɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ.
Ʌɚɡɟɪɵ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ: ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɛɢɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɜ
9
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɕ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈɃ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɂ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɨ, ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ (BRINGMANN 2002, 428).
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ
ȼ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ "ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ"). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɥɭɱɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ (ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ), ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 4-7% ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 50%. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 95% ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɥɭɱɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɨɞɚɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧ. (BRINGMANN 2002, 23ɫɬɪ., KITCHEN 2002, 175ɫɬɪ.).
ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ) ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɢɞɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɂɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ 785 ɧɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ: ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ "ɨɛɜɨɥɚɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ" ɜɨɥɧɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɧɢɠɟ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ 785 ɧɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɛɢɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ) (BRINGMANN 2002, 26ɫɬɪ.).
10
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɕ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈɃ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɂ
T=ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɠɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ (ɜɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BUNDESGESUNDHBL. 30, 1987)
ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɢ
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɢ (ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ȺɌɎ ɢ ȾɇɄ) ɜ %, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ (ɜɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BISCAR ET AL ɢ KARU ET AL. ɜ BRINGMANN 2002, )
ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ
11
ȼ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɬɨɧɨɜ. ɂɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ "ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ" ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ 785 ɧɦ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ 10 ɦȼɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɫɦ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ 1ɫɦ2, ɚ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 5 ɫɦ (WILDEN ET AL ɜ BRINGMANN 2002, 28ɫɬɪ.).
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɕ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈɃ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɂ
ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BRINGMANN 2002, 28)
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɗɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ, ɧɨ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ "ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ". ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɮɨɬɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛ "ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ" ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ȺɌɎ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɢɬɨɡɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɥɥɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɝɢɩɟɪɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɧɚɥɶɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ (BRINGMANN 2002, 35ɫɬɪ.).
ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
12
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɕ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə ɅȺɁȿɊɇɈɃ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɂ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ. (BRINGMANN 2002, 40ɫɬɪ.).
ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɬɟɱɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɟɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫ ɝɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɜ). ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɬɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɟɤɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ (BRINGMANN 2002, 44ɫɬɪ.).
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɨɬɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɬɬɟɪɵ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɚɡɨɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢɸ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɪɟɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɚɫɤɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚɯ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɥɢɦɮɨɨɬɬɨɤɚ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɬɪɨɦɛɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (BRINGMANN 2002, 47ɫɬɪ.).
Ɍɪɨɮɢɤɨɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
Ɋɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɬɟɱɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɬɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɚ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ (ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɪɚɧɵ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɪɚɧɵ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɟɥɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɪɭɛɰɨɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ (BRINGMANN 2002, 50ɫɬɪ.; KITCHEN 2002, 179; LOW/ REED 2002, 365ɫɬɪ.).
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɬɟɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ɏɨɬɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɜɚɫɤɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɛɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɯɨɧɞɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɨɥɢ (BRINGMANN 2002, 53ɫɬɪ.).
13
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ (BRINGMANN 2002, 55ɫɬɪ.).
Ⱥɧɚɥɶɝɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɇɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɥɚɡɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɧɟɜɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɪɨɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɚɧɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɹɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɶɝɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɬɟɱɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɤɟɮɚɥɢɧɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ. ɋɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɬɬɟɪɨɜ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɜɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɛɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɱɚɝ – ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ – ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɭɱɤɢ. (BRINGMANN 2002, 55ɫɬɪ.; KITCHEN 2002, 180).
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɝɥɨɭɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɢ, ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ: ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ (ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ, ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). BAHN ET AL (ɜ BRINGMANN 2002, 63) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɭɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɸ "ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ“. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ: ɮɨɬɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ȺɌɎ, ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.; ɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ: ɤɨɠɧɨɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɤɨɠɧɨ-ɰɟɪɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɯɨɠɢ ɫ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɝɥɨɭɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ (BRINGMANN 2002, 62ɫɬɪ.).
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ: ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ("ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɥɚɡɟɪ“) ɢɥɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɭɱɤɢ (ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɥɚɡɟɪ). ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɫ
14
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɭɱɤɨɦ, ɥɭɱɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɝɥɚɡ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɦ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɥɭɱɚ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ).
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɥɭɱɚ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɧɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ 4050%, ɟɫɥɢ ɥɭɱ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ. ɇɚ ɤɨɠɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɪɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɭɱɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɩɩɥɢɤɚɬɨɪ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ "ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ" ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɤɨɫɬɢ). ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɭɯɚɹ ɤɨɠɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɠɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɢɬɶ (LOW/ REED 2002, 468ɫɬɪ., BRINGMANN 2002, 430ɫɬɪ.).
Ɉɱɚɝɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ȿɫɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 1 ɫɦ2, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɭɸ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɭ. ɑɚɳɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɯ, ɚɪɬɪɨɩɚɬɢɹɯ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɠɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɹɯ. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɢɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɦɢ ɜ 1 ɫɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ 14 ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɢɨɞɨɜ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 35 ɫɦ2, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ "ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ", ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɫɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ.
15
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ (ɜɜɟɪɯɭ), Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ (ɜɧɢɡɭ)
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɭɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ "ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɚɧɟɪɚɦɢ". ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ. ɇɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɫɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 70%. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ:
16
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ/ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɇɟɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ)
ɍɝɨɥ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɋɭɫɬɚɜɵ
Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɡɨɧɵ ɤɨɫɬɢ(ɜɜɢɞɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ)
Ʉɨɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ
Ɇɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɧɚɞ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɞɤɨɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ, ɩɨɞɤɨɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ
Ʌɢɰɨ
ȼ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɩɨɞ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ)
Ɇɨɪɳɢɧɵ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨ; ɩɨ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɢ ɤ ɦɨɪɳɢɧɚɦ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ʌɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ: ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɟɤ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɢ, ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɹɦɨɤ ɢ ɩɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ
Ɍɚɛ.: Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BRINGMANN 2002, 457)
Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ Ɍɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɢɩɨɜ:
ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
17
ɗɬɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɥɶɩɚɰɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬɟɤɚ, ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɨɪɨɡɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ. ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ, ɬɟɧɞɨɩɚɬɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɬɪɨɩɚɬɢɢ.
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɧɚ ɧɨɝɟ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BRINGMANN 2002, 434ɫɬɪ.)
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɟ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BRINGMANN 2002, 434ɫɬɪ.)
18
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɭɱɤɢ, ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɤɨɪɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɱɚɝɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 2-3 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2, ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ (BRINGMANN 2002, 433ɫɬɪ.).
Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (ɦɢɨɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ)
Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɦɢɨɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɢ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɭɛɰɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɫɬɪɵɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ. Ɉɫɬɪɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɛɨɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ʌɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɶɩɚɰɢɸ. ɇɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɝɟ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Bringmann 2002, 439ɫɬɪ.)
19
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɦ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɟɲɤɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɫ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɭɸ ɪɭɱɤɭ. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɭɱɤɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɚɥɶɩɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ - 1-4 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ (BRINGMANN 2002, 437ɫɬɪ.).
ɉɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (ɩɚɪɚɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ)
20
ɉɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɚ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ. ɗɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɨɬɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ 2-4 ɫɦ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɚ. ɂɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ. Ɍɭɩɵɟ, ɧɨɸɳɢɟ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɢ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɚ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɪɨɝɟɧɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɭɱɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2-4 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ (BRINGMANN 2002, 444ɫɬɪ.).
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
ɉɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BRINGMANN 2002, 444)
Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɝɥ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɢɝɥɨɭɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɜɟɫɨɦɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɰɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɭɱɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɟ: ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɥɨɤɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɬɥɚɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɚɦ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɭɱɨɤ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɦɟɡɟɧɯɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ
21
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ ɅȺɁȿɊɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɇɂɁɄɈɂɇɌȿɇɋɂȼɇɕɏ
ɫɥɨɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (BRINGMANN 2002, 62ɫɬɪ.). ȼɜɢɞɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɋɉɂɋɄȿ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, OGAL/STɐR 1999).
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɝɥɨɭɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɟɡɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, "ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ" ɤ ɢɝɥɨɭɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɸ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫ, ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ, ɝɟɦɚɬɨɦɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɝɥɨɭɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ.
Ʌɚɡɟɪɵ ɫ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɤ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɥɭɱɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ "ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɝɥɵ" (De-Qi) ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɝɥɨɭɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ (BRINGMANN 2002, 446ɫɬɪ.). Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1-2Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 (ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ) ɢ 0,5-1 Ⱦɠ/ ɫɦ2 (ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ) (BRINGMANN 2002, 464ɫɬɪ.).
22
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ȼɕȻɈɊ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ Ʌȿɑȿɇɂə (ȾɈɁɂɊɈȼɄȺ)
ȼɕȻɈɊ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ Ʌȿɑȿɇɂə (ȾɈɁɂɊɈȼɄȺ) ȼɵɛɨɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɹɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɞɨɡɚ)
ȿɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ȾɈɁȺ (ɜ Ⱦɠɨɭɥɹɯ). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɬ (ɦȼɬ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ (ɫɦ2). ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ȼɬ) x ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ (ɫ) Ⱦɨɡɚ = --------------------------------------------------------------------------ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ (ɫɦ2) Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
• Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ - 140 ɦȼɬ (ɦɭɥɶɬɢ-ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ) • Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ - 30 ɦȼɬ (ɦɭɥɶɬɢ-ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɢɥɢ Nogier-ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ) ɢɥɢ 60 ɦȼɬ (CW - ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ). ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɦ2 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ).
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ: Ⱦɨɡɚ (Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2) x ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ (ɫɦ2) ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ = --------------------------------------------------------------------------Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ȼɬ)
BRINGMANN (2002, 463ɫɬɪ.) ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɞɨɡɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ = MRD) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ 0.75 – 1.0 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡɵ (ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BRINGMANN ) ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ.
23
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ:
ȼɕȻɈɊ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ Ʌȿɑȿɇɂə (ȾɈɁɂɊɈȼɄȺ)
ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
2 – 3 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
1 – 4 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
ɉɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
2 – 4 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ: ȼɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ
1 – 2 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 0.5 – 1 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ⱦɟɬɢ 1 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ɉɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ:
Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ:
Ʉɨɠɚ/ɉɨɞɤɨɠɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ
1 – 3 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ
3 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʉɨɫɬɶ
4 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʌɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
2 – 5 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
ɏɢɪɭɪɝɢɹ/Ɍɪɚɜɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
1 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ɉɪɬɨɩɟɞɢɹ
1 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
ɇɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ
1 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ
2 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ɉɬɨɥɚɪɢɧɝɨɥɨɝɢɹ
2 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ⱦɟɪɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
2 – 5 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
ɍɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ
2 – 5 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ƚɢɧɟɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ
2 – 4 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
ɋɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
2 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
ɋɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
2 – 5 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ɇɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ
2 – 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʉɨɫɦɟɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
1 – 3 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ɍɚɛ.: ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ (ɢɡBRINGMANN 2002, 464ɫɬɪ.).
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɚ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ!
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ (CW) ɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɨɡɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɨɡɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ. ɇɢɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ:
24
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ȼɕȻɈɊ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ Ʌȿɑȿɇɂə (ȾɈɁɂɊɈȼɄȺ)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ • Ɇɭɥɶɬɢ-ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ • Ⱥɥɶɮɚ-ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ (10Ƚɰ): "ɋɦɹɝɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ“, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɜɨɥɧ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ • CW (ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ) • Ɇɭɥɶɬɢ-ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ: ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ (200Hz-5KHz), ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɚ (ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ). ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ - ɨɤɨɥɨ 1000 Ƚɰ • Nogier-ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ (ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ)
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɡɵ, ɨɬ ɮɚɡɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɵ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɟɚɧɫɚ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɤɪɚɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɠɢ, ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɭɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦɢ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɨɡɨɥɨɝɢɢ (BRINGMANN 2002, 465ɫɬɪ.):
Ɉɫɬɪɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
2 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ
Ɍɪɚɜɦɵ
2-3 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɏɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
1-2 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ
1 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
Ɍɚɛ.: Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɨɡɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BRINGMANN 2002, 468)
Ʉɭɪɫ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ) ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɡɵ, ɧɨɡɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɮɚɡɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɨɡɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
25
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
Ɉɫɬɪɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɉɊɈɌɂȼɈɉɈɄȺɁȺɇɂə
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 3-6 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ɉɫɬɪɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 4-8 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
ɏɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 6-12 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ɉɫɬɪɵɟ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 8-15 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
ɏɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 10-20 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ɍɚɛ.: Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɨɡɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ BRINGMANN 2002, 471)
ɉɊɈɌɂȼɈɉɈɄȺɁȺɇɂə ɇɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɟɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ! ɇɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɸ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ:
• ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɪɨɞɧɢɱɤɨɜ ɢ ɷɩɢɮɢɡɚɪɧɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ; • ɩɪɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɹɢɱɟɤ, ɹɢɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.);
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ:
• ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɠɢ (ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ) • ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɣ; • ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɟɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɨɬɨɞɟɪɦɚɬɨɡ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɷɪɢɬɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ); • ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ; • ɩɪɢ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɟ (ɪɨɠɢɫɬɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɟ, ɮɥɟɝɦɨɧɚ); • ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɠɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɥɭɱɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɦɧɟɡɟ; • ɩɪɢ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɦɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ; • ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɢɦɦɭɧɨɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɚɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɵɲɶɹɤ; • ɩɪɢ ɧɟɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɩɢɥɟɩɫɢɢ; • ɩɪɢ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɪɢɬɦɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ; • ɩɪɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟ ɪɢɬɦɚ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɞɢ);
26
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɉɊɈɌɂȼɈɉɈɄȺɁȺɇɂə
• ɩɪɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹɯ; • ɩɪɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɢɪɟɨɡɟ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɲɟɢ ɢ ɩɥɟɱ); • ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɦɟɧɨɪɪɟɟ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɱɪɟɜɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ); • ɩɪɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
27
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ ȼɜɢɞɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɋɉɂɋɄȿ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, OGAL/STɐR 1999). ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ BRINGMANN (2002). ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ (ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ 41) ɞɚɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ⱥɯɢɥɥɨɞɢɧɢɹ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɯɢɥɥɨɞɢɧɢɹ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- Ⱦɨɡɚ 5 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 - ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- Ⱦɨɡɚ 1-2 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ UB28,UB57,UB58,UB59,UB63,UB67, ST38, KD1, KD3 ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
- Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ 3-6 - ɏɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ 6-12
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ
28
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- Ⱦɨɡɚ 4 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 - ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- Ⱦɨɡɚ 1-2 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ SI6,GB29,GB30, LV11,LV12, ST31,ST32; ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
- Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ 3-6 - ɏɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ 6-12
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɫɬɟɨɚɪɬɪɨɡ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɫɬɟɨɚɪɬɪɨɡ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- Ⱦɨɡɚ 3-6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 - ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ 3Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 ; ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ 5Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 ; ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ 6Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ, ɛɨɤɨɜɚɹ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- Ⱦɨɡɚ 1-2 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 - ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ: Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ), ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ; ɧɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɷɩɢɮɢɡɚɪɧɵɟ ɯɪɹɳɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
- Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ 8-15 - ɏɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ 10-20
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: ɝɨɧɚɪɬɪɨɡ, ɚɪɬɪɨɡ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
ɉɪɨɥɟɠɧɢ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɥɟɠɧɢ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- Ⱦɨɡɚ 5 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 - ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ (ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɷɪɢɬɟɦɵ) - ɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ/ɷɧɡɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɧɵ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
- 10-20
ȼɵɜɢɯɢ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ
29
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ȼɵɜɢɯɢ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ: ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ 2 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 ; ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ 4 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 ; ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ 6 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
- 5-10
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
ɉɥɟɱɟ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɷɩɢɤɨɧɞɢɥɢɬ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɉɥɟɱɟ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɷɩɢɤɨɧɞɢɥɢɬ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ 4Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ LI4,LI6,LI10, LI11, LU6 ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
- Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ 3-6 - ɏɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ 6-12
Ɏɢɛɪɨɦɢɚɥɝɢɢ
30
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ɏɢɛɪɨɦɢɚɥɝɢɢ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɡɨɧ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɥɟɜɚ) 5Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
- 10-15
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
Ɍɟɧɞɢɧɨɡ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɧɞɢɧɨɡ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ (5Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ (3Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
- 5-15
ɇɚɞɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ
31
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɞɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ (3Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ Yintang, LI5,HT5,KS4,KS8,KS9,LU8,LU9 (3Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
10-15;
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
Ʌɸɦɛɚɥɝɢɹ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ʌɸɦɛɚɥɝɢɹ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ regio lumbalis, regio glutea, M.quad. lumborum (4-6Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ UB23,UB28,UB29,UB36,UB40,UB53,UB56,SI3, ST36,MP8 ɉɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ⱦɨ 10
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-3 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
Ɇɢɨɝɟɥɟɡ (ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ) ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ɇɢɨɝɟɥɟɡ (ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɟ (35Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ⱦɨ 10
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-3 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɉɥɟɱɟ-ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɚɪɬɪɢɬ
32
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɉɥɟɱɟ-ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɚɪɬɪɢɬ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɩɥɟɱɚ (4-6Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ M. deltoideus ɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ LI4, LI11, LI14, LI15, LI16, SI10, SI12, Jian Jiao
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ⱦɨ 10
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-3 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
Ɏɚɧɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɢ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ɏɚɧɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɢ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɪɭɛɰɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ (3-4Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ Yin Tang, UB58, UB59, Bafeng, Huanzhong, Xiyan, ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɭɛɰɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ (3Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ⱦɨ 10
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-3 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɵ ɦɵɲɰɵ-ɪɨɬɚɬɨɪɚ
33
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɵ ɦɵɲɰɵ-ɪɨɬɚɬɨɪɚ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɩɥɟɱɚ (2-5Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (Mm.supra-/infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor) ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ LI15, LI16, SI10, Jianjio
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ⱦɨ 10
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-3 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
Ⱥɧɤɢɥɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɧɞɢɥɢɬ (ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ Ȼɟɯɬɟɪɟɜɚ) ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɧɤɢɥɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɧɞɢɥɢɬ (ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ Ȼɟɯɬɟɪɟɜɚ)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ (ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɵ) (5Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ UB18, UB20, UB22, UB23, UB24, UB28 ɢ ɩɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
15-20
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
1-2 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ Ɂɭɞɟɤɚ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ Ɂɭɞɟɤɚ ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ; 1ɷɬɚɩ: 4Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2, 2 ɷɬɚɩ: 6Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
10-20
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-3 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
Ɍɟɧɞɢɧɢɬ
34
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɧɞɢɧɢɬ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ :3Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2 ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ: 5 Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
5-15
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-4 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
Ɍɟɧɞɨɜɚɝɢɧɢɬ ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɧɞɨɜɚɝɢɧɢɬ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ: 4Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ: 5Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
5-15
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-4 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɒɟɣɧɵɣ (ɰɟɪɜɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ) ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ
35
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɒɟɣɧɵɣ (ɰɟɪɜɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ) ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ
- ɨɱɚɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ (lat. trapezius base, med. lat. mastoid zone, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɲɟɢ/ɩɥɟɱɚ, ɬɪɚɩɟɰɢɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚɞ ɤɥɸɱɢɰɟɣ ,ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ/ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɭɤɢ) (3-4Ⱦɠ/ɫɦ2)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɱɤɚ
- ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ; ɬɨɱɤɢ: ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ Yintang, UB10, UB12, LI4, GB12, GB15, GB17, GB20, KD1, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ Yintang, UB12, LI4, LI15, SI3, TH13, TH15, TH16, TH20, GB21, GB39 ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ Yintang, LI4, LI8, LI10, LI11, LI14, TH3, TH5, TH8, TH11, TH14; ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ Mm. sternocleidomastoideus, levator scapulae, rhomboidei ɢ LG14
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
10-15
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
2-3 ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɄɊȺɌɄɈȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɍɘ ɌȿɊȺɉɂɘ
36
ɑȺɋɌɇɕȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄɂ
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ BRINGMANN, W.: Lasertherapie. Licht kann heilen. o.V., o.O 20022 (erhɞltlich bei PHYSIOMED).
BUNDESGESUNDHBL. 30, 1987
KITCHEN, S. (Ed.): Electrotherapy. Evidence-Based Practice. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 200211
LOW, J., REED, A.: Electrotherapy explained. Principles and Practice. ButterwothHeinemann, London 19905.
OGAL, H. P., STɐR, W.: Serin-Bildatlas der Akupunktur. Darstellung der Akupunkturpunkte. Kɰnemann Verlagsges., Kɰln 1999.
RODRIGUEZ MARTIN, J. M.: Electroterapia en fisioterapia. Editorial Mɣdica Panamericana, Madrid 2000.
STEUERNAGEL, O.: Skripten zur Elektrotherapie. Band III. Hochfrequenz, Licht, Ultraschall, Laser. Verlag Elektrotherapie K. Steuernagel, Boppard 19978.
37
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
38
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ Ⱥ Ⱥɧɚɥɶɝɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ 14 Ⱥɧɤɢɥɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɧɞɢɥɢɬ (ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ Ȼɟɯɬɟɪɟɜɚ) 34 Ⱥɯɢɥɥɨɞɢɧɢɹ 28
Ȼ Ȼɢɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ 7
ȼ ȼɵɜɢɯɢ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ 29 ȼɵɫɨɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ 7
Ƚ Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ 11
Ⱦ Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɫɬɟɨɚɪɬɪɨɡ 29 Ⱦɢɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ 9 Ⱦɨɡɚ 23 Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ 51
ɂ
Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ 10 Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪ 9 Ɉɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ 12
ɉ ɉɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ 10 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ 23 ɉɪɨɥɟɠɧɢ 29 ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ 10 ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ 12 ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɬɟɱɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ 13 ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ 26 ɉɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ 20 ɉɚɪɚɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ 20 ɉɥɟɱɟ-ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɚɪɬɪɢɬ 32 ɉɥɟɱɟ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɷɩɢɤɨɧɞɢɥɢɬ 30 ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ 23 ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ 23 ɉɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ 50 ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ 10
Ɋ
ɂɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 24
Ɋɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ 10 Ɋɟɠɢɦ 24
Ʉ
ɋ
Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ 25 Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɥɚɡɟɪ 14 Ʉɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ 8 Ʉɨɥɥɢɦɚɰɢɹ 8
Ʌ Ʌɸɦɛɚɥɝɢɹ 32 Ʌɚɡɟɪ ɫ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɭɱɤɨɦ 14 Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ 14
Ɇ Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ 45 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ 49 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ 48 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ 42 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɞɚ 47 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ 48 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ 50 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɬɪɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ 41 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ 44 Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ 45 Ɇɢɨɝɟɥɟɡ (ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ) 32 Ɇɢɨɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ 19 Ɇɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ 8
ɇ ɇɢɡɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ 7
Ɉ Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ 25
ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ Ɂɭɞɟɤɚ 34 ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ 31 ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɵ ɦɵɲɰɵ-ɪɨɬɚɬɨɪɚ 33 ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ 28 ɋɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ 47
Ɍ Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ 19 Ɍɪɨɮɢɤɨ-ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ 13 Ɍɟɧɞɢɧɢɬ 34 Ɍɟɧɞɢɧɨɡ 31 Ɍɟɧɞɨɜɚɝɢɧɢɬ 35 Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɚ 14 Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ 21 Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ 14 Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɜɧɟ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɨɜ 51
ɍ ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ 10
Ɏ Ɏɚɧɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɢ 33 Ɏɢɛɪɨɦɢɚɥɝɢɢ 30 Ɏɨɬɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ 12 Ɏɨɬɨɧɵ 9 Ɏɨɬɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ 7
ɑ ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ 17
39
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɑɭɞɟɫɧɵɣ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ 48
P
ɒ
Perikard 47
ɒɟɣɧɵɣ (ɰɟɪɜɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ) ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ 35
R
ɗ
Ren Mai 47
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɧɚɤɚɱɤɢ 9 ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ 24 ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ 23 ɗɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 12 ɗɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ 13
S Sanjiao 41
X Xin Bao 47
D Du Mai 48
40
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ 10 ɮɟɧ = 1 ɰɭɧɶ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɬɪɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ(Sanjiao)
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
TH3
T3
Zhangzhu
Chungchu
ɇɚ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɢɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 4-ɣ ɢ 5-ɣ ɩɹɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɟɟ 4-ɝɨ ɩɹɫɬɧɨɮɚɥɚɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
TH5
T5
Waiguan
Weixuan
ɇɚ 2 ɰɭɧɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɵɲɰɟɣɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ ɜ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ
TH8
T8
Tongmen
Tungmen
ɇɚ 4 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɵɲɰɵɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ ɜ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ
TH10
T10
Tianjing
Tienching
ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɦ ɧɚ 1 ɰɭɧɶ ɜɵɲɟ
TH13
T13
Naohui
Naohui
ɇɚ 2 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ
TH14
T14
Jianjiao
Chienchiao
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɚɤɪɨɦɢɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɦ ɜ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɧɚ 45°
TH15
T15
Tianjiao
Tienchiao
ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
TH17
T17
Yifeng
Yifeng
ɋɪɚɡɭ ɡɚ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɨɣ
41
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
UB2
Vu2
Cuanzhu
Tsuanchu
ɍ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɛɪɨɜɢ
UB10
Vu10
Tianzhu
Tienchu
ȼɵɲɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨɥɨɫ, ɜ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ 1,3 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ
UB12
Vu12
Fengmen
Fengmen
ɇɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ 2-ɝɨ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ
UB18
Vu18
Ganshu
Kanshu
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚɦɢ Th9 ɢ Th10, ɧɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɢɬɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ
UB20
Vu20
Pishu
Pishu
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚɦɢ Th9 ɢ Th10, ɧɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɢɬɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ
UB22
Vu22
Sanjiaoshu
Sanchiaoshu
Ɇɟɠɞɭ 1-ɦ ɢ 2-ɦ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
UB23
Vu23
Shenshu
Shenshu
Ʉɚɭɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ L2, ɧɚ 1.5 ɰɭɧɹ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɞɨɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
UB25
Vu25
Dachangshu
Tachangshu
ɇɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɝɪɟɛɧɹ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ 4-ɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ
UB27
Vu27
Xiaochangshu
Hsiaochangshu
ɇɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ 1-ɝɨ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ
UB28
Vu28
Pangguangshu
Pangkuangshu
ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 2-ɣ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɣ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ, ɧɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
UB30
Vu30
Baihuanshu
Paihuanshu
ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 4-ɣ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɣ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ, ɧɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
UB31
Vu31
Shangjiao
Shangchiao
1-ɹ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɚɹ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɞ 1-ɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɦ
42
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
UB32
Vu32
Ciliao
Tzuliao
2-ɹ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɚɹ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɞ 2-ɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɦ
UB34
Vu34
Xialiao
Hsialiao
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞ 4-ɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
UB35
Vu35
Huiyang
Huiyung
ɇɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɤɨɩɱɢɤɚ
UB36
Vu36
Chengfu
Chengfu
ȼ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɹɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ
UB37
Vu37
Yinmen
Yinmen
ɇɚ 6.5 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɧɚɞ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɝɢɛɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
UB39
Vu39
Weiyang
Weiyang
ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɫɝɢɛɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ M. biceps femoris
UB40
Vu40
Weizhong
Weichung
ɉɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɝɢɛɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
UB42
Vu42
Pohu
Pohu
Ɇɟɠɞɭ 3-ɦ ɢ 4-ɦ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚ 3 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
UB54
Vu54
Zhibian
Chipien
ɇɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ 4-ɝɨ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɧɚ 3 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
UB56
Vu56
Chengjin
Chengchin
ɇɚ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɨɝɢ, ɧɚ 12 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɧɚɞ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɨɣ
UB57
Vu57
Chengshan
Chengshas
ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɢɤɪɨɧɨɠɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ
UB58
Vu58
Feiyang
Feiyang
ɇɚ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɦɚɥɨɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ 7 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɧɚɞ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɨɣ
UB59
Vu59
Fuyang
Fuyang
ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɹ ɚɯɢɥɥɨɜɚ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹ, ɧɚ 3 ɰɭɧɹ ɧɚɞ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɨɣ
UB60
Vu60
Kunlun
Kunlun
ɉɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɨɣ ɢ ɚɯɢɥɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟɦ
UB61
Vu61
Pucan
Putsan
ɉɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɹɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ 1 ɰɭɧɶ ɢ 2 ɮɟɧɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ
43
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
UB63
Vu63
Jinmen
Chinmen
ɇɢɠɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɹɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɭɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ
UB64
Vu64
Jinggu
Chingku
ɇɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɧɢɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ 5-ɣ ɩɥɸɫɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
UB65
Vu65
Shugu
Shuku
ɇɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ 5-ɣ ɩɥɸɫɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
UB67
Vu67
Zhiyin
Chiyin
ɇɚ 1 ɮɟɧ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɨɝɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɨɠɚ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
44
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
LI2
Ic2
Erjian
Erhchien
Ⱦɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɥɚɧɝɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɦ
LI3
Ic3
Sanjian
Sanchien
ɇɚɞ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɥɚɧɝɨɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ, ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ
LI4
Ic4
Hegu
Hoku
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1-ɦ ɢ 2-ɦ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ 2-ɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ
LI5
Ic5
Yangxi
Yanghsi
Ɋɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɭɝɥɭ ɬɚɛɚɤɟɪɤɢ
LI6
Ic6
Pianli
Pienli
ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 3 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɵɲɟ Di5
LI8
Ic8
Xialian
Hsialian
ɇɚ 4 ɰɭɧɹ ɧɢɠɟ Gi11
LI9
Ic9
Shanglian
Schanglian
ɋ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɭɤɢ, ɧɚ 9 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ
LI10
Ic10
Shousanli
Schousanli
ɇɚ 2,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɧɢɠɟ Gi11
LI11
Ic11
Quchi
Chuchih
ɇɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɝɢɛɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɢɛɟ ɪɭɤɢ ɧɚ 90°
LI12
Ic12
Zhoujiao
Chouchiao
ɇɚ 2 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɵɲɟ Di 11, ɩɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɭɤɢ
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
SI3
It3
Houxi
Houshi
ɋɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɚɞɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɟɟ 5-ɝɨ ɩɹɫɬɧɨ-ɮɚɥɚɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɤɨɠɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ
SI10
It10
Naoshu
Naoshu
ɇɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɨɣ
SI11
It11
Tianzong
Tientsung
ȼ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ fossa infraspinatum (ɧɢɠɧɟɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ)
SI12
It12
Bingfeng
Pingfen
ɉɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɧɚɞ Due11
SI18
It18
Quanjiao
Chuanliao
ɇɢɠɟ ɤɪɚɹ ɫɤɭɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɝɥɚɡɚ
SI19
It19
Tinggong
Tingkung
ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɭɯɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɬɚ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
GB2
Vf2
Tinghui
Tinghui
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɭɯɚ, ɧɚ 2 ɮɟɧɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
GB3
Vf3
Shangguang
Shangkuan
ɇɚ 0,6 ɰɭɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɭɯɨɦ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɤɭɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
GB7
Vf7
Qubin
Chupin
ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɭɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ 1 ɩɚɥɶɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɣ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨɥɨɫ
GB12
Vf12
Wangu
Wanku
ɉɨɞ ɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɫɨɫɰɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ
45
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
GB13
Vf13
Benshen
Penshen
ɇɚ 0,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɨɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨɥɨɫ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɝɥɚɡɚ
GB15
Vf15
Toulinqi
Toulinchi
ɇɚ 0,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɨɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨɥɨɫ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɡɪɚɱɤɚ
GB17
Vf17
Zhengying
Chengying
Ʉɚɤ G15, ɧɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɨɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨɥɨɫ
GB20
Vf20
Fengchi
Fengchih
ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɨɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɫɨɫɰɟɜɢɞɧ ɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɢɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ
GB21
Vf21
Jianjing
Chienching
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɦ C7 ɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɟɱɚ
GB29
Vf29
Juijao
Chuchiao
ɉɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɭɸ ɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɭɝɨɪ ɛɟɞɪɚ ( trochanter)
GB30
Vf30
Huantiao
Huantiao
ɇɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɭɝɨɪ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬ 1-ɣ ɞɨ 2-ɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ
GB32
Vf32
Zhongdu
Chunghu
ɇɚ ɛɟɞɪɟ, ɧɚ 5 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɝɢɛɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
GB33
Vf33
Xiyangguan
Hsyangkuan
ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɵɳɟɥɤɨɦ ɛɟɞɪɚ
GB34
Vf34
Yanglingquan
Yanglingchuan
ɉɨɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ ɦɚɥɨɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
GB35
Vf35
Yangjiao
Yangchiao
ɉɨ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɦɚɥɨɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 7 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ
GB36
Vf36
Waiqiu
Waichiu
ɇɚ 8 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɟɬɚɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ
GB38
Vf38
Yangfu
Yangfu
ɇɚ 4 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ
46
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
HT3
C3
Shaohai
Shaohai
ɉɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɝɢɛɚ
HT4
C4
Lingdao
Lingtao
ɇɚ 1 ɰɭɧɶ ɢ 2 ɮɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɨɤɬɟɦ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ 1-ɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɪɭɤɢ
HT5
C5
Tongli
Tungli
ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɪɭɤɢ, ɧɚ 1 ɰɭɧɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
HT7
C7
Shenmen
Shenmen
ɇɚɞ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɨɯɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ
HT8
C8
Shaofu
Shaofu
ɉɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɦ ɤɭɥɚɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɚɦɢ 4-ɝɨ ɢ 5-ɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ
ɋɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ(Ren Mai) Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
KG5
Jm5
Shimen
Shimen
ɇɚ 2 ɰɭɧɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɭɩɤɚ
KG6
Jm6
Qihai
Chihai
ɉɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚ 1,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɭɩɤɚ
KG13
Jm13
Shangwan
Shangwan
ɉɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚ 4 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɭɩɤɚ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɞɚ(Xin Bao, Perikard) Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ KS4
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ Pc4
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ximen
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Hsimen
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɪɭɤɢ ɧɚ 4 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɟ ɪɭɤɟ
47
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
KS6
Pc6
Neiguan
Neikuan
ɇɚ 2 ɰɭɧɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɟ ɪɭɤɟ
KS8
Pc8
Laogong
Laokung
Ɇɟɠɞɭ 3-ɦ ɢ 4-ɦ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɢɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɯ
KS9
Pc9
Zhongchong
Chungchung
ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ ɧɚ 1 ɮɟɧ ɨɬ ɧɨɝɬɟɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
LV11
H11
Yinlian
Yinlien
ɋ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɟɣ
LV12
H12
Jimai
Chimo
ɇɚ 1 ɰɭɧɶ ɧɢɠɟ ɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ 2,5 ɰɭɧɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
"ɑɭɞɟɫɧɵɣ" ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ (Du Mai) Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
LG13
Tm13
Taodao
Taotao
ɇɢɠɟ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ 1ɝɨ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ
LG14
Tm14
Dazhui
Tachui
ɇɢɠɟ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ 7 ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
LU3
P3
Tianfu
Tienfu
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ
LU6
P6
Kongzui
Kungtsui
ɇɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɧɚ 7 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ Lu9
48
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
LU8
P8
Jingqu
Chingchu
ɇɚ 1 ɰɭɧɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɹ, ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɲɢɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
LU9
P9
Taiyuan
Taiyuan
ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɟ ɪɭɤɟ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ST1
S1
Chengqi
Chengchi
ɉɨɞ ɡɪɚɱɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɸ ɝɥɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɜɟɤɚ)
ST4
S4
Dicang
Titsang
ɇɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɡɪɚɱɤɚ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɭɝɨɥɤɚ ɪɬɚ
ST5
S5
Daying
Taying
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ M. masseter
ST6
S6
Yache
Yacheh
ɉɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɨɣ
ST7
S7
Xiaguan
Hsiakuan
ɇɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɫɤɭɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
ST11
S11
Qishe
Chishe
ɉɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɤɥɸɱɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦɢ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɨɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɫɨɫɰɟɜɢɞɧ ɨɣ ɦɵɳɰɵ
ST12
S12
Quepen
Chupen
ɇɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɤɥɸɱɢɰɵ
ST31
S31
Biguan
Pikuan
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɧɚ 13 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
ST32
S32
Futu
Futu
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɧɚ 7 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
ST36
S36
Zusanli
Tsusanli
ɉɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ, ɧɚ 1 ɰɭɧɶ ɢ 2 ɮɟɧɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚɞɤɨɥɟɧɧɢɤɚ
49
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
ST37
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
S37
Chɶhsɶ
Juxu shanglian ɢɥɢ
Shang Juxu
ɇɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɝɢ, ɧɚ 10 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ
Shang Juxu ST38
S38
Tiaokou
Tiaokou
ɇɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɝɢ, ɧɚ 1 ɰɭɧɶ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ 8 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɧɚɞ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɨɣ
ST39
S39
Juxu xialian
Chɶshɶ hsialien
Xia Juxu
Hsiachuhsu
ɇɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɝɢ, ɧɚ 7 ɰɭɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ
Neiting
Neiting
ST44
S44
ɉɨɡɚɞɢ 2-ɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɚɥɨɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ
Ɇɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
MP2
Sp2
Dadu
Tatu
ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɧɢɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
MP3
Sp3
Taibai
Taipai
ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɧɚ 8 ɮɟɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɩɥɸɫɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ
MP4
Sp4
Gongsun
Kungsun
ɇɚ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ
MP5
Sp5
Shangqiu
Shangchiu
ȼ ɭɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ (ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ)
ɉɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ KD1
50
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ R1
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Yongquan
Yungchuan
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ 2-ɝɨ ɢ 3-ɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
KD2
R2
Rangu
Janku
ɇɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɤɭɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɥɚɞɶɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ
KD3
R3
Taixi
Taihsi
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ ɢ ɚɯɢɥɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟɦ
KD4
R4
Dazhong
Tachung
ɉɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɚɯɢɥɥɨɜɚ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ
KD7
R7
Fuliu
Fuliu
ɉɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɚɯɢɥɥɨɜɚ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ 3 ɤɭɧɚ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜɧɟ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɨɜ
Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭ ɪɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Pinyin) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ (Wade-Giles) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
So1
Yintang
Yintang
ɉɨɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɥɛɚ, ɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ 1 ɩɚɥɶɰɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɚ
Ex13
Sifeng
Szufeng
ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɤɢ, ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ (2-ɝɨ - 5-ɝɨ)
Ex19
Bafeng
Pafeng
ɇɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɤɨɠɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ
Ex20
Huanzhong
Huanchung
ɉɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ G30 ɢ ɤɨɩɱɢɤɨɦ
Ex23
Xiyan
Hsiyen
ɋ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɞɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ
Ɍɚɛ.: ɇɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɤɪɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨBRINGMANN 2002, ɫɬɪ. 495.
51
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɚɤɭɩɭɧɤɬɭɪɵ
PHYSIOMED Elektromedizin AG · Hutweide 10 · 91220 Schnaittach / Germany Phone +49-9126-25870 · Fax +49-9126-258725 e-mail:
[email protected] • internet: http://www.physiomed.de
52