Story Transcript
Medical Spanish Review Part I November 13th, 2014 Course created and taught by Saturnino “Nino” Rodriguez, Ph.D
Saludos‐ Greetings • • • • •
Buenos días‐ Good morning Buenas tardes‐ Good afternoon Buenas noches‐ Good evening/ good night Mucho gusto‐ Nice to meet you Darse la mano‐ shake hands
Using your new sounds • A (ahh) anemia alergia
asma
• E (ehh) edema epilepsia esquizofrenia • I (eee) infección insomnio sífilis • O (ohh) vómito oxígeno doctor • U (oo) Úlcera pus urticaria
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Práctica‐ Practice • • • • • • • • • •
Señor, Señora Mr., Mrs. Señorita Miss (Ms.) ¿Cómo está? How are you? Estoy bien, gracias. I am fine, thank you. ¿Y usted? And you? ¿Cómo se llama? What is your (his/her) name? Me llamo…. My name is…. Soy la doctora Ramos I am doctor Ramos Soy José, su enfermero I am José, your nurse. Mucho gusto Nice to meet you
Nouns: gender and number All nouns (person, place, or things) are either masculine or feminine. There is no method to determine logically to which gender they belong, but most nouns are derived from either Latin or Greek. A general rule of thumb is if the noun (thing) ends in –a, it is generally feminine. If the noun ends in –o it is generally masculine.
Nouns: gender and number The following are feminine nouns. They often end in –a and take the definite article la. La is the feminine form for the word the. ‐ La pastilla ‐ La casa ‐ La cerveza ‐ La venda ‐ La enfermera
‐ The pill ‐The house ‐ The beer ‐The bandage ‐The nurse
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Nouns: gender and number The following nouns are masculine. They often end in –o and take the word or definite article el. El is the masculine form for the word the. ‐ El vaso ‐ The cup ‐El dinero ‐ The money ‐ El martillo ‐ The hammer ‐El termómetro ‐The thermometer ‐ El enfermo ‐ The sick
Changing singular nouns to their plural form. • La = “the” feminine singular • Las= “the” feminine plural Feminine words generally end in –a. To form the plural, add –s. La enfermera – Las enfermeras ‐La receta (prescription) ______________ ‐La cerveza (beer) _______________ ‐La medicina (medicine) ________________ ‐ La venda ( bandage) _________________ ‐ La cara (face)_____________________
Changing singular nouns to their plural form.
• El =“the” masculine singular • Los = “the” masculine plural Masculine words generally end in –o. To form the plural, add –s. el helado‐‐‐ los helados ‐el carro (car) _____________ ‐el termómetro (thermometer) ______________ ‐el gotero (dropper) __________________ ‐el enfermero (nurse) ____________
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Changing singular nouns to their plural form. If a noun ends in –e add –s to the form of the plural. ‐el paciente (patient) ‐la madre (mother) ‐el padre (father) ‐el nombre(name) ‐el trámite (paperwork, red tape) ‐la calle (street)
‐ _____ paciente____ ‐ _____ madre_____ ‐ _____ padre______ ‐ _____nombre_____ ‐_____trámite______ ‐______calle_______
Changing singular nouns to their plural form. If a noun ends in a consonant, add –es to form the plural. ‐ La irritación‐‐‐‐‐ las irritaciones ‐La inyección (injection) ‐El pulmón (lung) ‐La infección (infection) ‐El frijol (bean) ‐La mujer (women)
‐____ inyeccion____ ‐____pulmon_____ ‐____infeccion____ ‐____frijol_____ ‐____mujer_____
Changing singular nouns to their plural form. Indefinite articles also change to agree with nouns in number (singular or plural) and gender (feminine or masculine). Singular Plural Una =a, an, one (f.) unas= some (f.) Un = a, an, one (m.) unos = some (m.) Una enfermera ‐‐‐‐‐‐ unas enfermeras Un doctor ‐‐‐‐‐‐ unos doctores
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What is this?‐‐ ¿Qué es esto? Your Spanish‐speaking patients will generally be quite impressed with the fact that you speak or are learning their language. Therefore, you may wish to enlist their aid in broadening your knowledge. A good way to do so is to point to something and ask, with a smile and questioning look, ¿Qué es esto?
Vocabulario ¿Qué? ¿Quién? ¿Dónde? ¿Cuándo? ¿Cada Cuánto? ¿Cuánto? (‐a)? ¿Cuántos? (‐as)? ¿Cuántas veces? ¿Cómo? ¿Cuál? ¿Por qué?
What? Who? Where? When? How Often? How much? How many? How many times? How? Which? Why?
Ejercicio Provide Answers to the following questions in complete sentences. 1. ¿Qué necesita el paciente‐una receta o una básula? • What does the patient need‐ a prescription or a scale? 2. ¿Dónde necesito la inyección, doctor, en el brazo o en el dedo? • Where do I need the injection, doctor, in my arm or my finger? 3. ¿Cuándo necesito una inyección? • When do I need an injection?
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Estar • iVamos a aprender el verbo estar! Let’s learn the verb estar (“to be”)‐an indispensible verb for expressing states of being, illness, wellness, and existence in general. It is slightly irregular, but only in the yo form.
Estar
to be
• (yo) estoy I am • (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal) _____________________________________ • (nosotros/as) estamos We are • (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural)
Estar is used for: • Health
¿Cómo está Ud.?/Estoy enferma. • How are you? I am sick.
• Location
El libro está en la mesa. • The book is on the table.
¿Dónde está el doctor? (Where is the doctor?)
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Práctica • Substitute the correct form of the verb estar and finish the sentence. • EJEMPLO Yo estoy enfermo 1. Nosotros_____________________ 2. Ellos_________________________ 3. Juan_________________________ 4. Los pacientes__________________ 5. Rafael y Armando_______________ 6. Los niños _____________________
Práctica Provide possible answers in Spanish. (¡Favor de contestar en español!) 1. ¿Dónde está Ud. hoy ?______________________________ 2. ¿Dónde está Lansing‐en Michigan o en California? __________________________________________ 3. ¿Dónde están los pacientes‐en el hospital o en la farmacia? ___________________________________________ 4. ¿Estamos en la clínica o en la casa? ________________ 5. ¿Está en una cama o en una silla?__________________
Expressions with estar denoting emotion and health. Singular • estar contento (‐a) • estar alegre • estar nervioso(‐a) Plural • estar contentos(‐as) • estar alegres
estar triste estar deprimido (‐a)
estar tristes estar deprimidos (‐as)
• estar emfermo (‐a) = no estar bien • estar borracho (‐a) = tomar mucho licor o alcohol
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Cognates Let’s now look at cognates, which are a tremendous ally for any healthcare professional who is learning Spanish. If you will recall, cognates are words that are very similar in two languages, often because they come from the same origin (for example, Latin or Greek). The following cognates are grouped by endings, and once you master the corresponding English and Spanish ending changes to the main root word (which is almost always the same in both languages), you’ll be astonished at how many Spanish medical terms you readily recognize.
Formation of Spanish words and their English equivalents ‐tion
‐ción (f.) These are always feminine in Spanish.
. constipation
• • • •
la constipación (el estreñimiento) recuperation la recuperación sterilization la esterilización exception la excepción contraception la contracepción
LOS NÚMEROS 0 ‐ 29 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
cero uno dos tres cuatro cinco seis siete ocho nueve
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
diez once doce trece catorce quince dieciséis diecisiete dieciocho diecinueve
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
veinte veintiuno veintidós veintitrés veinticuatro veinticinco veintiséis veintisiete veintiocho veintinueve
Notice the pattern for the numbers form 16 to 29: diez + seis = dieciséis; Veinte + uno = veintiuno. Notice that 11 – 15 do not follow that pattern.
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LOS NÚMEROS 30 ‐ 50 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
treinta treinta y uno treinta y dos treinta y tres treinta y cuatro treinta y cinco treinta y seis treinta y siete treinta y ocho treinta y nueve
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
cuarenta 50 cuarenta y uno 51 cuarenta y dos 52 cuarenta y tres 53 cuarenta y cuatro 54 cuarenta y cinco 55 cuarenta y seis 56 cuarenta y siete 57 cuarenta y ocho 58 cuarenta y nueve 59
cincuenta cincuenta y uno cincuenta y dos cincuenta y tres cincuenta y cuatro cincuenta y cinco cincuenta y seis cincuenta y siete cincuenta y ocho cincuenta y nueve
Notice the pattern for the nunmbers over 30: treinta + uno = treinta y uno; Cuarenta + dos = cuarenta y dos; cincuenta + tres = cincuenta y tres; etc.
LOS NÚMEROS 60 ‐ 89 60 sesenta 90 noventa
70 setenta 100 cien
80
ochenta
Do not confuse sixty and seventy. Notice that sesenta is formed from seiS, with an s and setenta is formed form sieTe, with a t.
Common symptoms Since your patients come to see you with some malady, you may want to learn some vocabulary related to common symptoms. This will provide you with the ability to ask probing questions in Spanish in order to pinpoint more information concerning the chief complaints. (“Complaints” is used in the plural here because there will almost certainly be more than just one, which may well be a cross‐cultural phenomenon).
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¿Se siente…? Do you feel. . .?/ ¿Está…? Are you. . .? Me siento. . .I feel . . ./Estoy…I am
• • • • • • • •
Mal Alegre Inflamado(‐a) Deprimido(‐a) Débil Cansado(‐a) Confundido(‐a) Constipado(‐a)
bad triste sad happy mareado(‐a)dizzy inflamed agotado(‐a) exhausted depressed incómodo(‐a) uncomfortable weak enfermo(‐a) sick tired nervioso(‐a) nervous confused estreñido constipated stuffed‐up nasally (congested)
Doctor‐patient relationship • In order to establish a stronger, trusting doctor‐patient relationship, the Hispanic patient would experience less stress if the doctor would do the following: • Shake hand and introduce him‐ or herself. • Try to pronounce the patient’s name (nombre) and surnames (apellidos) correctly.
Doctor‐patient relationship • Attempt to speak some Spanish, even if only a few initial courtesy phrases. • Sit down for a moment with the patient to inquire about the family, the children, and how the patient has been feeling in general lately, etc. Even through the doctor may be pressed for time, this initial conversation smoothes the way for more open dialogue and a more relaxed patient, allowing the remainder of the interview to be conducted more easily.
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Ser: to be • (yo ) soy • (él, ella, Ud.) es
I am He/she/it is
_______________________________________ • (nosotros/as) somos We are • (ellos/ellas/Uds.) son They are
Ejercicio Practiquémos con el verbo ser. Ejemplo: Yo soy médico . • • • • •
1. Usted______________________________. 2.Ellos________________________________. 3.Ella ________________________________. 4. Mi hermano ________________________. 5. Nosotros ________________________.
Ser vs. Estar • Here we can compare both forms of the verb “to be” (ser and estar) . Note their conjugations in the examples and the differences in their usage.
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Estar
to be
• (yo) estoy I am • (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal) _____________________________________ • (nosotros/as) estamos We are • (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural)
Estar Indicates temporary states or conditions. 2. Position or location: ¿Dónde está la blusa (blouse)? • La blusa está en la sala de operaciones. • The blouse is in the operating room.
1. Health (emotional and physical): ¿Cómo están Juan y María? How are Juan and María?
• Están enfermos. • They are sick.
Ser Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics.
1. Color • ¿De qué color es la blusa? • Es blanca 2 Size: • Los cuartos son pequeños. 3. Possession: • La blusa es de María. 4. Origin and nationality • Juan es de México. • Tú y yo somos mexicanos.
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Ser Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics
5. Religion: La familia Sánchez es católica. 6. Profession: Elisa es doctora. 7. Time: ¿Qué hora es? Son las seis.
Ejercicio: Practiquémos con los verbos ser y estar! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Rosa _______________ católica. La aguja (needle)______en la mesa. Pedro_______________ enfermo. Marcela_____________ de méxico. El señor Ruiz __________médico. ¿Dónde_______________la biblioteca? Hoy__________lunes, el 7 de abril.
Telling time Las horas Las horas
The time
¿Qué hora es?
What time is it?
¿Qué horas son?
What time is it ?
temprano
early
siempre
always
tarde
late
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Hora
Es la una
Son las dos
Son las cuatro y diez
Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of adjective: quantitative and qualitative. Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the noun they describe. In Spanish the quantitative adjectives are placed before the noun; are other adjectives are generally placed after the noun.
Adjectives Adjectives agree with the noun in gender (masculine and feminine) • Ramona toma un vino bueno y frío (masculine) – Roma drinks a good and cold wine.
• Ramón toma medicina buena y fría. (feminine) – Ramon takes good and cold medicine.
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Adjectives Adjectives agree with the noun in number (singular and plural) Nacho compra medicinas frescas y económicas. (feminine plural) ‐ Nacho buys fresh and economic medicines. Maria necesita medicamentos buenos y económicos. (masculine plural) ‐ Maria needs good and economic medicine.
Adjectives ending in ‐e or most consonants don’t change to reflect gender. Adjectives ending in ‐or add –a to the ending for the feminine form. Un doctor masculino
Una doctora femenino
Simpático Interesante Trabajador
simpática interesante trabajadora
If an adjective is used to modify a plural noun or more than one noun, it must be used in its plural form. To create the plural of an adjective ending in a vowel, add –s. To create the plural of an adjective ending in a consonant, add –es. To create the plural of an adjective ending in ‐ or, add –es to the masculine form and –as to the feminine form.
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El doctor simpático azul trabajador
Los doctores simpáticos azules trabajadores
Las doctoras simpáticas azules trabajadoras
As with articles and subjects pronouns, adjectives that apply to mixed groups of males and females use the masculine form.
Qualifying Adjectives Los colores
Colors
Rojo (‐a) Negro (‐a) Amarillo (‐a) Azul Rosa Blanco (‐a) Verde Morado (‐a) Café
red black yellow blue pink white green purple brown
Ejercicio El ojo está rojo. Your eye is red. La cara está amarilla. Your face is yellow. La lengua está roja. Your tongue is red. La cara ______________. La lengua___________. Las manos____________. Los labios__________. El cuello______________. Las orejas__________. La nariz_______________. Los dientes_________. La barbilla_____________. El cabello___________. La frente______________. La boca____________.
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More qualifying adjectives • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Alto (a) Bajo (a) Rápido (a) Lento (a) Irregular Normal Gordo (a) Delgado (a) Flaco (a) Rubio (a) Moreno (a) Oscuro (a) Pequeño (a) Grande
high, tall low, short fast slow irregular normal, regular fat thin, slim skinny blond, light dark skin color dark little, small big, large
Hay One of the most useful words in Spanish is hay, which means both “there is” and “there are,” “is there?” and “are there?”. You don’t have to learn any endings or make any changes. Hay There is Hay una tableta There is one tablet. There are Hay tres tabletas. There are three tablets. ¿Hay? Is there? ¿Hay una tableta? Is there a tablet? Are there? ¿Hay tabletas? Are there tablets?
¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánta? How much ¿Cuántos? ¿Cuántas? How many • ¿Cuántas pastillas hay? • EJEMPLO: Hay dos pastillas
1. _______________________________. (5) 2. ________________________________. (15) 3. ________________________________. (75) 4. ¿Cuánta agua hay?
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• First, let’s being by refreshing our memories. Do you remember what an infinitive is? An infinitive in English consists of the word “to” and a verb: to take, to eat, to examine, to walk, to run, and so on. However, in Spanish, an infinitive is comprised of only one action word, which ends in either –ar, ‐er, or –ir. In Spanish, there is no equivalent of the separate word “to”.
To conjugate an –ar verb: drop the –ar ending. Tomar‐ the ending = tom Take the stem tom and add: • • • •
(yo) (él, ella, Ud.) (nosotros/as) (ellos, ellas, Uds.)
tomO tomA tomAMOS tomAN
I drink he, she,you (formal) drinks we drink they (m., f.), you (pl) drink
________________________________________ Hablar, caminar, estudiar
Take any regular –ar verb, drop the –ar and add these endings to the stem to form the present tense: ‐o ‐amos ‐a
‐an
Conjugate the following. (Conjugue lo siguiente) Hablar (to speak) (yo) habl___ (él) habl_______ (ella) habla______ (Ud.) habl_______
(nosotros) habl_________ (ellos) habl_______ (ellas) habl______ (Uds.) habl_______
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Common –ar verbs ‐ Caminar
‐to walk
‐ Preguntar
‐ to ask
‐ Comprar ‐ Defecar ‐ Descansar ‐ Hablar ‐ Lavar ‐ Llamar ‐Orinar
‐ to buy ‐ to defecate ‐ to rest ‐ to talk ‐ to wash ‐ to call ‐ to urinate
‐ Recetar ‐Regresar ‐Respirar ‐Sacar
‐to prescribe ‐to return ‐to breathe ‐ to take out, to take (i.e. Xrays) ‐ to touch ‐ to vomit ‐ to visit
‐ Tocar ‐Vomitar ‐ Visitar
Necesitar Now that you know something about conjugating verbs, let’s look at the verb necesitar (to need),one of the most useful and important –ar verbs.
Necesitar • ¿Qué necesita?‐ What do you need? • While you may not necessarily ask your patient this question, this is an effective way to learn how to use regular –ar verbs in a simple and somewhat painless manner. • Yo necesito ∙ Nosotros/as necesitamos • El/ella/Ud. Necesita ∙Ellos/ellas/Uds necesitan
• • • • • •
Necesito un gotero, por favor. I need a dropper, please. Necesito una receta, por favor. I need a prescription, please. Necesito…. I need Necesita…. You need… ¿Necesita? Do you need? ¿Qué necesita? What do you need?
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Necesitar • Another exciting and simple aspect of the Spanish language is that there are essentially no auxiliary verbs such as “do”, “does”, “did”, etc. as there are in English. For example, to ask: • “Do you need….?”, just as “¿Necesita? In an inquiring tone, which literally means, “Need?” (both the words “do” and “you” are understood). • “What do you need?, just say “¿Qué necesita? Or, literally, “What need?” (“You” is understood from the –a ending.)
Necesitar Continued: • “What do I need”, just say ¿Qué necesito?” or, literally, “What need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.) • “Where do I need….?, “ just say “¿Dónde necesito….?” Or, literally, “Where need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.)
Necesitar + Infinitive There is another extremely helpful use of the verb “to need.” With the form necesito, you can simply add any infinitive verb. For example: Necesito tomar su temperatura Necesito examinar su oído Necesito recetar medicina
I need to take your temperature. I need to examine your ear. I need to prescribe medicine.
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Just as in English, when two verbs are used together, the first one is conjugated (necesito, “I need”) and the second verb remains “untouched” in its infinitive form (examinar, “to examine”). Therefore, “I need to examine” becomes, in Spanish, necesito examinar. (So, in Spanish as in English, you would not conjugate both verbs by saying “I need I examine.”)
Necesitar + Infinitive Once you get the hang of this simple concept, you can begin to talk up a storm! For example: • • • • • • •
Necesito escuchar los pulmones Necesito examinar su brazo. (Usted) necesita tomar su medicina. Necesita cuidar la infección. Necesita regresar en dos semanas. Necesita examinar los (sus) senos en casa. Necesito pesar al niño.
Práctica Translate into Spanish. (Favor de traducir al español.) • 1. I need to examine your ear. _______________________________________________________________. • 2. I need to take your pulse. ______________________________________________________________. • 3. I need to prescribe pills. ______________________________________________________________. • 4. You need to take your medicine. ______________________________________________________________. • 5. You need to examine your breast at home. ______________________________________________________________. • 6. You need to drink a lot of fluids (liquids).
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The Latino Patient Within the Hispanic culture the extended family plays an extremely important role. The Hispanic family tends to be very close‐knit. A patient may often be accompanied by other family members for moral support, due to cariño (affection), or merely out of habit. The “Anglo” healthcare professional may feel somewhat overwhelmed by this, perhaps even somewhat defensive or frustrated, but there is no need to feel so. It is fairly customary.
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