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SI.NO

CONTENT

PAGE. NO

1.

INTRODUCTION

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2.

PEACE

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3.

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4.

WHOM DO WE CALL PEACE PROMOTERS? PEACE PROMOTERS

5.

LUCY THOUMAIAN- AMERICA

5

6.

MURIEL DUCKWORTH - CANADA

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7.

MOTHER TERESA- INDIA

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8.

YASANO AKIKO - JAPAN

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9.

MALALA YOUSAFZAI - PAKISTAN

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10.

OLIVE SCHREINER - SOUTH AFRICA

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11.

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12.

LAURENCE DEONNA SWITZERLAND RUTH ADLER - UNITED KINGDOM

13.

JANE ADDAMS - UNITED STATES

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14. 15.

TAWAKKOL ABDEL-SALAM KHALID 14 KARMAN BEATRICE FIHN 16

16.

FAMOUS PEACE ACTIVISTS

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17.

CONCLUSION

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18.

REFERENCE

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A PEACE MOVEMENT IS A SOCIAL MOVEMENT WHICH SEEKS TO ACHIEVE IDEALS SUCH AS THE ENDING OF A PARTICULAR WAR (OR WARS) OR MINIMIZING INTER-HUMAN VIOLENCE IN A PARTICULAR PLACE OR SITUATION. THEY ARE OFTEN LINKED TO THE GOAL OF ACHIEVING WORLD PEACE. SOME OF THE METHODS USED TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS INCLUDE ADVOCACY OF PACIFISM, NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE, DIPLOMACY, BOYCOTTS, PEACE CAMPS, ETHICAL CONSUMERISM, SUPPORTING ANTI-WAR POLITICAL CANDIDATES, SUPPORTING LEGISLATION TO REMOVE PROFITS FROM GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS TO THE MILITARY– INDUSTRIAL COMPLEx, BANNING GUNS, CREATING TOOLS FOR OPEN GOVERNMENT AND TRANSPARENCY, DIRECT DEMOCRACY, SUPPORTING WHISTLEBLOWERS WHO ExPOSE WAR CRIMES OR CONSPIRACIES TO CREATE WARS, DEMONSTRATIONS, AND POLITICAL LOBBYING. THE POLITICAL COOPERATIVE IS AN ExAMPLE OF AN ORGANIZATION WHICH SEEKS TO MERGE ALL PEACE-MOVEMENT AND GREEN ORGANIZATIONS; THEY MAY HAVE DIVERSE GOALS, BUT HAVE THE COMMON IDEAL OF PEACE AND HUMANE SUSTAINABILITY. A CONCERN OF SOME PEACE ACTIVISTS IS THE CHALLENGE OF ATTAINING PEACE WHEN THOSE AGAINST PEACE OFTEN USE VIOLENCE AS THEIR MEANS OF COMMUNICATION AND EMPOWERMENT. A GLOBAL AFFILIATION OF ACTIVISTS AND POLITICAL INTERESTS VIEWED AS HAVING A SHARED PURPOSE AND CONSTITUTING A SINGLE MOVEMENT HAS BEEN CALLED "THE PEACE MOVEMENT," OR AN ALL-ENCOMPASSING "ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT". SEEN FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE, THEY ARE OFTEN INDISTINGUISHABLE AND CONSTITUTE A LOOSE, RESPONSIVE, EVENT-DRIVEN COLLABORATION BETWEEN GROUPS MOTIVATED BY HUMANISM, ENVIRONMENTALISM, VEGANISM, ANTI-RACISM, FEMINISM, DECENTRALIZATION, HOSPITALITY, IDEOLOGY, THEOLOGY, AND FAITH.

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PEACE MEANS BEING FREE FROM PERSECUTION DUE TO ONE'S NATIONALITY, IMMIGRATION STATUS, RACE, ETHNICITY, POLITICAL AFFILIATION, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS (OR LACK THEREOF) OR SExUAL PREFERENCE. PEACE ALSO COMES FROM THE COMFORT IN KNOWING THAT YOU HAVE A ROOF OVER YOUR HEAD, FOOD TO EAT AND LOVING FAMILY MEMBERS AND FRIENDS.

A PERSON WHO OPPOSES THE USE OF WAR OR VIOLENCE TO SETTLE A DISPUTE IS CALLED A PACIFIST. IF YOU ARE A PACIFIST, YOU TALK THROUGH YOUR DIFFERENCES WITH OTHERS INSTEAD OF FIGHTING. A PACIFIST IS A PEACEMAKER — EVEN ITS LATIN ORIGINS OF PAx, OR "PEACE" AND FACERE, "TO MAKE" SHOW IT.

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PEACE ACTIVISTS USUALLY WORK WITH OTHERS IN THE OVERALL ANTIWAR AND PEACE MOVEMENTS TO FOCUS THE WORLD'S ATTENTION ON WHAT THEY PERCEIVE TO BE THE IRRATIONALITY OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS, DECISIONS, AND ACTIONS. THEY THUS INITIATE AND FACILITATE WIDE PUBLIC DIALOGUES INTENDED TO NONVIOLENTLY ALTER LONG-STANDING SOCIETAL AGREEMENTS DIRECTLY RELATING TO, AND HELD IN PLACE BY, THE VARIOUS VIOLENT, HABITUAL, AND HISTORICALLY FEARFUL THOUGHTPROCESSES RESIDING AT THE CORE OF THESE CONFLICTS, WITH THE INTENTION OF PEACEFULLY ENDING THE CONFLICTS THEMSELVES.

LUCY THOUMAIAN OR ROSSIER DE VISME (1890–1940) WAS AN ARMENIAN WOMAN'S RIGHTS AND PEACE ACTIVIST. DRIVEN OUT OF ARMENIA SHE HELPED CREATE A SCHOOL IN CHIGWELL FOR ORPHANED ARMENIANS. SHE PUBLISHED A MANIFESTO FOR PEACE BEFORE SHE ATTENDED THE WOMEN AT THE HAGUE CONFERENCE IN 1915. AFTERWARDS, SHE BEGAN WORKING FOR THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.SHE AND HER HUSBAND REVEREND PROFESSOR GARABED THOUMANIAN WERE DRIVEN OUT OF ARMENIA AND THEY BECAME ExILES IN BRITAIN. THERE, THEY ORGANISED AN ORPHANAGE AND SCHOOL AT OAKHURST IN CHIGWELL FOR ARMENIANS IN 1906.IN 1911, SHE ATTENDED THE FIRST UNIVERSAL RACES CONGRESS IN LONDON WHICH WAS AN EARLY ATTEMPT AT ANTI-RACISM. DESPITE BEING AN ExILE FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE SHE HAD EMBRACED THE TURKISH DELEGATES AS A SYMBOL OF THE NEED TO WORK TOGETHER. IN 1914, SHE PUBLISHED A MANIFESTO FOR PEACE WHOSE THEME WAS "WAR IS MANMADE, IT MUST BE WOMAN UNDONE". SHE PROPOSED THAT WOMEN SHOULD HAVE WEEKLY MEETINGS UNTIL THE DISPUTE THAT CAUSED THE WAR WAS RESOLVED.IN 1915, THOUMAIAN TRAVELED TO THE HAGUE WHERE SHE REPRESENTED ARMENIA AT THE WOMEN AT THE HAGUE CONFERENCE. SHE ARRIVED AT THE CONFERENCE ON THE 25 APRIL 1915. THE DAY BEFORE

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THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE STARTED WHEN HUNDREDS OF INTELLECTUALS WERE ARRESTED IN ARMENIATHOMANIAN WAS ON THE MAIN PANEL AT THE CONFERENCE. AFTER THE CONFERENCE, SHE STAYED IN THE NETHERLANDS UNTIL NOVEMBER. SHE WAS BUSY CIRCULATING MATERIAL, AND SHE WAS DESPERATE TO GET INFORMATION ON 30 RELATIVES SHE LAST SAW IN MARSOVAN IN ARMENIA. AFTER THE WAR ENDED, SHE WAS PUSHED FORWARD BY THE WILPF TO WORK FOR A LEAGUE OF NATIONS COMMISSION. SHE CONTINUED TO WORK FOR JUSTICES FOR THE VICTIMS OF THE GENOCIDE IN ARMENIA.THOUMAIAN DIED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 1940.

: MURIEL HELEN DUCKWORTH CM ONS (NéE BALL; OCTOBER 31, 1908 – AUGUST 22, 2009) WAS A CANADIAN PACIFIST, FEMINIST, AND SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY ACTIVIST.SHE WAS A PRACTISING QUAKER, A RELIGIOUS DENOMINATION COMMITTED TO NON-VIOLENCE.DUCKWORTH MAINTAINED THAT WAR, WITH ITS SYSTEMATIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN, IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE TO SOCIAL JUSTICE. SHE ARGUED THAT MONEY SPENT ON ARMAMENTS PERPETUATES POVERTY WHILE REINFORCING THE POWER OF PRIVILEGED ELITES. SHE BELIEVED THAT "WAR IS STUPID" AND SHE STEADFASTLY REFUSED TO ACCEPT POPULAR DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN "GOOD" AND "BAD" WARS.DUCKWORTH WAS A FOUNDING MEMBER OF THE NOVA SCOTIA VOICE OF WOMEN FOR PEACE, A PROVINCIAL BRANCH OF THE NATIONAL PEACE ORGANIZATION CALLED THE VOICE OF WOMEN (VOW).FROM 1967 TO 1971, SHE SERVED AS PRESIDENT OF VOW LEADING PROTESTS AGAINST THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT'S QUIET SUPPORT FOR THE U.S.-LED WAR IN VIETNAM.DUCKWORTH WAS THE FIRST WOMAN IN HALIFAx TO RUN FOR A SEAT IN THE NOVA SCOTIA LEGISLATURE.SHE ALSO LED COMMUNITY ORGANIZING EFFORTS SEEKING IMPROVEMENTS IN EDUCATION, HOUSING,

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SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND MUNICIPAL PLANNING.IN HER LATER YEARS, DUCKWORTH PERFORMED WITH THE HALIFAx CHAPTER OF THE RAGING GRANNIES, A GROUP THAT COMPOSES AND SINGS SATIRICAL BALLADS PROMOTING SOCIAL JUSTICE.DUCKWORTH RECEIVED MANY HONOURS AND AWARDS INCLUDING THE 1981 GOVERNOR GENERAL'S AWARD IN COMMEMORATION OF THE PERSONS CASE AND THE ORDER OF CANADA IN 1983.

MARY TERESA BOJAxHIU, MC (PRONOUNCED [BɔJAˈDʒIU]; 26 AUGUST 1910 – 5 SEPTEMBER 1997), BETTER KNOWN AS MOTHER TERESA (ALBANIAN: NëNë TEREZA), WAS AN INDIAN-ALBANIAN CATHOLIC NUN WHO, IN 1950, FOUNDED THE MISSIONARIES OF CHARITY. ANJEZë GONxHE BOJAxHIU (PRONOUNCED [AˈɲɛZə ˈɡɔNDʒɛ BɔJAˈDʒIU]) WAS BORN IN SKOPJE—AT THE TIME, PART OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. AFTER EIGHTEEN YEARS, SHE MOVED TO IRELAND AND THEN TO INDIA, WHERE SHE LIVED MOST OF HER LIFE. SAINT TERESA OF CALCUTTA[B] WAS CANONISED ON 4 SEPTEMBER 2016. THE ANNIVERSARY OF HER DEATH IS HER FEAST DAY.AFTER MOTHER TERESA FOUNDED HER RELIGIOUS CONGREGATION, IT GREW TO HAVE OVER 4,500 NUNS AND WAS ACTIVE IN 133 COUNTRIES AS OF 2012. THE CONGREGATION MANAGES HOMES FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE DYING OF HIV/AIDS, LEPROSY, AND TUBERCULOSIS.

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THE CONGREGATION ALSO RUNS SOUP KITCHENS, DISPENSARIES, MOBILE CLINICS, CHILDREN'S AND FAMILY COUNSELLING PROGRAMMES, AS WELL AS ORPHANAGES AND SCHOOLS. MEMBERS TAKE VOWS OF CHASTITY, POVERTY, AND OBEDIENCE ANALSO PROFESS A FOURTH VOW: TO GIVE "WHOLEHEARTED FREE SERVICE TO THE POOREST OF THE POOR."MOTHER TERESA RECEIVED SEVERAL HONOURS, INCLUDING THE 1962 RAMON MAGSAYSAY PEACE PRIZE AND THE 1979 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE. A CONTROVERSIAL FIGURE DURING HER LIFE AND AFTER HER DEATH, MOTHER TERESA WAS ADMIRED BY MANY FOR HER CHARITABLE WORK. SHE WAS PRAISED AND CRITICISED ON VARIOUS COUNTS, SUCH AS FOR HER VIEWS ON ABORTION AND CONTRACEPTION, AND WAS CRITICIZED FOR POOR CONDITIONS IN HER HOUSES FOR THE DYING. HER AUTHORIZED BIOGRAPHY WAS WRITTEN BY NAVIN CHAWLA AND PUBLISHED IN 1992, AND SHE HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF OTHER BOOKS AS WELL AS FILMS. ON 6 SEPTEMBER 2017, MOTHER TERESA AND SAINT FRANCIS xAVIER WERE NAMED COPATRONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF CALCUTTA.

YOSANO AKIKO (SHINJITAI: 与謝野 晶子, SEIJI: 與謝野 晶子; 7 DECEMBER 1878 – 29 MAY 1942) WAS THE PEN-NAME OF A JAPANESE AUTHOR, POET, PIONEERING FEMINIST, PACIFIST, AND SOCIAL REFORMER, ACTIVE IN THE LATE MEIJI ERA AS WELL AS THE TAISHō AND EARLY SHōWA ERAS OF JAPAN. HER NAME AT BIRTH WAS SHō Hō (鳳 志やう, Hō SHō). SHE IS ONE OF THE MOST NOTED, AND MOST CONTROVERSIAL, POST-CLASSICAL WOMAN POETS OF JAPAN.YOSANO WAS BORN INTO A PROSPEROUS MERCHANT FAMILY IN SAKAI, NEAR OSAKA. FROM THE AGE OF 11, SHE WAS THE FAMILY MEMBER MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR RUNNING THE FAMILY BUSINESS,

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WHICH PRODUCED AND SOLD YōKAN, A TYPE OF CONFECTION. FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD, SHE WAS FOND OF READING LITERARY WORKS, AND READ WIDELY IN HER FATHER'S ExTENSIVE LIBRARY. AS A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT, SHE BEGAN TO SUBSCRIBE TO THE POETRY MAGAZINE MYōJō (BRIGHT STAR), OF WHICH SHE BECAME A PROMINENT CONTRIBUTOR. MYōJō'S EDITOR, TEKKAN YOSANO, TAUGHT HER TANKA POETRY, HAVING MET HER ON VISITS TO OSAKA AND SAKAI TO DELIVER LECTURES AND TEACH IN WORKSHOPS, THEY LATER MARRIED.

YOSANO WAS NOT ALLOWED OPPORTUNITIES TO INTERACT WITH THE OPPOSITE SEx, WHICH SHE CITES AS THE CAUSE FOR HER LATENT SExUALITY. SHE WAS NOT ALLOWED TO LEAVE HER HOME UNACCOMPANIED AND COULD COUNT THE NUMBER OF TIMES SHE CROSSED THE THRESHOLD OF SOMEONE ELSE'S HOME. AFTER BEING MARRIED SHE REFLECTS POORLY UPON HER CHILDHOOD, "I REALIZED FOR THE FIRST TIME HOW JAUNDICED, UNFAIR, AND DARK MY CHILDHOOD HAD BEEN. YOSANO WAS MARRIED WHEN SHE WAS 24, AND WENT ON TO HAVE 13 CHILDREN, 11 OF WHICH LIVED TO ADULTHOOD. THE TWO POETS STARTED A NEW LIFE TOGETHER IN THE SUBURB OF TOKYO AND WERE MARRIED IN 1901. TEKKAN WAS MARRIED WHEN HE MET AKIKO, AND LEFT HIS WIFE FOR HER A YEAR AFTER THEY MET ONE ANOTHER. TEKKAN HAD ExTRAMARITAL AFFAIRS DURING THEIR MARRIAGE, INCLUDING WITH HIS Ex-WIFE.

MALALA YOUSAFZAI (URDU: ‫یوسفزئی اللہ‬, PASHTO: ‫یوسفزۍ الله‬, PRONUNCIATION: [MəˈLAːLə JUSəF ˈZəJ]; BORN 12 JULY 1997), IS A PAKISTANI FEMALE EDUCATION ACTIVIST AND THE 2014 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATE.[6] AWARDED WHEN SHE WAS 17, SHE IS THE WORLD'S YOUNGEST NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATE, AND THE SECOND PAKISTANI AND THE FIRST PASHTUN TO RECEIVE A NOBEL PRIZE.[7] SHE IS KNOWN FOR

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HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCACY, ESPECIALLY THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN HER NATIVE HOMELAND, SWAT, WHERE THE PAKISTANI TALIBAN HAVE AT TIMES BANNED GIRLS FROM ATTENDING SCHOOL. HER ADVOCACY HAS GROWN INTO AN INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT, AND ACCORDING TO FORMER PRIME MINISTER SHAHID KHAQAN ABBASI, SHE HAS BECOME PAKISTAN'S "MOST PROMINENT CITIZEN."THE DAUGHTER OF EDUCATION ACTIVIST ZIAUDDIN YOUSAFZAI, SHE WAS BORN TO A YUSUFZAI PASHTUN FAMILY IN SWAT AND WAS NAMED AFTER THE AFGHAN NATIONAL HEROINE MALALAI OF MAIWAND. CONSIDERING ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN, BARACK OBAMA, AND BENAZIR BHUTTO AS HER ROLE MODELS, SHE WAS PARTICULARLY INSPIRED BY HER FATHER'S THOUGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN WORK. IN EARLY 2009, WHEN SHE WAS 11, SHE WROTE A BLOG UNDER HER PSEUDONYM GUL MAKAI FOR THE BBC URDU TO DETAIL HER LIFE DURING THE TALIBAN'S OCCUPATION OF SWAT. THE FOLLOWING SUMMER, JOURNALIST ADAM B. ELLICK MADE A NEW YORK TIMES DOCUMENTARY ABOUT HER LIFE AS THE PAKISTAN ARMED FORCES LAUNCHED OPERATION RAH-E-RAST AGAINST THE MILITANTS IN SWAT.

SHE ROSE IN PROMINENCE, GIVING INTERVIEWS IN PRINT AND ON TELEVISION, AND WAS NOMINATED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S PEACE PRIZE BY ACTIVIST DESMOND TUTU.ON 9 OCTOBER 2012, WHILE ON A BUS IN SWAT DISTRICT AFTER TAKING AN ExAM, YOUSAFZAI AND TWO OTHER GIRLS WERE SHOT BY A TALIBAN GUNMAN IN AN ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT IN RETALIATION FOR HER ACTIVISM; THE GUNMAN FLED THE SCENE. YOUSAFZAI WAS HIT IN THE HEAD WITH A BULLET AND REMAINED UNCONSCIOUS AND IN CRITICAL CONDITION AT THE RAWALPINDI INSTITUTE OF CARDIOLOGY, BUT HER CONDITION LATER IMPROVED ENOUGH FOR HER TO BE TRANSFERRED TO THE QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL IN BIRMINGHAM, UK. THE ATTEMPT ON HER LIFE SPARKED AN INTERNATIONAL OUTPOURING OF SUPPORT FOR HER. DEUTSCHE WELLE REPORTED IN JANUARY 2013 THAT SHE MAY HAVE BECOME "THE MOST FAMOUS TEENAGER IN THE WORLD". WEEKS AFTER THE ATTEMPTED MURDER, A GROUP OF 50 LEADING MUSLIM CLERICS IN PAKISTAN ISSUED A FATWā AGAINST THOSE WHO TRIED TO KILL HER.THE PAKISTANI TALIBAN WERE INTERNATIONALLY DENOUNCED BY GOVERNMENTS, HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS AND FEMINIST GROUPS. THE PAKISTANI TALIBAN OFFICIALS RESPONDED TO CONDEMNATION BY FURTHER DENOUNCING YOUSAFZAI, INDICATING PLANS FOR A POSSIBLE SECOND ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT, WHICH THEY FELT WAS JUSTIFIED AS A RELIGIOUS OBLIGATION. THEIR STATEMENTS RESULTED IN FURTHER INTERNATIONAL CONDEMNATION. AFTER HER RECOVERY, YOUSAFZAI BECAME A PROMINENT ACTIVIST FOR THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION. BASED IN

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BIRMINGHAM, SHE CO-FOUNDED THE MALALA FUND, A NON-PROFIT ORGANISATION, WITH SHIZA SHAHID. IN 2013, SHE CO-AUTHORED I AM MALALA, AN INTERNATIONAL BEST SELLER. IN 2012, SHE RECEIVED PAKISTAN'S FIRST NATIONAL YOUTH PEACE PRIZE AND THE 2013 SAKHAROV PRIZE.IN 2014, SHE WAS THE CO-RECIPIENT OF THE 2014 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE, WITH KAILASH SATYARTHI OF INDIA. AGED 17 AT THE TIME, SHE WAS THE YOUNGEST-EVER NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATE.[19][20][21] IN 2015, SHE WAS THE SUBJECT OF THE OSCARSHORTLISTED DOCUMENTARY HE NAMED ME MALALA. THE 2013, 2014 AND 2015 ISSUES OF TIME MAGAZINE FEATURED HER AS ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE GLOBALLY. IN 2017 SHE WAS AWARDED HONORARY CANADIAN CITIZENSHIP AND BECAME THE YOUNGEST PERSON TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE OF COMMONS OF CANADA.YOUSAFZAI COMPLETED HER SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION AT EDGBASTON HIGH SCHOOL, BIRMINGHAM IN ENGLAND FROM 2013 TO 2017.FROM THERE SHE WON A PLACE AT LADY MARGARET HALL, OxFORD AND UNDERTOOK THREE YEARS OF STUDY FOR A BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE IN PHILOSOPHY, POLITICS AND ECONOMICS (PPE). SHE GRADUATED IN 2020.

OLIVE SCHREINER (24 MARCH 1855 – 11 DECEMBER 1920) WAS A SOUTH AFRICAN AUTHOR, ANTI-WAR CAMPAIGNER AND INTELLECTUAL. SHE IS BEST REMEMBERED TODAY FOR HER NOVEL THE STORY OF AN AFRICAN FARM (1883), WHICH HAS BEEN HIGHLY ACCLAIMED. IT DEALS BOLDLY WITH SUCH CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AS AGNOSTICISM, ExISTENTIAL INDEPENDENCE, INDIVIDUALISM, THE PROFESSIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF WOMEN, AND THE ELEMENTAL NATURE OF LIFE ON THE COLONIAL FRONTIER.SINCE THE LATE 20TH CENTURY, SCHOLARS HAVE ALSO

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CREDITED SCHREINER AS AN ADVOCATE FOR THE AFRIKANERS, AND OTHER SOUTH AFRICAN GROUPS WHO WERE ExCLUDED FROM POLITICAL POWER FOR DECADES, SUCH AS INDIGENOUS BLACKS, JEWS, AND INDIANS. ALTHOUGH SHE SHOWED INTEREST IN SOCIALISM, PACIFISM, VEGETARIANISM, AND FEMINISM AMONGST OTHER TOPICS, HER VIEWS ESCAPED RESTRICTIVE CATEGORISATIONS. HER PUBLISHED WORKS AND OTHER SURVIVING WRITINGS PROMOTE IMPLICIT VALUES SUCH AS MODERATION, FRIENDSHIP, AND UNDERSTANDING AMONGST ALL PEOPLES, AND AVOID THE PITFALLS OF POLITICAL RADICALISM, WHICH SHE CONSCIOUSLY ESCHEWED. CALLED A LIFELONG FREETHINKER, SHE ALSO CONTINUED TO ADHERE TO THE SPIRIT OF THE CHRISTIAN BIBLE AND DEVELOPED A SECULAR VERSION OF THE WORLDVIEW OF HER MISSIONARY PARENTS, WITH MYSTICAL ELEMENTS.SCHREINER IS ALSO KNOWN FOR HER LATER NOVEL, FROM MAN TO MAN OR PERHAPS ONLY (1926), PUBLISHED POSTHUMOUSLY. SHE HAD NOT COMPLETED ITS REVISIONS BEFORE HER DEATH. THE FIRST EDITION WAS PRODUCED BY HER HUSBAND, SAMUEL CRONWRIGHT-SCHREINER. IT WAS RE-EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN PRESS (EDITED AND INTRODUCED BY DOROTHY DRIVER). THIS EDITION CORRECTS PREVIOUS ERRORS. THIS EDITION PROVIDES ANOTHER ENDING TO THE NOVEL, IN SCHREINER'S OWN WORDS, IN ADDITION TO THE ONE HER HUSBAND SUMMARIZED. FROM MAN TO MAN OR PERHAPS ONLY WAS SAID BY SCHREINER TO BE HER FAVOURITE AMONG HER NOVELS. FROM ExPLORING WHITE WOMEN'S CONFINEMENT TO DOMESTIC LIFE IN COLONIAL-ERA SOUTH AFRICA, THE NOVEL EVENTUALLY ExPANDS ITS GAZE TO INCLUDE BLACK WOMEN AND GIRLS, WHOSE PRESENCE GRADUALLY INFORMS THE CENTRAL CHARACTER'S STRUGGLE TO RE-CREATE HERSELF AND EDUCATE HER CHILDREN AGAINST THE RACISM AND SExISM OF THE PERIOD.

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LAURENCE DEONNA (BORN 1937) IS A SWISS JOURNALIST, WRITER AND PHOTOGRAPHER WHO IN THE LATE 1960S BECAME A CELEBRATED WAR REPORTER IN THE MIDDLE-EAST.[1] IN 1987, ON THE BASIS OF HER ARTICLES, BOOKS AND PHOTOGRAPHS PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVEMENTS TO THE STATUS OF WOMEN, SHE WAS AWARDED THE UNESCO PRIZE FOR PEACE EDUCATION. DEONNA, WHO CONTINUES TO WRITE, HAS PUBLISHED 12 WIDELY TRANSLATED BOOKS. BORN IN 1937 IN GENEVA, LAURENCE DEONNA IS THE DAUGHTER OF THE ECONOMIST AND POLITICIAN RAYMOND DEONNA, WHO HEADED THE BOARD OF THE FORMER JOURNAL DE GENèVE, AND HIS WIFE ANNE-MARIE VERNETFAESCH. SHE LEFT SCHOOL BEFORE MATRICULATING, ATTENDED ART SCHOOL IN LONDON AND RETURNED TO GENEVA TO WORK IN AN ART GALLERY. SHE WAS MARRIED FOR A SHORT PERIOD BETWEEN 1961 AND 1963. IN 1967, INVITED TO REPORT ON THE SIx-DAY WAR, SHE EMBARKED ON A LONG CAREER AS A JOURNALIST IN THE MIDDLE-EAST, WHERE SHE TOOK A SPECIAL INTEREST IN THE LIVES OF ARAB WOMEN. REALIZING THAT BOOKS OFFERED A MORE LASTING WAY THAN NEWSPAPERS OF COVERING COUNTRIES IN DEPTH, SHE WENT ON TO PUBLISH MANY LENGTHY ACCOUNTS OF HER TRIPS ABROAD OVER THE NExT 40 YEARS. THEY WERE FREQUENTLY ILLUSTRATED WITH HER PHOTOGRAPHS.HER WORKS NOT ONLY FOCUS ON WOMEN BUT REVEAL HER FIRM CONVICTION THAT MANY OF THE WORLD'S PROBLEMS COULD BE SOLVED IF GREATER CONCERN WAS DEVOTED TO ACHIEVING PEACE. AS A RESULT, IN 1989 SHE WAS AWARDED THE UNESCO PRIZE FOR PEACE EDUCATION. IN SWITZERLAND, SHE WAS A STRONG PROPONENT OF THE 1989 (UNSUCCESSFUL) REFERENDUM TO ABOLISH THE SWISS ARMY. HER ROLE AS A FEMINIST CAN BE SEEN FROM THE CENTRAL PLACE SHE GIVES TO WOMEN IN ALL HER WRITINGS.

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RUTH MARGARET ADLER NEE OPPENHEIMER (1 OCTOBER 1944 – 18 FEBRUARY 1994) WAS A FEMINIST, HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGNER AND CHILD WELFARE ADVOCATE. SHE WAS FOUNDER OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL'S SCOTLAND OFFICE AS THEIR FIRST EMPLOYEE IN SCOTLAND IN 1991. SHE WAS A FOUNDING MEMBER OF SCOTTISH WOMEN'S AID IN 1974, A MEMBER OF THE LOTHIAN REGION CHILDREN’S PANEL AND SHE HELPED TO ESTABLISH THE SCOTTISH CHILD LAW CENTRE. RUTH'S PARENTS CHARLOTTE AND RUDOLF OPPENHEIMER CAME FROM GERMANY TO BRITAIN AS REFUGEES IN THE 1930S. RUTH WAS BORN IN DEVON, WHERE HER FATHER WAS STATIONED DURING THE WAR.SHE STUDIED PHILOSOPHY, POLITICS AND ECONOMICS AT SOMERVILLE COLLEGE, OxFORD AND AN MA IN PHILOSOPHY AT UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. SHE MOVED TO SCOTLAND IN THE 1960S WITH HER HUSBAND AND CHILDREN AND BECAME A PART-TIME TUTOR IN THE PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY FOR MANY YEARS BEFORE GAINING A FURTHER PHD IN LAW PRESENTING THE THESIS 'RIGHTS, INTERESTS AND REASONING IN JUVENILE JUSTICE'. SHE WAS INFLUENCED BY HER SUPERVISER NEIL MACCORMICK.[CITATION NEEDED] ADLER WAS BILINGUAL IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN AND, AFTER OBTAINING HER PHD, SHE AND MACCORMICK COLLABORATED IN TRANSLATING A NUMBER OF BOOKS BY LEADING

15

CZECH (OTA WEINBERGER) AND GERMAN (ROBERT ALExY, GUENTER TEUBNER) LEGAL PHILOSOPHERS FROM GERMAN INTO ENGLISH.WHILE WORKING AT THE SCOTTISH CHILD LAW CENTRE SHE HELPED TO CREATE THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE DATABASE OF CHILD LAW IN SCOTLAND. SHE WAS A MAGISTRATE AND A JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. FROM 1987 TO 1991 SHE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR INVESTIGATING COMPLAINTS AGAINST SOLICITORSAS ASSISTANT TO THE LAY OBSERVER FOR SCOTLAND.AS A PROMINENT MEMBER OF THE EDINBURGH JEWISH COMMUNITY SHE WAS EDITOR OF THE EDINBURGH STAR AND SECRETARY AND PRESIDENT (1998) OF THE EDINBURGH JEWISH LITERARY SOCIETY.

LAURA JANE ADDAMS (SEPTEMBER 6, 1860 – MAY 21, 1935) WAS AN AMERICAN SETTLEMENT ACTIVIST, REFORMER, SOCIAL WORKER,SOCIOLOGIST, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATOR,AND AUTHOR. SHE WAS AN IMPORTANT LEADER IN THE HISTORY OF SOCIAL WORK AND WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE IN THE UNITED STATES.ADDAMS CO-FOUNDED CHICAGO'S HULL HOUSE, ONE OF AMERICA'S MOST FAMOUS SETTLEMENT HOUSES, PROVIDING ExTENSIVE SOCIAL SERVICES TO POOR, LARGELY IMMIGRANT FAMILIES. IN 1910, ADDAMS WAS AWARDED AN HONORARY MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE FROM YALE UNIVERSITY, BECOMING THE FIRST WOMAN TO RECEIVE AN HONORARY DEGREE FROM THE SCHOOL.IN 1920, SHE WAS A CO-FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION (ACLU). AN ADVOCATE FOR WORLD PEACE AND RECOGNIZED AS THE FOUNDER OF THE

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SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN THE UNITED STATES, IN 1931 ADDAMS BECAME THE FIRST AMERICAN WOMAN TO BE AWARDED THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE. SHE WAS A RADICAL PRAGMATIST AND ARGUABLY THE FIRST WOMAN "PUBLIC PHILOSOPHER" IN THE UNITED STATES.IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, WHEN PRESIDENTS SUCH AS THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND WOODROW WILSON IDENTIFIED THEMSELVES AS REFORMERS AND SOCIAL ACTIVISTS, ADDAMS WAS ONE OF THE MOST PROMINENT REFORMERS.SHE HELPED AMERICA ADDRESS AND FOCUS ON ISSUES THAT WERE OF CONCERN TO MOTHERS, SUCH AS THE NEEDS OF CHILDREN, LOCAL PUBLIC HEALTH, AND WORLD PEACE. IN HER ESSAY "UTILIZATION OF WOMEN IN CITY GOVERNMENT", ADDAMS NOTED THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE WORKINGS OF GOVERNMENT AND THE HOUSEHOLD, STATING THAT MANY DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT, SUCH AS SANITATION AND THE SCHOOLING OF CHILDREN, COULD BE TRACED BACK TO TRADITIONAL WOMEN'S ROLES IN THE PRIVATE SPHERE.WHEN ADDAMS DIED IN 1935, SHE WAS THE BEST-KNOWN FEMALE PUBLIC FIGURE IN THE UNITED STATES.BORN IN CEDARVILLE, ILLINOIS,JANE ADDAMS WAS THE YOUNGEST OF EIGHT CHILDREN BORN INTO A PROSPEROUS NORTHERN ILLINOIS FAMILY OF ENGLISH-AMERICAN DESCENT WHICH TRACED BACK TO COLONIAL PENNSYLVANIA.IN 1863, WHEN ADDAMS WAS TWO YEARS OLD, HER MOTHER, SARAH ADDAMS (NéE WEBER), DIED WHILE PREGNANT WITH HER NINTH CHILD. THEREAFTER ADDAMS WAS CARED FOR MOSTLY BY HER OLDER SISTERS. BY THE TIME ADDAMS WAS EIGHT, FOUR OF HER SIBLINGS HAD DIED: THREE IN INFANCY AND ONE AT AGE 16.UPON HER RETURN HOME IN JUNE 1887, SHE LIVED WITH HER STEPMOTHER IN CEDARVILLE AND SPENT WINTERS WITH HER IN BALTIMORE. ADDAMS, STILL FILLED WITH VAGUE AMBITION, SANK INTO DEPRESSION, UNSURE OF HER FUTURE AND FEELING USELESS LEADING THE CONVENTIONAL LIFE ExPECTED OF A WELL-TO-DO YOUNG WOMAN. SHE WROTE LONG LETTERS TO HER FRIEND FROM ROCKFORD SEMINARY, ELLEN GATES STARR, MOSTLY ABOUT CHRISTIANITY AND BOOKS BUT SOMETIMES ABOUT HER DESPAIR.HER NEPHEW WAS JAMES WEBER LINN (1876–1939) WHO TAUGHT ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AND SERVED IN THE ILLINOIS GENERAL ASSEMBLY. LINN ALSO WROTE BOOKS AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES. "ADDAMS' PHILOSOPHY COMBINED FEMINIST SENSIBILITIES WITH AN UNWAVERING COMMITMENT TO SOCIAL IMPROVEMENT THROUGH COOPERATIVE EFFORTS. ALTHOUGH SHE SYMPATHIZED WITH FEMINISTS, SOCIALISTS, AND PACIFISTS, ADDAMS REFUSED TO BE LABELED. THIS REFUSAL WAS PRAGMATIC RATHER THAN IDEOLOGICAL."

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TAWAKKOL ABDEL-SALAM KHALID KARMAN (ARABIC: ‫كراان خالد للسلم عبد توكل‬, ROMANIZED: TAWAKKUL 'ABD US-SALāM KHALID KARMāN; ALSO ROMANIZED TAWAKUL, TAWAKEL; BORN 7 FEBRUARY 1979) IS A YEMENI NOBEL LAUREATE, JOURNALIST, POLITICIAN, AND HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVIST. SHE LEADS THE GROUP "WOMEN JOURNALISTS WITHOUT CHAINS," WHICH SHE CO-FOUNDED IN 2005. SHE BECAME THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC FACE OF THE 2011 YEMENI UPRISING THAT WAS PART OF THE ARAB SPRING UPRISINGS. IN 2011, SHE WAS REPORTEDLY CALLED THE "IRON WOMAN" AND "MOTHER OF THE REVOLUTION" BY SOME YEMENIS. SHE IS A CORECIPIENT OF THE 2011 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE, BECOMING THE FIRST YEMENI, THE FIRST ARAB WOMAN, AND THE SECOND MUSLIM WOMAN TO WIN A NOBEL PRIZE. KARMAN GAINED PROMINENCE IN HER COUNTRY AFTER 2005 IN HER ROLES AS A YEMENI JOURNALIST AND AN ADVOCATE FOR A MOBILE PHONE NEWS SERVICE DENIED A LICENSE IN 2007, AFTER WHICH SHE LED PROTESTS FOR PRESS FREEDOM. SHE ORGANIZED WEEKLY PROTESTS AFTER MAY 2007 ExPANDING THE ISSUES FOR REFORM. SHE REDIRECTED THE YEMENI PROTESTS TO SUPPORT THE "JASMINE REVOLUTION," AS SHE CALLS THE ARAB SPRING, AFTER THE TUNISIAN PEOPLE OVERTHREW THE GOVERNMENT OF ZINE EL ABIDINE BEN ALI IN JANUARY 2011. SHE WAS A VOCAL OPPONENT WHO CALLED FOR THE END OF PRESIDENT ALI

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ABDULLAH SALEH'S REGIME.SHE HAS ALSO LED PROTESTS AGAINST GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION.

HER STAND ON THE OUSTER OF SALEH BECAME STRONGER AFTER VILLAGE LANDS OF FAMILIES AROUND THE CITY OF IBB WERE APPROPRIATED BY A CORRUPT LOCAL LEADER.LIKEWISE, SHE SAYS SHE REMAINS INDEPENDENT FROM FOREIGN INFLUENCES: "I DO HAVE CLOSE STRATEGIC TIES WITH AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS, WITH AMERICAN AMBASSADORS AND WITH OFFICIALS IN THE U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT. (I ALSO HAVE TIES WITH ACTIVISTS IN) MOST OF THE E.U. AND ARAB COUNTRIES. BUT THEY ARE TIES AMONG EQUALS; (I AM NOT) THEIR SUBORDINATE."SPEAKING BEFORE AN AUDIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, KARMAN SUMMED UP HER BELIEF: "I AM A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD. THE EARTH IS MY COUNTRY, AND HUMANITY IS MY NATION." AS A RESPONSE TO THE 2012–13 EGYPTIAN PROTESTS AND THE 2013 EGYPTIAN COUP D'éTAT, KARMAN WAS SUPPORTIVE OF PROTESTS DEMANDING EGYPTIAN PRESIDENT MOHAMED MORSI'S RESIGNATION ON 30 JUNE, BUT WAS CRITICAL OF THE MILITARY'S DECISION TO OUST MORSI, SUSPEND THE CONSTITUTION OF EGYPT AND BAR THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD FROM PARTICIPATING IN EGYPTIAN POLITICS, CITING THAT MORSI WAS EGYPT'S FIRST DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED LEADER, THE CONSTITUTION WAS SUPPORTED BY 60% OF PEOPLE WHO VOTED IN A PUBLIC REFERENDUM AND THAT THE COUP MAY CAUSE PEOPLE TO LOSE FAITH IN DEMOCRACY, ALLOWING ExTREMIST GROUPS TO THRIVE.SHE ATTEMPTED TO ENTER EGYPT TO JOIN PROTESTS AGAINST THE COUP BUT WAS BANNED FROM DOING SO BY THE EGYPTIAN MILITARY FOR "SECURITY REASONS" AND WAS DEPORTED BACK TO SANA'A. SHE LATER DENOUNCED THE MILITARY'S ARRESTS OF HIGH-RANKING MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD OFFICIALS AND THE MILITARY'S USE OF VIOLENCE ON PROTESTERS AT SITES OCCUPIED PRIMARILY BY MORSI'S SUPPORTERS.

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BEATRICE FIHN (BORN NOVEMBER 1982) IS A SWEDISH LAWYER. SHE HAS BEEN ExECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN TO ABOLISH NUCLEAR WEAPONS (ICAN) SINCE 2014.ON 6 OCTOBER 2017, THE NORWEGIAN NOBEL COMMITTEE ANNOUNCED THAT THE 2017 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE HONOR WAS GIVEN TO INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN TO ABOLISH NUCLEAR WEAPONS (ICAN) "FOR ITS EFFORTS TO RAISE AWARENESS OF THE CATASTROPHIC HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS USE AND FOR PIONEERING EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE A TREATYBASED BAN ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS."DURING THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE AWARD CEREMONY AT OSLO CITY HALL HELD ON 10 DECEMBER 2017, FIHN JOINTLY RECEIVED MEDALS AND DIPLOMAS ON BEHALF OF ICAN ALONGSIDE SETSUKO THURLOW, WHO SURVIVED HIROSHIMA IN 1945.FIHN WAS BORN ON 1982 IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN. SHE STUDIED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF STOCKHOLM, EARNING A BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN 2008. IN 2009, SHE PARTICIPATED IN AN INTERNSHIP AT THE WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM (WILPF), AND WAS INVOLVED ITHE WORK OF THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT AND THE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL. SHE THEN WORKED AT A BANK IN GENEVA AND EARNED A ONE-YEAR MASTER

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OF LAWS DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AT THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON.FIHN HAS GIVEN PRESENTATIONS AT UNITED NATIONS MEETINGS, IN PARLIAMENTS AROUND THE WORLD, AT UNIVERSITIES LIKE HARVARD AND NOTRE DAME, AND AT GLOBAL CONFERENCES SUCH AS THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, MUNICH SECURITY CONFERENCE, AND THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS' CHATHAM HOUSE.FIHN RETURNED TO THE WILPF IN 2010, WORKING WITH ITS 'REACHING CRITICAL WILL' DISARMAMENT PROGRAMME, UNTIL BECOMING THE ExECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF ICAN IN 2014. IN 2018, FIHN PRODUCED THE FILM THE DAY THE WORLD CHANGED,THE FIRST-EVER VIRTUAL REALITY MEMORIAL ExPERIENCE DEDICATED TO THOSE DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY NUCLEAR WARFARE DATING BACK TO 1945.IN 2018, FIHN CRITICIZED U.S. PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP ON HIS NUCLEAR POLICIES.IN 2018, FIHN VISITED NAGASAKI FOR THE FIRST TIME AND VISITED HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK. DURING THE VISIT, FIHN LAID A WREATH AT THE CENOTAPH FOR ATOMIC BOMB VICTIMS. WHILE IN JAPAN, FIHN SIGNED A PETITION PLACED IN THE MUSEUM CALLING FOR THE EARLY CONCLUSION OF THE TREATY ON THE PROHIBITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS (ADOPTED IN JULY 2017).

PEOPLE WHO HAVE CAMPAIGNED FOR PEACE. INCLUDES PACIFISTS, ANTI-WAR ACTIVISTS AND THOSE WHO HAVE CAMPAIGNED FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT.

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PEACE PILGRIM (1908 – 1981) IN 1953 THE AMERICAN LADY BEGAN WALKING ACROSS AMERICA TO PROMOTE PEACE. SHE CARRIED NO MONEY AND HAD NO ORGANISATIONAL BACKING, BUT ONLY WISHED TO PROMOTE A MORE PEACEFUL WORLD WHICH SHE FELT HAD TO COME FROM AN INNER AWAKENING AND INNER PEACE. “IN ORDER FOR THE WORLD TO BECOME PEACEFUL, PEOPLE MUST BECOME MORE PEACEFUL.”

éMILE ARNAUD (1864–1921) EMILE ARNAUD WAS AN ARDENT PACIFIST WHO HELPED TO COIN THE TERM PACIFISM IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY. ARNAUD CODIFIED HIS BELIEFS INTO THE ‘CODE DE LA PAIx’ IN 1901. HE ADVOCATED HUMANISM, CHARITY, TOLERANCE AND NON-VIOLENT CONFLICT RESOLUTION.

BETTY WILLIAMS (1943 -) WILLIAMS ALONG WITH MAIREAD CORRIGAN CO-FOUNDED THE COMMUNITY OF PEACE PEOPLE – AN ORGANISATION DEDICATED TO PROMOTING A PEACEFUL RESOLUTION TO THE NORTHERN IRELAND CONFLICT. SHE WAS JOINTLY AWARDED THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WITH CORRIGAN IN 1976.

MUHAMMAD ALI (1942 – 2016 ) WHEN ALI REFUSED TO FIGHT IN VIETNAM, IT WAS A CONTROVERSIAL DECISION WHICH COST HIM HIS PROFESSIONAL BOxING LICENCE. HOWEVER, ALI’S PRINCIPLED STANCE WAS INCREASINGLY APPRECIATED AS THE WAR BECAME MORE UNPOPULAR.

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JOAN BAEZ (1941 – ) JOAN BAEZ WAS A SINGER-SONGWRITER WHO HELD A DEEP CONVICTION IN THE VALUE OF NON-VIOLENCE AND PACIFISM. SHE WAS JAILED ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS FOR PROTESTING THE VIETNAM WAR. SHE TRAVELLED AROUND THE WORLD TO SUPPORT HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGNS. HER MUSIC INSPIRED A GENERATION OF ANTI-WAR AND ANTI-RACISM CAMPAIGNERS.

NOAM CHOMSKY (1928 – ) AMERICAN LINGUIST, PHILOSOPHER, PROLIFIC WRITER AND POLITICAL ACTIVIST. CHOMSKY IS ONE OF THE LEADING INTELLECTUAL FIGURES IN THE US – CAMPAIGNING ON MANY ISSUES SUCH AS AGAINST THE IRAQ WAR AND SUPPORTING THE OCCUPY MOVEMENTS. HE WAS ARRESTED IN THE 1960S FOR OPPOSING THE VIETNAM WAR.

SAMANTHA SMITH (1972 – 1985) US SCHOOLGIRL. IN 1982, SHE WROTE A LETTER TO THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION, YURI ANDROPOV, ASKING WHY RELATIONS BETWEEN THE US AND THE SOVIET UNION WERE SO TENSE. HER LETTER WAS PUBLISHED IN PRAVDA, AND LATER ANDROPOV REPLIED. SMITH WAS ALSO INVITED TO VISIT THE SOVIET UNION, WHICH SHE DID. THE VISIT WAS FOLLOWED WITH GREAT INTEREST BY THE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA, WHICH QUOTED SMITH SAYING SHE FOUND RUSSIANS TO BE JUST LIKE US.

MALALA YOUSAFZAI (1997 – ) PAKISTANI SCHOOLGIRL WHO DEFIED THREATS OF THE TALIBAN TO CAMPAIGN FOR THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION FOR GIRLS. SHE SURVIVED BEING SHOT IN THE HEAD BY THE TALIBAN AND HAS BECOME A GLOBAL ADVOCATE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION. SHE HAS SOUGHT TO EMPHASISE THE PEACEFUL NATURE OF ISLAM AND THE RESPECT ISLAM HAS FOR EDUCATION.

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BERTRAND RUSSELL (1872 – 1970) BRITISH PACIFIST WHO CAMPAIGNED AGAINST CONSCRIPTION. HE WAS SENT TO JAIL FOR SIx MONTHS FOR SPEAKING AGAINST AMERICA’S ENTRY INTO THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN 1917. RUSSELL DID SUPPORT THE WAR AGAINST NAZI GERMANY, BUT AFTER WWII HE JOINED THE CAMPAIGN FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT.

TEGLA LAROUPE (1973 – ) KENYA MARATHON RUNNER AND PEACE ACTIVIST. WIDELY PRAISED FOR PROMOTING PEACE AMONGST AFRICAN TRIBES. IN 2003, LAROUPE CREATED AN ANNUAL SERIES OF PEACE MARATHONS SPONSORED BY THE TEGLA LOROUPE PEACE FOUNDATION.

YOKO ONO (1933 – ) US ARTIST, MUSICIAN. MARRIED JOHN LENNON, STAR OF THE BEATLES. IN THE LATE 60S, THEY TOOK PART IN PEACEFUL PROTESTS AGAINST THE VIETNAM WAR. SHE PERFORMED WITH LENNON, THE ICONIC ANTI-WAR SONG “”GIVE PEACE A CHANCE”

DANIEL BERRIGAN (1921 – 2016) US ANTI-WAR ACTIVIST. BERRIGAN ACTIVELY OPPOSED THE US INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR. HE CO-FOUNDED THE PLOWSHARES MOVEMENT, AN ANTI-NUCLEAR PROTEST GROUP. HE WAS ALSO SENTENCED TO JAIL FOR BURNING DRAFT FILES.

LEYMAH ROBERTA GBOWEE (1972 – ) A LIBERIAN PEACE ACTIVIST. SHE HELPED TO FOUND AND DEVELOP THE WOMEN OF LIBERIA MASS ACTION FOR PEACE – A

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NON-VIOLENT MOVEMENT THAT HELPED BRING AN END TO THE SECOND LIBERIAN CIVIL WAR IN 2003. IN 2011, SHE WAS AWARDED THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WITH ELLEN JOHNSON SIRLEAF AND TAWAKKUL KARMAN.

BERTHA VON SUTTNER (1843 – 1914) CZECH-AUSTRIAN AUTHOR AND NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER (1905). SUTTNER AUTHOR, NOBEL PRIZE WINNER. SHE WROTE AN INFLUENTIAL PACIFIST NOVEL DIE WAFFEN NIEDER! (“LAY DOWN YOUR ARMS!”) SHE FOUNDED THE GERMAN PEACE SOCIETY AND WAS AN INFLUENTIAL FIGURE IN THE PRE-WAR MOVEMENT TO LAY DOWN ARMS AND AVOID WAR.

URI AVNERY (1923 – 2018) ISRAELI PEACE ACTIVIST WHO FOUNDED THE GUSH PEACE MOVEMENT AND ADVOCATED TALKS WITH PALESTINIANS AND A ‘GENEROSITY TOWARDS ARABS AS A WAY TO BROKER PEACE BETWEEN THE TWO PEOPLES.

HENRY RICHARD (1812 – 1888) WELSH MP. RICHARD WAS CALLED THE “APOSTLE OF PEACE” FOR HIS WORK IN PROMOTING PEACE AND INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. HE WAS SECRETARY FOR THE PACIFIST “PEACE SOCIETY” FOR 40 YEARS. HE HELPED TO SECURE A RECOURSE TO INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN THE TREATY OF PARIS IN 1856.

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MAHATMA GANDHI (1869 – 1948) – INSPIRED INDIANS TO INDEPENDENCE THROUGH A PATH OF NON-VIOLENCE. TO GANDHI, THE ROAD TO THE GOAL WAS AS IMPORTANT AS THE GOAL ITSELF.

FAMOUS PACIFISTS – PEOPLE WHO REFUSED TO FIGHT AND PEOPLE WHO SUPPORTED DIFFERENT FORMS OF PACIFISM. INCLUDES LEO TOLSTOY, ALBERT EINSTEIN AND MAHATMA GANDHI.

PEOPLE WHO PROMOTED WORLD PEACE – PEOPLE WHO HAVE MADE A GREAT CONTRIBUTION TO CREATING A MORE PEACEFUL WORLD. INCLUDING MAHATMA GANDHI, LEO TOLSTOY, MALALA YOUSAFZAI POPE JOHN PAUL II AND MIKHAIL GORBACHEV.

PEOPLE WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE. MEN AND WOMEN WHO MADE A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD – IN THE FIELDS OF POLITICS, LITERATURE, MUSIC, ACTIVISM AND SPIRITUALITY.

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AS PEACE MAKERS BECAME RICHER OVER TIME, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT MAKING WAR HAD GREATER COSTS THAN INITIALLY ANTICIPATED. ONE OF THE WELL STUDIED STRATEGIES THAT ACQUIRED WEALTH MORE RAPIDLY WAS BASED ON GENGHIS KHAN, I.E. A CONSTANT AGGRESSOR MAKING WAR CONTINUALLY TO GAIN RESOURCES. THIS LED, IN CONTRAST, TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHAT'S KNOWN AS THE "PROVOKABLE NICE GUY STRATEGY", A PEACE-MAKER UNTIL ATTACKED, IMPROVED UPON MERELY TO WIN BY OCCASIONAL FORGIVENESS EVEN WHEN ATTACKED. BY ADDING THE RESULTS OF ALL PAIRWISE GAMES FOR EACH PLAYER, ONE SEES THAT MULTIPLE PLAYERS GAIN WEALTH COOPERATING WITH EACH OTHER WHILE BLEEDING A CONSTANTLY AGGRESSIVE PLAYER.HOWEVER, IN RESPONSE TO SUCH WRITERS IN THE 1930S WHO ARGUED THAT CAPITALISM CAUSED WAR, THE ECONOMIST JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES (1883–1946) ARGUED THAT MANAGED CAPITALISM COULD PROMOTE PEACE. THIS INVOLVED INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION OF FISCAL/MONETARY POLICIES, AN INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM THAT DID NOT PIT THE INTERESTS OF COUNTRIES AGAINST EACH OTHER, AND A HIGH DEGREE OF FREEDOM OF TRADE. THESE IDEAS UNDERLAY KEYNES'S WORK DURING WORLD WAR II THAT LED TO THE CREATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND THE WORLD BANK AT BRETTON WOODS IN 1944, AND LATER OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (SUBSEQUENTLY THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION).ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL THEORIES OF PEACE, ESPECIALLY SINCE WOODROW WILSON LED THE CREATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE OF 1919, IS THAT PEACE WILL BE ADVANCED IF THE INTENTIONAL ANARCHY OF STATES IS REPLACED THROUGH THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL LAW PROMOTED AND ENFORCED THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, THE UNITED NATIONS, AND OTHER FUNCTIONAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EARLY ExPONENTS OF THIS VIEW WAS ALFRED ECKHART ZIMMERN, FOR ExAMPLE IN HIS 1936 BOOK THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND THE RULE OF LAW.PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES IS AN ACADEMIC FIELD WHICH IDENTIFIES AND ANALYSES VIOLENT AND NONVIOLENT BEHAVIOURS, AS WELL AS THE STRUCTURAL MECHANISMS ATTENDING VIOLENT AND NON-VIOLENT SOCIAL CONFLICTS. THIS IS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES LEADING TO A MORE DESIRABLE HUMAN CONDITION.[ ONE VARIATION, PEACE STUDIES (IRENOLOGY), IS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY EFFORT AIMING AT THE PREVENTION, DE-ESCALATION, AND SOLUTION OF CONFLICTS. THIS CONTRASTS WITH WAR STUDIES (POLEMOLOGY), DIRECTED AT THE EFFICIENT ATTAINMENT OF VICTORY IN CONFLICTS. DISCIPLINES INVOLVED MAY INCLUDE POLITICAL SCIENCE, GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMICS, PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, HISTORY, ANTHROPOLOGY,

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RELIGIOUS STUDIES, AND GENDER STUDIES, AS WELL AS A VARIETY OF OTHER DISCIPLINES.