Midiendo el progreso

CMNUCC

CEM

PIJ

Protocolo de Montreal CNUMAD

metas y brechas ambientales

Convenio de Basilea CNULO

Protocolo de Kioto Convención RAMSAR

Agenda 21

Asamblea General de la ONU Sustancias químicas

CDB

ODM

Metas de Aichi

desarrollo sostenible Agua potable

Convenio de Estocolmo

CNULD

Perspectivas del Medio Ambiente Mundial Cumbre de la Tierra en Río

A

© 2014 Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente Publicación: Midiendo el progreso: metas y brechas ambientales Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Nairobi. Publicado en marzo 2014 ISBN: 978-92-807-3260-3 Código: DEW/1525/NA

Este informe ha sido elaborado como parte del proceso para la elaboración del informe GEO-5 del PNUMA (Perspectivas del Medio Ambiente Mundial). En dicho informe puede encontrarse más información sobre los temas abordados en esta publicación.

Descargo de responsabilidad ,SJVU[LUPKV`SHZVWPUPVULZTHUPMLZ[HKHZLULZ[HW\ISPJHJP}UZVUKLZ\ZH\[VYLZ`UVULJLZHYPHTLU[LYLÅLQHUSHZVWPUPVULZVWVSx[PJHZUPPTWSPJHULSH]HSKLSHZVYNHUPaHJPVULZWHY[PJPWHU[LZUPKLS7YVNYHTHKL las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA). Las designaciones empleadas y la presentación de material en esta publicación no implican la manifestación de opinión alguna de parte del PNUMA en J\HU[VHSHZP[\HJP}USLNHSKLUPUN‚UWHxZ[LYYP[VYPVVJP\KHKVZ\ZH\[VYPKHKLZUPLUJ\HU[VHSHKLSPTP[HJP}UKLZ\ZMYVU[LYHZ3HYLMLYLUJPHHLTWYLZHZVWYVK\J[VZJVTLYJPHSLZLULZ[HW\ISPJHJP}UUVPTWSPJH LSH]HSKLS75-7VSPKVYV)(7V\YRHaLTP49HJL`7(9HNSL1: 9HT49H[OI\U.9L`UVSKZ979OVKPU(.19PJOHYKZ:19VKYPN\La36 9VU:99VUKPUPUP*9`SHUKZ()KL4P[JOLZVU@::HUJPHUNJV1*:HUKLYZ 23:HU[VZ)HYYLYH.:JOPWWLY1:LSM:\SSP]HU*:OP@:OVLTHRLY(:OVY[ -;:PSSLYVA\IPYP*:PS]HUV+3:TP[O2.:TP[O(;:UVLRZ1:[H[[LYZÄLSK (1:`TLZ(1;HILY();HS\RKHY)2;LTWSL/1;PTTPUZ9;VIPHZ1( ;Z`[Z\SPUH2;^LKKSL+LNL+*>PSRPUZVU4>PSSPHTZVU,(?PL-@V\UN),(RJHRH`H/9 )LUU\U3)SHJRI\YU;4)VP[HUP3+\ISPU/;KH-VUZLJH.().HZJVU *3HJOLY1Y;,4HJL.44HPURH:(4J5LLS`1(4P[[LYTLPLY9(9LPK .47H\S9VKYPN\La19VZLUILYN((:HT^H`Z41:THY[1:[LPU)(`:[\HY[ :5;OLPTWHJ[VMJVUZLY]H[PVUVU[OLZ[H[\ZVM[OL^VYSK»Z]LY[LIYH[LZ:JPLUJL ¶ )\[JOHY[:/4>HSWVSL4*VSSLU)]HU:[YPLU(:JOHYSLTHUU17>(STVUK 9,()HPSSPL1,4)VTOHYK))YV^U*)Y\UV1*HYWLU[LY2,*HYY.4 *OHUZVU1*OLULY`(4*ZPYRL1+H]PKZVU5*+LU[LULY--VZ[LY4.HSSP (.HSSV^H`15.LUV]LZP7.YLNVY`9+/VJRPUNZ42HWVZ=3HTHYX\L 1-3L]LYPUN[VU-3VO14J.LVJO4(4J9HL34PUHZ`HU(/LYUmUKLa 4VYJPSSV46SKÄLSK;,,7H\S`+8\HKLY:9L]LUNH*:H\LY19:RVSUPR ):WLHY+:[HU^LSS:TP[O+:[\HY[:5:`TLZ(;PLYUL`4;`YYLSS;+ =Pt1*`>H[ZVU9.SVIHSIPVKP]LYZP[`!PUKPJH[VYZVMYLJLU[KLJSPULZ :JPLUJL ¶"/VMMTHUU4/PS[VU;H`SVY*(UN\SV()VLOT 4)YVVRZ;4)\[JOHY[:/*HYWLU[LY2,*OHUZVU1*VSSLU)*V_5( +HY^HSS>9+\S]`52/HYYPZVU392H[HYP`H=7VSSVJR*48\HKLY: 9PJOTHU509VKYPN\LZ(:;VNULSSP4-=PL1*(N\PHY14(SSLU+1(SSLU .9(TVYP.(UHUQL]H5)(UKYLVUL-(UKYL^7(X\PUV6Y[Pa(3)HPSSPL 1,)HSKP9)LSS)+)PQ\:)PYK17)SHJR+LJPTH7)SHUJ1)VSHUVZ- )VSP]HY.)\YÄLSK01)\Y[VU1(*HWWLY+9*HZ[YV-*H[\SSV.*H]HUHNO 9+*OHUUPUN(*OHV53*OLULY`(4*OPVaaH-*SH\ZUP[aLY=*VSSHY51 *VSSL[[3**VSSL[[L))-LYUHUKLa*-*YHPN4;*YVZI`41*\TILYSPKNL5 *\[[LSVK(+LYVJOLY(,+PLZTVZ(*+VUHSKZVU1:+\JR^VY[O1+\[ZVU .+\[[H:,TZSPL9/-HYQVU(-V^SLY:-YL`OVM1.HYZOLSPZ+3.LYSHJO 1.V^LY+1.YHU[;+/HTTLYZVU.(/HYYPZ9)/LHUL`39/LKNLZ :)/LYV14/\NOLZ)/\ZZHPU:(0JVJOLH40UNLY9-0ZOPP50ZRHUKHY +;1LURPUZ92)2HULRV@2V[[LSH[42V]HJZ242\aTPU:33H4HYJH ,3HTVYL\_1-3H\4>53H]PSSH,63L\Z23L^PZVU933PJO[LUZ[LPU. 3P]PUNZ[VUL:93\RVZJOLR=4HSSVU+74J.V^HU7124J0]VY(4VLOSTHU 7+4VS\Y:4\UVa(SVUZV(4\ZPJR1(5V^LSS25\ZZIH\T9(6SLJO >6YSV]537HWLUM\ZZ;17HYYH6SLH.7LYYPU>-7VSPKVYV)(7V\YRHaLTP 49HJL`7(9HNSL1:9HT49H[OI\U.9L`UVSKZ979OVKPU(.1

9PJOHYKZ:19VKYPN\La369VU:99VUKPUPUP*9`SHUKZ()KL4P[JOLZVU @::HUJPHUNJV1*:HUKLYZ23:HU[VZ)HYYLYH.:JOPWWLY1:LSM:\SSP]HU* :OP@:OVLTHRLY(:OVY[-;:PSSLYVA\IPYP*:PS]HUV+3:TP[O2.:TP[O (;:UVLRZ1:[H[[LYZÄLSK(1:`TLZ(1;HILY();HS\RKHY)2;LTWSL/1 ;PTTPUZ9;VIPHZ1(;Z`[Z\SPUH2;^LKKSL+LNL+*>PSRPUZVU4>PSSPHTZVU,(?PL -@V\UN),(RJHRH`H/9)LUU\U3)SHJRI\YU;4)VP[HUP3+\ISPU/; KH-VUZLJH.().HZJVU*3HJOLY1Y;,4HJL.44HPURH:(4J5LLS` 1(4P[[LYTLPLY9(9LPK.47H\S9VKYPN\La19VZLUILYN((:HT^H`Z41 :THY[1:[LPU)(`:[\HY[:5;OLPTWHJ[VMJVUZLY]H[PVUVU[OLZ[H[\ZVM [OL^VYSK»Z]LY[LIYH[LZ:JPLUJL¶  3VO1LKHUK)L`VUK!9PZPUN[V[OL)PVKP]LYZP[`*OHSSLUNL>>-¶-VUKV 4\UKPHSWHYHSH5H[\YHSLaH.SHUK"*VSSLU)3VO1>OP[TLL:4J9HL3(TPU 9`)HPSSPL1,4H4VUP[VYPUNJOHUNLPU]LY[LIYH[LHI\UKHUJL![OL3P]PUN 7SHUL[0UKL_*VUZLY]H[PVU)PVSVN`¶ 22 Butchart et al. (2010) 6*+,7H`PUNMVY)PVKP]LYZP[`!,UOHUJPUN[OL*VZ[,MMLJ[P]LULZZVM7H`TLU[ZMVY ,JVZ`Z[LT:LY]PJLZ6YNHUPaHJP}UWHYHSH*VVWLYHJP}U`LS+LZHYYVSSV,JVU}TPJVZ 7HYxZ".\[THU7`+H]PKZVU:(9L]PL^VM0UUV]H[P]L0U[LYUH[PVUHS-PUHUJPHS 4LJOHUPZTZMVY)PVKP]LYZP[`*VUZLY]H[PVU^P[OH:WLJPHS-VJ\ZVU[OL0U[LYUH[PVUHS -PUHUJPUNVM+L]LSVWPUN*V\U[YPLZ»7YV[LJ[LK(YLHZ>>-¶-VUKV4\UKPHSWHYHSH Naturaleza, Gland )\[JOHY[L[HS":WHSKPUN4;H`SVY49H]PSPV\Z*:OVY[-`.YLLU, .SVIHSV]LY]PL^![OLKPZ[YPI\[PVUHUKZ[H[\ZVMZLHNYHZZLZ0U>VYSK([SHZVM:LHNYHZZLZ LKZ.YLLU,7`:OVY[-;WW¶VYSK»Z-VYLZ[Z!*VTT\UP[` +YP]LU:[YH[LNPLZ[V7YV[LJ[-VYLZ[ZHUK9LZWLJ[9PNO[Z-VYLZ[;YLUKZHUK,JV HNYPJ\S[\YL7HY[ULYZ>HZOPUN[VU+*">OP[L(4VSUHY(`2OHYL(>OV 6^UZ>OV*VUZLY]LZHUK>O`P[4H[[LYZ-VYLZ[;YLUKZ(ZZVJPH[PVU>HZOPUN[VU+* 2VUPUN5`:THSPUN,4(,U]PYVUTLU[HSJYPZPZVY¸SPLVM[OLSHUK¹&;OLKLIH[L VUZVPSKLNYHKH[PVUPU(MYPJH3HUKVYSK.SVIHS-PUHUJPHS0U[LNYP[`>HZOPUN[VU+* 45 FAO (2010). The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, Roma 64:;YHKP[PVUHS4LKPJPUL>/6-HJ[:OLL[5VKVJ\TLU[VYL]PZHKVLUTH`V de 2003. 47 FAO (2010). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Organización de las 5HJPVULZHS[VU+>/LKZ,U]PYVUTLU[HS*VU[HTPUH[PVUPU (U[HYJ[PJH!(*OHSSLUNL[V(UHS`[PJHS*OLTPZ[Y`,SZL]PLY:JPLUJL6_MVYK /\UN/2HSSLUIVYU9)YLP]PR2:\@)YVYZ[Y€T3\UKtU,6SHMZKV[[PLY2 ;OVYSHJP\Z143LWWpULU:)VZZP9:RV]/4HU€:7H[[VU.>:[LYU. :]LYRV,`-LSSPU7([TVZWOLYPJTVUP[VYPUNVMVYNHUPJWVSS\[HU[ZPU[OL(YJ[PJ \UKLY[OL(YJ[PJ4VUP[VYPUNHUK(ZZLZZTLU[7YVNYHTTL(4(7! ¶:JPLUJL VM[OL;V[HS,U]PYVUTLU[¶ 59 Ritter, R., Scheringer, M., MacLeod, M. yHungerbühler, K. (2011). Assessment of UVUVJJ\WH[PVUHSL_WVZ\YL[V++;PU[OL[YVWPJZHUK[OLUVY[O!YLSL]HUJLVM\W[HRL ]PHPUOHSH[PVUMYVTPUKVVYYLZPK\HSZWYH`PUN,U]PYVUTLU[HS/LHS[O7LYZWLJ[P]LZ  ¶ )SHJRZTP[O0UZ[P[\[L;VW;LUVM[OL;V_PJ;^LU[`;OL>VYSK»Z>VYZ[;V_PJ7VSS\[PVU 7YVISLTZ9LWVY[)SHJRZTP[O0UZ[P[\[L5\L]H@VYR`*Y\a=LYKLKL:\PaHA‚YPJO O[[W!^^^^VYZ[WVSS\[LKVYN :JO^HYaLY:+L)VUV(.P\SPHUP.2S\ZLY:`7LK\aaP7,>HZ[L[OL Hidden Side of IT Equipment’s Manufacturing and Use. Early Warning on Emerging ,U]PYVUTLU[HS;OYLH[Z5V7YVNYHTHKLSHZ5HJPVULZVYSKPU!7YVJLLKPUNZ VM[OL,_WLY[4LL[PUNVU/V^[V-LLK[OL>VYSKPUHKLQ\UPVKL  VÄJPUHZWYPUJPWHSLZKLSH-(69VTH6YNHUPaHJP}UKLSHZ5HJPVULZHS[VU+(L0]LYZ3*9LZWVUKPUN[VJOVSLYHPUWVZ[ LHY[OX\HRL/HP[P5L^,UNSHUK1V\YUHSVM4LKPJPUL¶ =€Y€ZTHY[`*14J0U[`YL7).LZZULY46+\KNLVU+7Y\ZL]PJO(.YLLU7 .SPKKLU:)\UU:,:\SSP]HU*(3PLYTHUU*9`+H]PLZ74.SVIHS [OYLH[Z[VO\THU^H[LYZLJ\YP[`HUKYP]LYIPVKP]LYZP[`5H[\YL¶ 99 Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) (2009). Water in a Changing World. 3rd United Nations World Water +L]LSVWTLU[9LWVY[6YNHUPaHJP}UKLSHZ5HJPVULZHKH@]HU)LLR37/]HU2LTWLU*49LJRTHU1>;4=HZHR:`)PLYRLUZ 4-7.SVIHSKLWSL[PVUVMNYV\UK^H[LYYLZV\YJLZ.LVWO`ZPJHS9LZLHYJO3L[[LYZ 37, L20402 4LRVUULU44`/VLRZ[YH(@5H[PVUHS>H[LY-VV[WYPU[(JJV\U[Z!;OL .YLLU)S\LHUK.YL`>H[LY-VV[WYPU[VM7YVK\J[PVUHUK*VUZ\TW[PVU=HS\LVM >H[LY9LZLHYJO9LWVY[:LYPLZ5VH[LYZ 0UZ[P[\[VKL9LJ\YZVZ4\UKPHSLZ>HZOPUN[VU+*O[[W!^^^^YPVYNWYVQLJ[ eutrophication 75